Call Girls Ahmedabad Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Asthma
1.
2. At the end of this presentation the audience
will be able to:
Explain the anatomy and physiology of
respiratory system .
Define asthma.
Describe the types of asthma.
Discuss the pathophysiology of asthma.
Elucidate the causes of asthma.
Enlist the sign and symptoms of asthma.
Discuss the diagnostic evaluation and
medical treatment of asthma.
Explain the nursing care plan for asthmatic
patient.
3.
4. Most common disease of child hood
approximately 5% to 10% in school age
Childs.
Prevalence is highest in African American
males from urban settings.
In younger children the incidence is greater
in boys.
Incidence is equal in boys and girls during
adolescence.
6. • Inflammation
mediated by
systemic IgE
production
Atopic
(Extrinsic
asthma)
• Inflammation
mediated by
local IgE
production
Non-Atopic
(Intrinsic
asthma)
7. Genetic factors childhood asthma
_ certain genes identified
_ family history
Environmental factors later onset
asthma
_ hygiene hypothesis > reduced
_ early exposure to Bacteria /viruses
9. Asthma is primarily an
inflammatory condition of the
lungs.
Bronchospasm is secondary to
inflammation.
Every asthma attack has these
pathologic components:
1. Bronchospasm
(bronchoconstriction or smooth
muscle contraction)
2. increase mucus production.
10. Edema and inflammation of the airways
mucosa.
Infiltration of inflammatory cells
(eosinophil's ,neutrophils ,basophils ,
macrophages)
Desquamation of epithelial and inflammatory
cells.
13. Abdominal pain and vomiting from severe
cough.
Hypoxemia , respiratory alkalosis leading to
respiratory acidosis and possibly metabolic
alkalosis
15. Eosinophillia in peripheral blood , nasal
secretions and sputum
Complete blood count:
polymorphonuclear leukocytosis during
infection.
Pulmonary function studies:
Diminished maximal breathing capacity.
Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
decreased.
16. Arterial blood gases:
respiratory acidosis and later
metabolic acidosis
Examination of sputum shows
Curschmann spirals(mucus plugs, casts
from small bronchi) and charcot-
leyden (from breakdown of
esinophills)
17. Chest X-ray
Hyper-inflated and hyper-lucent
lungs
Bronchiolar edema
Routine skin testing to determine
allergic causes
a. Serum IgE - elevated if allergic
causes
b. Radio-allergo-sorbent test (RAST)
– assay for allergen specific IgE
18. Manage symptoms and avoid attack
Avoid contact with triggers
Vacuuming
Remove carpets/rugs
Changing environment
e.g. drying out room
19. Bronchodilators
Short – acting
- Beta adrenoceptor agonists(albuterol
(ventoline , neubulizers solutions))
Anticholinergics (atropine)
In severe attack
Daily corticosteroids (by i/v,oral
,inhalation.
long acting beta adrenocepter agonists
Leukotriene Antagonists
NSAIDS (CROMOLYN)
- It stabilize the mast cell membrane to
prevent the release of inflammory
substances)
20. Adequate hydration
Adequate oxygenation
Appropriate treatment of any existing
infection
Correction of acid-base balance
Relief of fatigue
21.
22. Assess the patient breathing pattern
for prolong expiratory phase of
respiration
Assess the wheezing sounds
(may be audible from a distance in
severe attack)
Assess nasal flaring for accessory
muscle use for breathing.
Assess level of anxiety and
apprehension.
23. I. Ineffective breathing pattern
related to bronchospasm .
II. Ineffective airway clearance
related to thick secretionand
airway narrowing.
III. Fluid volume deficit related to
hyperventilation and decreased
oral intake.
IV. Anxiety related to difficult
breathing and medical
interventions
24. Promoting effective breathing pattern:
Give high Fowler's position to allow
maximum lung expansion.
a. Elevate head opf the bed 90 degree.
Administer oxygen if oxygen saturation is <
94%
Institute pulse oximetry and cardiac and
respiratory monitoring
25. Use humidity with or without oxygen to
help liquefy secretions and reduce
mucosal inflammation and edema.
Use aerosolized bronchodilators or
inhaler with spacer device with
bronchodilators
26. Provide a quiet room where the the child can
be closely observed.
Explain the purpose of oxygen
Equipment before oxygen is administered
and allow the child to feel and touch the
equipment.
Encourage the parent to remain with child.
Talk quietly and calmly to the child.
27. Administer IV fluids as ordered
Encourage moderate oral fluid intake.
a. Determine the Childs fluid preferences.
b. Avoid iced fluids ,which may provoke
bronchospasm
28. Basis Of Pediatrics By Dr Pervez Akbar
Khan (8th Edition)
Sandra Nettina:the Lippincott Of Nursing
Practice ,6th Ed