Does the Internet Make You Dumber?The cognitive effects are measurable: We're turning into shallow thinkers, says Nicholas Carr. By  NICHOLAS CARR- the wall street journal Updated June 5, 2010 12:01 a.m. ET The Roman philosopher Seneca may have put it best 2,000 years ago: "To be everywhere is to be nowhere." Today, the Internet grants us easy access to unprecedented amounts of information. But a growing body of scientific evidence suggests that the Net, with its constant distractions and interruptions, is also turning us into scattered and superficial thinkers. (1) The picture emerging from the research is deeply troubling, at least to anyone who values the depth, rather than just the velocity, of human thought. People who read text studded with links, the studies show, comprehend less than those who read traditional linear text. People who watch busy multimedia presentations remember less than those who take in information in a more sedate and focused manner. People who are continually distracted by emails, alerts and other messages understand less than those who are able to concentrate. And people who juggle many tasks are less creative and less productive than those who do one thing at a time. (2) The common thread in these disabilities is the division of attention. The richness of our thoughts, our memories and even our personalities hinges on our ability to focus the mind and sustain concentration. Only when we pay deep attention to a new piece of information are we able to associate it "meaningfully and systematically with knowledge already well established in memory," writes the Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist Eric Kandel. Such associations are essential to mastering complex concepts. (3) When we're constantly distracted and interrupted, as we tend to be online, our brains are unable to forge the strong and expansive neural connections that give depth and distinctiveness to our thinking. We become mere signal-processing units, quickly shepherding disjointed bits of information into and then out of short-term memory. (4) In an article published in Science last year, Patricia Greenfield, a leading developmental psychologist, reviewed dozens of studies on how different media technologies influence our cognitive abilities. Some of the studies indicated that certain computer tasks, like playing video games, can enhance "visual literacy skills," increasing the speed at which people can shift their focus among icons and other images on screens. Other studies, however, found that such rapid shifts in focus, even if performed adeptly, result in less rigorous and "more automatic" thinking. (5) In one experiment conducted at Cornell University, for example, half a class of students was allowed to use Internet-connected laptops during a lecture, while the other had to keep their computers shut. Those who browsed the Web performed much worse on a subsequent test of how well they retained the lecture's content. While it's hardly surprising th ...

1. Does the Internet Make You Dumber?The cognitive effects are
measurable: We're turning into shallow thinkers, says Nicholas
Carr.
By NICHOLAS CARR- the wall street journal
Updated June 5, 2010 12:01 a.m. ET
The Roman philosopher Seneca may have put it best 2,000 years
ago: "To be everywhere is to be nowhere." Today, the Internet
grants us easy access to unprecedented amounts of information.
But a growing body of scientific evidence suggests that the Net,
with its constant distractions and interruptions, is also turning
us into scattered and superficial thinkers. (1)
The picture emerging from the research is deeply troubling, at
least to anyone who values the depth, rather than just the
velocity, of human thought. People who read text studded with
links, the studies show, comprehend less than those who read
traditional linear text. People who watch busy multimedia
presentations remember less than those who take in information
in a more sedate and focused manner. People who are
continually distracted by emails, alerts and other messages
understand less than those who are able to concentrate. And
people who juggle many tasks are less creative and less
productive than those who do one thing at a time. (2)
The common thread in these disabilities is the division of
attention. The richness of our thoughts, our memories and even
our personalities hinges on our ability to focus the mind and
sustain concentration. Only when we pay deep attention to a
new piece of information are we able to associate it
"meaningfully and systematically with knowledge already well
established in memory," writes the Nobel Prize-winning
neuroscientist Eric Kandel. Such associations are essential to
mastering complex concepts. (3)
When we're constantly distracted and interrupted, as we tend to
be online, our brains are unable to forge the strong and
expansive neural connections that give depth and distinctiveness

2. to our thinking. We become mere signal-processing units,
quickly shepherding disjointed bits of information into and then
out of short-term memory. (4)
In an article published in Science last year, Patricia Greenfield,
a leading developmental psychologist, reviewed dozens of
studies on how different media technologies influence our
cognitive abilities. Some of the studies indicated that certain
computer tasks, like playing video games, can enhance "visual
literacy skills," increasing the speed at which people can shift
their focus among icons and other images on screens. Other
studies, however, found that such rapid shifts in focus, even if
performed adeptly, result in less rigorous and "more automatic"
thinking. (5)
In one experiment conducted at Cornell University, for example,
half a class of students was allowed to use Internet-connected
laptops during a lecture, while the other had to keep their
computers shut. Those who browsed the Web performed much
worse on a subsequent test of how well they retained the
lecture's content. While it's hardly surprising that Web surfing
would distract students, it should be a note of caution to schools
that are wiring their classrooms in hopes of improving learning.
(6)
Ms. Greenfield concluded that "every medium develops some
cognitive skills at the expense of others." Our growing use of
screen-based media, she said, has strengthened visual-spatial
intelligence, which can improve the ability to do jobs that
involve keeping track of lots of simultaneous signals, like air
traffic control. But that has been accompanied by "new
weaknesses in higher-order cognitive processes," including
"abstract vocabulary, mindfulness, reflection, inductive problem
solving, critical thinking, and imagination." We're becoming, in
a word, shallower. (7)
In another experiment, recently conducted at Stanford
University's Communication Between Humans and Interactive
Media Lab, a team of researchers gave various cognitive tests to
49 people who do a lot of media multitasking and 52 people

3. who multitask much less frequently. The heavy multitaskers
performed poorly on all the tests. They were more easily
distracted, had less control over their attention, and were much
less able to distinguish important information from trivia. (8)
The researchers were surprised by the results. They had
expected that the intensive multitaskers would have gained
some unique mental advantages from all their on-screen
juggling. But that wasn't the case. In fact, the heavy
multitaskers weren't even good at multitasking. They were
considerably less adept at switching between tasks than the
more infrequent multitaskers. "Everything distracts them,"
observed Clifford Nass, the professor who heads the Stanford
lab. (9)
It would be one thing if the ill effects went away as soon as we
turned off our computers and cellphones. But they don't. The
cellular structure of the human brain, scientists have
discovered, adapts readily to the tools we use, including those
for finding, storing and sharing information. By changing our
habits of mind, each new technology strengthens certain neural
pathways and weakens others. The cellular alterations continue
to shape the way we think even when we're not using the
technology. (10)
The pioneering neuroscientist Michael Merzenich believes our
brains are being "massively remodeled" by our ever-intensifying
use of the Web and related media. In the 1970s and 1980s, Mr.
Merzenich, now a professor emeritus at the University of
California in San Francisco, conducted a famous series of
experiments on primate brains that revealed how extensively
and quickly neural circuits change in response to experience.
When, for example, Mr. Merzenich rearranged the nerves in a
monkey's hand, the nerve cells in the animal's sensory cortex
quickly reorganized themselves to create a new "mental map" of
the hand. In a conversation late last year, he said that he was
profoundly worried about the cognitive consequences of the
constant distractions and interruptions the Internet bombards us
with. The long-term effect on the quality of our intellectual

4. lives, he said, could be "deadly." (12)
What we seem to be sacrificing in all our surfing and searching
is our capacity to engage in the quieter, attentive modes of
thought that underpin contemplation, reflection and
introspection. The Web never encourages us to slow down. It
keeps us in a state of perpetual mental locomotion. (13)
It is revealing, and distressing, to compare the cognitive effects
of the Internet with those of an earlier information technology,
the printed book. Whereas the Internet scatters our attention, the
book focuses it. Unlike the screen, the page promotes
contemplativeness. (14)
Reading a long sequence of pages helps us develop a rare kind
of mental discipline. The innate bias of the human brain, after
all, is to be distracted. Our predisposition is to be aware of as
much of what's going on around us as possible. Our fast-paced,
reflexive shifts in focus were once crucial to our survival. They
reduced the odds that a predator would take us by surprise or
that we'd overlook a nearby source of food. (15)
To read a book is to practice an unnatural process of thought. It
requires us to place ourselves at what T. S. Eliot, in his poem
"Four Quartets," called "the still point of the turning world."
We have to forge or strengthen the neural links needed to
counter our instinctive distractedness, thereby gaining greater
control over our attention and our mind. (16)
It is this control, this mental discipline, that we are at risk of
losing as we spend ever more time scanning and skimming
online. If the slow progression of words across printed pages
damped our craving to be inundated by mental stimulation, the
Internet indulges it. It returns us to our native state of
distractedness, while presenting us with far more distractions
than our ancestors ever had to contend with. (17)
—Nicholas Carr is the author, most recently, of "The Shallows:
What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains."
Choose three interesting quotes from this article. Copy them
below.

5. 1.
2.
3.
Read and annotate this article.
The New York Times
April 21, 2012
The Flight From Conversation
By SHERRY TURKLE
We live in a technological universe in which we are always
communicating. And yet we have sacrificed conversation for
mere connection. At home, families sit together, texting and
reading e-mail. At work executives text during board meetings.
We text (and shop and go on Facebook) during classes and when
we’re on dates. My students tell me about an important new
skill: it involves maintaining eye contact with someone while
you text someone else; it’s hard, but it can be done.
Over the past 15 years, I’ve studied technologies of mobile
connection and talked to hundreds of people of all ages and
circumstances about their plugged-in lives. I’ve learned that the
little devices most of us carry around are so powerful that they
change not only what we do, but also who we are. We’ve
become accustomed to a new way of being “alone together.”
Technology-enabled, we are able to be with one another, and
also elsewhere, connected to wherever we want to be. We want

6. to customize our lives. We want to move in and out of where we
are because the thing we value most is control over where we
focus our attention. We have gotten used to the idea of being in
a tribe of one, loyal to our own party.
Our colleagues want to go to that board meeting but pay
attention only to what interests them. To some this seems like a
good idea, but we can end up hiding from one another, even as
we are constantly connected to one another. A businessman
laments that he no longer has colleagues at work. He doesn’t
stop by to talk; he doesn’t call. He says that he doesn’t want to
interrupt them. He says they’re “too busy on their e-mail.” But
then he pauses and corrects himself. “I’m not telling the truth.
I’m the one who doesn’t want to be interrupted. I think I should.
But I’d rather just do things on my BlackBerry.” A 16-year-old
boy who relies on texting for almost everything says almost
wistfully, “Someday, someday, but certainly not now, I’d like to
learn how to have a conversation.”
Human relationships are rich; they’re messy and demanding. We
have learned the habit of cleaning them up with technology.
And the move from conversation to connection is part of this.
But it’s a process in which we shortchange ourselves. Worse, it
seems that over time we stop caring, we forget that there is a
difference. We are tempted to think that our little “sips” of
online connection add up to a big gulp of real conversation. But
they don’t. E-mail, Twitter, Facebook, all of these have their
places — in politics, commerce, romance and friendship. But no
matter how valuable, they do not substitute for conversation.
Connecting in sips may work for gathering discrete bits of
information or for saying, “I am thinking about you.” Or even
for saying, “I love you.” But connecting in sips doesn’t work as
well when it comes to understanding and knowing one another.
In conversation we can attend to tone and nuance. In
conversation, we are called upon to see things from another’s
point of view. Face-to-face conversation unfolds slowly. It
teaches patience. When we communicate on our digital devices,
we learn different habits. As we ramp up the volume and

7. velocity of online connections, we start to expect faster
answers. To get these, we ask one another simpler questions; we
dumb down our communications, even on the most important
matters.
And we use conversation with others to learn to converse with
ourselves. During the years I have spent researching people and
their relationships with technology, I have often heard the
sentiment “No one is listening to me.” I believe this feeling
helps explain why it is so appealing to have a Facebook page or
a Twitter feed — each provides so many automatic listeners.
And it helps explain why — against all reason — so many of us
are willing to talk to machines that seem to care about us.
Researchers around the world are busy inventing sociable
robots, designed to be companions to the elderly, to children, to
all of us. One of the most haunting experiences during my
research came when I brought one of these robots, designed in
the shape of a baby seal, to an elder-care facility, and an older
woman began to talk to it about the loss of her child. The robot
seemed to be looking into her eyes. It seemed to be following
the conversation. The woman was comforted.
When people are alone, even for a few moments, they fidget and
reach for a device. Here connection works like a symptom, not a
cure, and our constant, reflexive impulse to connect shapes a
new way of being. Think of it as “I share, therefore I am.” We
use technology to define ourselves by sharing our thoughts and
feelings as we’re having them. We used to think, “I have a
feeling; I want to make a call.” Now our impulse is, “I want to
have a feeling; I need to send a text.” So, in order to feel more,
and to feel more like ourselves, we connect. But in our rush to
connect, we flee from solitude, our ability to be separate and
gather ourselves. Lacking the capacity for solitude, we turn to
other people but don’t experience them as they are. We think
constant connection will make us feel less lonely. The opposite
is true. If we are unable to be alone, we are far more likely to
be lonely. If we don’t teach our children to be alone, they will
know only how to be lonely.

8. I am a partisan for conversation. To make room for it, I see
some first, deliberate steps. At home, we can create sacred
spaces: the kitchen, the dining room. We can make our cars
“device-free zones.” We can demonstrate the value of
conversation to our children. And we can do the same thing at
work. There we are so busy communicating that we often don’t
have time to talk to one another about what really matters.
Employees asked for casual Fridays; perhaps managers should
introduce conversational Thursdays. Most of all, we need to
remember — in between texts and e-mails and Facebook posts
— to listen to one another, even to the boring bits, because it is
often in unedited moments, moments in which we hesitate and
stutter and go silent, that we reveal ourselves to one another. I
spend the summers at a cottage on Cape Cod, and for decades I
walked the same dunes that Thoreau once walked. Not too long
ago, people walked with their heads up, looking at the water,
the sky, the sand and at one another, talking. Now they often
walk with their heads down, typing. Even when they are with
friends, partners, children, everyone is on their own devices.
So I say, look up, look at one another, and let’s start the
conversation.