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breastfeeding
by Authority Academic
Submission dat e : 07 - Dec- 2018 08:21AM (UT C- 0500)
Submission ID: 1052623304
File name : breastf eedinginpublic.do cx (28.65K)
Word count : 2963
Charact e r count : 14 817
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SIMILARIT Y INDEX
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breastfeeding
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Int ernet Source
Submitted to Bridgepoint Education
St udent Paper
Submitted to Wakatipu High School
St udent Paper
Submitted to DeVry, Inc.
St udent Paper
press.thelancet.com
Int ernet Source
Submitted to University of Huddersf ield
St udent Paper
www.mathsisf un.net
Int ernet Source
Amir, Lisa H. "Breastf eeding in public: “You can
do it?”", International Breastf eeding Journal,
2014.
Publicat ion
9 1%
Exclude quo tes Of f
Exclude biblio graphy On
Exclude matches Of f
Jack, Jordynn. "Leviathan and the Breast
Pump: Toward an Embodied Rhetoric of
Wearable Technology", Rhetoric Society
Quarterly, 2016.
Publicat ion
breastfeedingby Authority
AcademicbreastfeedingORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY
SOURCES
PHIL 434 Signature Assignment: Term Paper
In this assignment you will select a current medical ethics issue
to research and write about for your Research
paper due week 8. Give this some thought, this will be the topic
you will be using for the outline, rough draft, and
final term paper assignments. Make sure you can find articles
for support of your topic. Read the term paper
requirements before you select your medical ethics issue topic
to insure it is want you want to research.
Due Dates
Week 2: Medical Ethics Term Paper topic submitted
Week 4: Outline submitted
Week 6: Rough draft submitted
Week 10: Final paper submitted
Term Paper Requirements:
choose. This section should cover arguments
that are in favor of and opposed to the use of the techniques or
products.
the topic and the validity of the pro and con
arguments.
o A title page
o The body of the paper: 4-6 pages of text, double-spaced, 12
point font with clear and
understandable language with no grammar or spelling errors.
Provide adequate justification that
supports your response with at least three appropriate references
using textbooks, websites, and
articles are required.
o Subheadings (technical aspect, public policy, and personal
opinion/conclusion.)
o Appropriate in-text citations throughout paper
o A reference page with only the sources that you used in the
body of the paper. Sources should be
less than 5 years old unless there has not been recent research
available. At least one reference
must be a peer-reviewed article from a profession journal. Do
not use Wikipedia or encyclopedia
as they are not considered a reliable academic source to use.
o Appropriate formatting as per APA 6th ed. website:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu
Grading (300 possible points total)
Points Possible
Topic Submission 30
Outline 60
Rough Draft 90
Final Paper
(see detailed
rubric below)
120
300
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
Final Paper Rubric
Meets Expectations
80-100%
Approaches Expectations
60-79%
Does Not Meet Expectations
0-59%
Content
50%
Paper demonstrates that the
author fully understands and
has applied course concepts.
Paper includes several high-
quality, thought- provoking
ideas.
Topic is focused narrowly
enough for the scope of the
assignment.
Paper does not demonstrate
that the author fully
understands and has applied
course concepts.
Paper includes few, if any,
thought-provoking ideas or
unique insights to the
discussion.
Topic is not focused narrowly
enough for the scope of the
assignment.
The paper indicates no
understanding of the concepts
in the course.
The paper lacks any
exploration of the subject by
the author.
The topic is unclear or too
broad for the scope of the
assignment.
Organization/
Cohesiveness
20%
Connections among subtopics
and the thesis/topic are clear
without being repetitive or
redundant.
Concluding remarks
demonstrate analysis and
synthesis of ideas.
Writing and integration of
source materials is eloquent
and skillful.
Connections among subtopics
are missing or forced.
Conclusion is unclear or
disconnected from the topic.
Writing and integration of
source materials is awkward or
confusing.
Connections among subtopics
are missing. Subtopics are not
presented.
Conclusion is missing or
disconnected from the topic.
Writing lacks skill. Sources are
not present.
Supporting
Evidence/Research
20%
Three or more appropriate
sources are completely and
eloquently integrated
throughout the paper.
At least one source is from
credible, scholarly, peer-
reviewed materials.
Detailed, meaningful
quotations and paraphrases
aptly and accurately support
the topic.
Fewer than three appropriate
sources are used.
At least one source is from
credible, scholarly, peer-
reviewed materials.
Quotations and paraphrases
are lacking or do not support
several subtopics.
Sources are missing.
Paper lacks quotations and
paraphrases.
Mechanics and APA
10%
The assignment consistently
follows current APA format and
is free from errors in
formatting, citation, and
references.
No grammatical, spelling, or
punctuation errors. All sources
are cited and referenced
correctly.
The assignment does not
follow current APA format
and/or has many grammatical,
spelling, or punctuation errors.
Many sources are cited and
referenced incorrectly, or
citations and references are
missing where needed.
No attempt to follow APA
format is indicated. Sources are
not used and/or there is no
reference page.
Mechanical errors significantly
interfere with the readability of
the paper.
Running Head: PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE
1
PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE
2
Physician Assisted Suicide
Physician-Assisted Suicide
With physician-assisted suicide, a medical practitioner
prescribes a deadly drug which the patient administers
him/herself. Activists in America have historically advocated
both physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia because the two
almost have the same meaning. By definition, euthanasia is
derived from two ancient Greek words: eu, which means
“good,” and Thanatos, which means “death.” Meaning the act of
committing suicide with the aid of a physician. (WCU, 2018)
Euthanasia breaks down into passive and active: active
euthanasia is defined as administering a lethal dose to an
individual suffering from a terminal illness. Whereas, passive
euthanasia is not terminating the individual’s life instantly
however it is shortening the lifespan by withholding the
medications used to keep this person alive or prolonging their
lifespan. (WCU,2018) The arguments for euthanasia are equal
arguments for physician-assisted suicide. According to Neil
Gorsuch, some contemporary activists criticize the movement
for their dishonesty about where its argument lead. He further
claimed that legal theorists and Professor Richard Epstein have
charged the people who advocate assisted suicide because of
their failure to endorse the legalization of euthanasia (Battin,
2015).
However, in both assisted suicide and euthanasia, those
who are able to self-administer the deadly drugs should be
offered the chance for hastened death. Medical practitioners are
not allowed to administer the drug through lethal injection. In
such a case, the doctor will have violated the professional laws
and ethics and this will result in judgment.
Physician-assisted suicide has been made legal in the
following four countries: Belgium, Switzerland, Netherlands,
and Luxembourg. Netherlands has an experience of
approximately 30 years and during all that time, they have been
unable to control the behavior. Based on surveys, doctors
intentionally administer lethal injections without the consent of
the patients (Pence, 2017). No one has been able to report such
incidences to the authority.
In 2015, the District of Columbia and other 18 state
legislatures are considering whether to legalize physician-
assisted suicide. However, legalizing the act will have a huge
negative impact on society. This is because of the following
reasons: it will destroy the doctor-patient relationship and
corrupt the practice of medicine, it will betray human dignity
and equality, it will endanger the vulnerable group and the
weak, and lastly, it will compromise the family.
After the legalization of physician-assisted suicide by
Oregon in 1977, an approximate of 700 people have terminated
their lives with prescribed medication (Sulmasy & Mueller,
2017). An example of these people is Brittany Maynard who
took his life at the age of 19 because he suffered from an
incurable brain tumor. There are people who have been
supporting the act while others are completely against it. The
advocates believe that people should be given the right to die if
they choose to do so while the opponents argue that physician-
assisted suicide devalues human life.
Reasons for and against Physician-Assisted Suicide
The debate over the legality and morality of physician-
assisted suicide has been in progress for quite some time. The
discussions have lasted for hundreds of years and there are no
signs of ending. The opponents of physician assisted suicide
argue that people should never have a reason to seek physician-
assisted suicide due to the fact that there is a model for quality
end-of-life care. These healthcare services are available through
palliative and hospice care programs. Therefore, people should
aim at improving access to hospice care rather than legalizing
physician-assisted suicide.
In the United States of America, there are more than 4000
hospice agencies but due to the rigidity of the Medicare Hospice
Benefit and also funding restrictions, a lot of people in the
country cannot access them. The patients are required by the
Medicare Hospice Benefit to have a life expectancy of utmost
six months. The counter-argument for this is that regardless of
the improved access to quality end-of-life care, patients will
still suffer from untreatable and persistent illnesses. In Oregon,
93% of the patients who opted for physician-assisted suicide
was on hospice. The implication of this is that palliative and
hospice care are not sufficient to deal with severe suffering.
Secondly, in the opinion of Bouvia v. Superior Court (CA),
it was determined that the right to die is an essential part of
people’s right to control their own lives and destinies provided
the rights of others are not affected. This is referred to as
patient autonomy. Since patient-assisted suicide is not a
completely autonomous act, the assistance of another person is
required. Opponents argue that the act of intentionally
terminating patients’ lives threaten society by devaluing human
life. The society should, therefore, preserve the sanctity of life.
The third argument is that the legalization of physician-
assisted suicide will lead to an increase in euthanasia. In other
words, physician assisted suicide is a slippery slope towards
euthanasia (mercy killing) (Pormeister, Finley, & Rohack,
2017). People’s lives will be terminated without their consent
provided they are suffering. They include individuals who are
physically handicapped, people with mental illness, homeless,
elderly, and demented. The above individuals are considered
useless in society. The counter-argument is that the slippery
slope should never be allowed to happen.
Violation of the Hippocratic Oath is another reason against
physician-assisted suicide. According to the Hippocratic Oath,
the obligation of a physician is primum non nocere, which
means “first, do no harm.” physician assisted suicide, therefore,
contradicts the oath because intentional killing is considered as
a harm. The counter-argument of this is that the Hippocratic
Oath should be interpreted and modified depending on the needs
of patients.
In addition, opponents argue that there are morally ethical
and legal alternatives to assisted death. Patients may decide not
to undergo treatment and this increases their chance of death.
The counter-argument is that many people do not depend on
life-sustaining measures to still suffer and live (Pires, 2018).
Withholding treatment will prolong the patient’s suffering
rather than causing death.
My Opinion
Based on the above arguments, physician-assisted suicide
is not good and should be avoided. This is because terminating
patients’ lives does not end suffering but extends the suffering
to other people with the same problems. They fear that they will
also be considered worthless and experience the same. People
who have been assisted to die have no freedom of choice.
Legalizing suicide only undermines the willingness of medical
practitioners and the society to learn how to address the
problems of patients and show real compassion.
In countries were suicide is permitted, patients request the
lethal drugs not because of the pain they are going through but
because of concerns such as “becoming a burden on others” and
“loss of dignity.” These attitudes are encouraged by the law.
Healthcare facilities should, therefore, provide services to
patients that will assure them that they are important and have
dignity. They should discourage the feeling of being a burden
within them.
In addition, patients in extreme duress tend to prefer death
to life. However, allowing doctors to participate in assisting
suicide would lead to more harm than benefits. Physician-
assisted suicide is against the roles and responsibilities of a
physician as a healer. This would be impossible or difficult to
control and would lead to serious societal risks.
Legalizing physician-assisted suicide will have a number
of profoundly detrimental effects. It reduces the protection
offered to people’s lives. It also encourages the killing of
people who do not genuinely accept to be killed. In other words,
it leads to an increase in euthanasia. Lastly, doctors should not
have the right to determine who should live and who should die.
Socrates believed that suicide is morally wrong. This is a slope
where they assume the position of God. As humans, we have no
power over other people’s lives. God is the giver of life and He
should be the same being to take it away. It is a sin to terminate
the life of patients regardless of what they are experiencing in
life. (WCU, 2018)
Conclusion
In conclusion, physician-assisted suicide is the tendency of
doctors to prescribe deadly drugs for patients with serious
terminal diseases. Unlike euthanasia, physician assisted suicide
allows the patients to administer the drugs themselves.
However, this has been debated over time. Some people are
completely against it while others are in full support of it. The
proponents believe that physician-assisted suicide is a sign of
mercy while opponents argue that human life is valuable and
should be respected. I believe that no one has the right to decide
who should live and who should not because God is in control
of people’s lives.
References
Battin, M. P. (2015). Physician-Assisted Suicide: Safe, Legal,
Rare?. In Physician-Assisted Suicide (pp. 63-72). Routledge.
Pence, G. (2017). Medical ethics: Accounts of Ground-Breaking
Cases (8th ed.). Hill: Boston McGraw.
Pires, S. (2018). Debate on Physician Assisted Suicide.
Pormeister, K., Finley, M., & Rohack, J. J. (2017). Physician-
Assisted Suicide as a Means of Mercy: A Comparative Analysis
of the Possible Legal Implications in Europe and the United
States. Va. J. Soc. Pol'y & L., 24, 1.
Sulmasy, L. S., & Mueller, P. S. (2017). Ethics and the
legalization of physician-assisted suicide: an American College
of Physicians position paper. Annals of internal medicine,
167(8), 576-578.
West Coast University. (2018). retrieved from
https//learn.westcoastuniversity.edu.
Research Paper Instructions and Rubric
EGL- 102
What is this paper about?
This paper should be one that shows your understanding of
argument and composition.
Beginning in Week Eight you will start compiling research and
composing an argumentative
paper using one of the prompts below. You may choose a
prompt from either the MLA section or
the APA section. Your choice of prompt will decide the style
you will be writing your essay in.
APA and MLA papers must be written in the correct format
discussed in class. This paper should
show a mastery of professional writing mechanics and be free
from spelling and grammatical
errors.
You should have a clear opinion or stance on your argument
that is concisely communicated
through your thesis sentence. The argument should be supported
by scholarly sources and
address any arguments that might refute your own stance.
Requirements
This paper is to be typed in 12pt Times New Roman font, with
one inch margins, and double
spaced. The proper heading for MLA or APA is to be used and
the paper should have a title. The
paper must be 10-12 pages in length, points will be deducted for
papers that are over or under
this page restriction.
This paper should be supported by six sources. Five of these
sources must be scholarly (review
p. 350-352). These sources must be documented with in-text
citations and properly cited on your
references/works cited page.
MLA Style Prompts:
1. Create an argument concerning the use of products in the US
that are exported from
countries that use child labor. Should consumers buy items from
countries who endorse
child labor? Do industries have an ethical responsibility to
avoid products that come
from countries who utilize child labor? Is there any instance in
which child labor is
acceptable?
2. Write an argument concerning breast feeding in public.
Should mothers be allowed to
nurse their children in public places? Should there be
restrictions to where mothers are
allowed to nurse? A restaurant? Church? Should women in the
service be allowed to
nurse their children while in uniform?
3. Create an argument concerning the sport of hunting and the
environment. Is hunting good
or bad for the environment? Does hunting lead to the extinction
of animals important to
our ecosystem? Does hunting help with the overpopulation of
specific animals? Do the
current hunting regulations help or hinder your view on
hunting’s impact on the
environment?
4. Create an argument concerning romantic movies and real
relationships. Do romantic
movies influence expectations in real relationships? Do these
movies influence men and
woman alike? How are romantic movies healthy for or
detrimental to the modern day
relationship?
5. Read the short story Araby by James Joyce (Available under
the “Reading Assignments”
tab on Blackboard). Create an argument concerning the narrator.
Why did he not buy
anything for Mangan’s sister? Why is going to the bazaar so
important to him? What
values and attitudes does he represent? What was Joyce trying
to communicate to the
reader?
APA Style Prompts:
6. Create an argument for the legality of tobacco products in the
United States. Should
tobacco products be outlawed? Why or why not? What would be
the
advantages/disadvantages of criminalizing tobacco products?
How would a tobacco-free
America influence the country as a whole?
7. Write an argument in which you argue the value or risks of a
specific video or computer
games or category of games. Do computer/video games play an
important role in
socialization? Do computer/video games have a place in the
classroom? Are
computer/video games detrimental to young children? Do
computer/video games cause
psychological illnesses like social anxiety?
8. Create an argument concerning the causes of childhood
obesity. Are parents to blame for
obese children? Should obesity in children be considered child
abuse? Should schools
play a role in regulating student’s diet?
9. Create an argument concerning the ethics of assisted death.
Should assisted suicide be an
option for American citizens? In what circumstances (if any)
would assisted suicide be
deemed ethical? Should assisted suicide be restricted to patients
of a certain age? Should
a person’s power of attorney have the right to make a decision
regarding assisted
suicide?
10. Write an argument concerning the high turnover rate in the
field of nursing. Does the
nursing profession have a high turnover rate? What influences
turnover rates in nursing?
What can a medical facility do to retain their nursing staff?
Does education play a role in
this high turnover rate?
***The questions in italics are a jumping off point. You do not
have to address all these
questions in your paper.
Final Paper Proposal (10pt Assignment)
Due:
Select which prompt you would like to explore in your paper.
Type the prompt as the title of
your proposal. In a one page paper explain why you chose this
prompt. What is your current
opinion on this topic? What do you already know about this
topic? What do you need to learn to
further develop your argument? What are the arguments against
your stance on this topic and
how will you refute them?
If you do not want to use any of the prompts above, use this
assignment as an opportunity to
propose your own topic. Your instructor will approve or redirect
your topic.
This proposal should be one page, typed in 12pt Times New
Roman font, with one-inch margins,
double spaced, and with the proper heading for MLA or APA.
Annotated Bibliography (10 pt. Assignment)
DUE:
Create an annotated bibliography for two of the scholarly
sources you have found for your
research paper. The annotated bibliography should consist of a
APA or MLA citation as it would
appear on your References/ Works Cited Page. The bibliography
must be followed by one
paragraph explaining who the author (s) is/are and what the
article is about. A second paragraph
should follow that explains how this source relates to your
stance. For more information on
annotated bibliographies please see the “Resources for Research
Paper” folder under the
“Resources” tab on Blackboard.
Typed in 12pt Times New Roman font, with one inch margins,
double spaced, and with the
proper heading for MLA or APA.
Thesis and Outline (10 pt. Assignment)
DUE:
Establish your thesis and draw an outline of your research
paper’s main ideas. This outline
should reflect the research you have been compiling over the
last few weeks. Evidence of main
ideas, sources, and original thought should be present in the
outline. The outline can take any
form you like, but must show the progress you have made since
week eight. A total of 4 sources
must be present in this outline.
Typed in 12pt Times New Roman font, with one inch margins,
double spaced, and with the
proper heading for MLA or APA.
Rough Draft (Not Graded)
Due:
A rough draft is due in class week 15 for peer review. You
MUST have a printed copy of your
rough draft for class this week. If you do not have a rough draft
you will not be able to
participate in class and you will lose your participation point
for the day.
Your rough draft must be at least five pages in length with a
working Works Cited/ Reference
page and properly cited sources.
Final Draft of Research Paper (200 pts)
Due:
Fails to Meet Meets Exceeds
Quality of Thinking (60pts)
▪ Comprehensible
▪ Has a clearly stated
central idea
▪ Fully developed ideas
▪ Shows originality
▪ Supports ideas/claims
with details
Organization (60pts)
▪ Coherent
▪ Ideas logically
sequenced
▪ Paragraphs articulate
and do not just list
information
▪ Has a well-define
introduction, body,
and conclusion
▪ References are cited
correctly
▪ Reference/Works
Cited page
Style and Technique
(60pts)
▪ Makes exact/ clear
word choices
▪ Varies sentences
▪ Avoids vague
language
▪ Incorporates sources
correctly
Grammar and Mechanics
(20 pts)
▪ Little to no
grammatical or
mechanical errors
TOTAL POINTS
EARNED:
GRADE:
» ORDER INFORMATION
Order ID
Academic_Level
Subject
Type of Paper
Sources
Paper Format
#1000548
Undergraduate
English
Research paper
5
MLA
Type of Work
Deadline
Pages
Spacing
Order Date
Writer Type
Writing from Scratch
24 hours
7
Double Spacing
2018-12-06 02:35:19
Regular Writer
Need Abstract : (No)
Need Plagiarism Report: (No)
VIP customer service : (No)
Topic
breastfeeding in public places
English
USA
» Paper Details
10 page research paper, needs work cited page, which is not
included in the 10 pages, needs in text citations, has to have 5
scholarly sources, at least 6 sources, can have as many sources
you want, already have 3 pages done so don't do anything to the
pages I've sent unless you want to lol
Claudia Nicholson
Ms. Schafer
Comp 2
11-28-18
The perfect food for a child is breastmilk. Mothers
naturally produce breast milk. Breast were specifically designed
for the soul purpose to breastfeed their children. For mothers
choosing to breastfeed is one of their hardest of many decisions.
There are an outrageous number of positive and negatives that
come along with breastfeeding, that is why it is so difficult for
them to decide. According to many surveys the negatives tend
to outweigh the positives when it comes to breastfeeding.
When it comes to the decision of breastfeeding or bottle
feeding the biggest question that comes along with it is which is
healthier? Either or is healthy but health experts agree that
breastfeeding is better for both the mother and the infant. There
are many reassuring benefits that comes with breastfeeding like,
It will create a special bond between the mother and the child,
breastmilk has all the nutrients babies need to grow and develop
healthy, breastmilk has antibodies that will help strengthen
immune systems helping fight against common colds,
sicknesses, diseases, and it is very beneficial for both the
mother and child to strengthen the child’s immune system at
such a young age, it can prevent health problems for the child
like allergies, eczema, ear infections, stomach problems,
breastfeeding babies are less likely to get breathing infections,
less likely to become obese or have diabetes. Breastfeeding can
help percent sudden infant death syndrome. Mothers tend to lose
weight faster if they have breastfed, breastfeeding may also
help lower the risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Breastfeeding
is also convenient for the mothers because they naturally
produce it, it is always available when ever the child is hungry,
and of course it is free when the average amount of money spent
on formula is 1,000 dollars a year. Also, you do not have to
watch what you eat when breastfeeding because the food you eat
does not digest in the breast milk so no matter what your diet is
healthy or unhealthy your child will always have a healthy diet
while feeding with breast milk.
Of course, there are always a negative side of anything and
everything. The breastmilk itself has no negative side effects its
what comes along with it. It is the people that come up with the
negative side about breastfeeding. There is a huge controversy
with breastfeeding in public, the people the see it or are in the
presents of a mother breastfeeding usually state that they are
uncomfortable and that the mother should go in a more secluded
area. This is one of the many reasons why mothers choose not to
breastfeed. We now view breasts as a more private and sexual
area on a women, which that’s exactly what they are but, what
should come to mind instead of that thought is that a mother is
feeding her child in the best and healthiest way with the breasts
that were designed for the specific purpose to breastfeed.
There are some negatives that come along side of
breastfeeding. You have to feed your baby about every 1 ½
hours to 3 hours if you breastfeed, if you bottle feed it takes a
lot longer for the baby to digest it. This can be very
inconvenient for the mother because what happens when they
get hungry out in public, or running errands, or while you are
trying to get work done. this may seem like a big inconvenience
but you must always remember and look at the hidden advantage
and that is, you are then kind of “forced” to spend quality time
with your baby, you also get some breaks within the day to just
sit and recoup yourself. Another side effect of breast feeding is
it can be difficult trying to figure out exactly how much milk
the child has gotten. In the beginning this can be hard to figure
out but along the way you will easily be able to tell and figure
out exactly how much your baby needs and how much they are
taking. Also remember that you can always pump out the breast
milk and always have them to go so you don’t have to take the
break out in public, on errands, or in the worst times possible.
There are also diet restrictions, of course what ever you eat the
baby is eating, so you must stay healthy and not only think
about you and your health but your baby’s health. The positive
side of that is that it will help you stay on a well dieted diet,
which can lead to weight loss, feelings better, etc. There are
some physical problems that the mother is going to have to deal
with, like sore nipples, crackled nipples, engorged breasts,
breast infections, and blocked milk ducts, and a change in your
breast shape. You could also pass infection son to the child and
that is why it is so important to stay as healthy as you can.
Nipple leaks are also common when breastfeeding which could
be another inconvenience because we are infants and don’t
bring a change of clothes everywhere we go. Another negative
that could come along with breastfeeding is that the father could
feel left out, or could feel like he will never get that same bond
with the baby as the mother, or that he doesn’t get to feed his
child. There are always negatives to positives that why you have
to remember the positives once you realize the negatives,
because in this case, the positives should always beat the
negatives.

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breastfeedingby Authority AcademicSubmission dat e 07 .docx

  • 1. breastfeeding by Authority Academic Submission dat e : 07 - Dec- 2018 08:21AM (UT C- 0500) Submission ID: 1052623304 File name : breastf eedinginpublic.do cx (28.65K) Word count : 2963 Charact e r count : 14 817 13%
  • 2. SIMILARIT Y INDEX 10% INT ERNET SOURCES 10% PUBLICAT IONS 13% ST UDENT PAPERS 1 6% 2 2% 3 1% 4 1% 5 1% 6 1% 7 1% 8 1% breastfeeding ORIGINALITY REPORT PRIMARY SOURCES www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Int ernet Source Submitted to Bridgepoint Education St udent Paper Submitted to Wakatipu High School St udent Paper Submitted to DeVry, Inc. St udent Paper
  • 3. press.thelancet.com Int ernet Source Submitted to University of Huddersf ield St udent Paper www.mathsisf un.net Int ernet Source Amir, Lisa H. "Breastf eeding in public: “You can do it?”", International Breastf eeding Journal, 2014. Publicat ion 9 1% Exclude quo tes Of f Exclude biblio graphy On Exclude matches Of f Jack, Jordynn. "Leviathan and the Breast Pump: Toward an Embodied Rhetoric of Wearable Technology", Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 2016. Publicat ion breastfeedingby Authority AcademicbreastfeedingORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
  • 4. PHIL 434 Signature Assignment: Term Paper In this assignment you will select a current medical ethics issue to research and write about for your Research paper due week 8. Give this some thought, this will be the topic you will be using for the outline, rough draft, and final term paper assignments. Make sure you can find articles for support of your topic. Read the term paper requirements before you select your medical ethics issue topic to insure it is want you want to research. Due Dates Week 2: Medical Ethics Term Paper topic submitted Week 4: Outline submitted Week 6: Rough draft submitted Week 10: Final paper submitted Term Paper Requirements: choose. This section should cover arguments that are in favor of and opposed to the use of the techniques or products. the topic and the validity of the pro and con arguments.
  • 5. o A title page o The body of the paper: 4-6 pages of text, double-spaced, 12 point font with clear and understandable language with no grammar or spelling errors. Provide adequate justification that supports your response with at least three appropriate references using textbooks, websites, and articles are required. o Subheadings (technical aspect, public policy, and personal opinion/conclusion.) o Appropriate in-text citations throughout paper o A reference page with only the sources that you used in the body of the paper. Sources should be less than 5 years old unless there has not been recent research available. At least one reference must be a peer-reviewed article from a profession journal. Do not use Wikipedia or encyclopedia as they are not considered a reliable academic source to use. o Appropriate formatting as per APA 6th ed. website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu Grading (300 possible points total) Points Possible Topic Submission 30 Outline 60
  • 6. Rough Draft 90 Final Paper (see detailed rubric below) 120 300 http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ Final Paper Rubric Meets Expectations 80-100% Approaches Expectations 60-79% Does Not Meet Expectations 0-59% Content 50% Paper demonstrates that the author fully understands and has applied course concepts. Paper includes several high- quality, thought- provoking
  • 7. ideas. Topic is focused narrowly enough for the scope of the assignment. Paper does not demonstrate that the author fully understands and has applied course concepts. Paper includes few, if any, thought-provoking ideas or unique insights to the discussion. Topic is not focused narrowly enough for the scope of the assignment. The paper indicates no understanding of the concepts in the course. The paper lacks any exploration of the subject by the author. The topic is unclear or too broad for the scope of the assignment. Organization/
  • 8. Cohesiveness 20% Connections among subtopics and the thesis/topic are clear without being repetitive or redundant. Concluding remarks demonstrate analysis and synthesis of ideas. Writing and integration of source materials is eloquent and skillful. Connections among subtopics are missing or forced. Conclusion is unclear or disconnected from the topic. Writing and integration of source materials is awkward or confusing. Connections among subtopics are missing. Subtopics are not presented. Conclusion is missing or disconnected from the topic. Writing lacks skill. Sources are not present.
  • 9. Supporting Evidence/Research 20% Three or more appropriate sources are completely and eloquently integrated throughout the paper. At least one source is from credible, scholarly, peer- reviewed materials. Detailed, meaningful quotations and paraphrases aptly and accurately support the topic. Fewer than three appropriate sources are used. At least one source is from credible, scholarly, peer- reviewed materials. Quotations and paraphrases are lacking or do not support several subtopics. Sources are missing. Paper lacks quotations and paraphrases.
  • 10. Mechanics and APA 10% The assignment consistently follows current APA format and is free from errors in formatting, citation, and references. No grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. All sources are cited and referenced correctly. The assignment does not follow current APA format and/or has many grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. Many sources are cited and referenced incorrectly, or citations and references are missing where needed. No attempt to follow APA format is indicated. Sources are not used and/or there is no reference page. Mechanical errors significantly interfere with the readability of the paper.
  • 11. Running Head: PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE 1 PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE 2 Physician Assisted Suicide Physician-Assisted Suicide With physician-assisted suicide, a medical practitioner prescribes a deadly drug which the patient administers him/herself. Activists in America have historically advocated both physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia because the two almost have the same meaning. By definition, euthanasia is derived from two ancient Greek words: eu, which means “good,” and Thanatos, which means “death.” Meaning the act of committing suicide with the aid of a physician. (WCU, 2018) Euthanasia breaks down into passive and active: active euthanasia is defined as administering a lethal dose to an individual suffering from a terminal illness. Whereas, passive euthanasia is not terminating the individual’s life instantly
  • 12. however it is shortening the lifespan by withholding the medications used to keep this person alive or prolonging their lifespan. (WCU,2018) The arguments for euthanasia are equal arguments for physician-assisted suicide. According to Neil Gorsuch, some contemporary activists criticize the movement for their dishonesty about where its argument lead. He further claimed that legal theorists and Professor Richard Epstein have charged the people who advocate assisted suicide because of their failure to endorse the legalization of euthanasia (Battin, 2015). However, in both assisted suicide and euthanasia, those who are able to self-administer the deadly drugs should be offered the chance for hastened death. Medical practitioners are not allowed to administer the drug through lethal injection. In such a case, the doctor will have violated the professional laws and ethics and this will result in judgment. Physician-assisted suicide has been made legal in the following four countries: Belgium, Switzerland, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Netherlands has an experience of approximately 30 years and during all that time, they have been unable to control the behavior. Based on surveys, doctors intentionally administer lethal injections without the consent of the patients (Pence, 2017). No one has been able to report such incidences to the authority. In 2015, the District of Columbia and other 18 state legislatures are considering whether to legalize physician- assisted suicide. However, legalizing the act will have a huge negative impact on society. This is because of the following reasons: it will destroy the doctor-patient relationship and corrupt the practice of medicine, it will betray human dignity and equality, it will endanger the vulnerable group and the weak, and lastly, it will compromise the family. After the legalization of physician-assisted suicide by Oregon in 1977, an approximate of 700 people have terminated their lives with prescribed medication (Sulmasy & Mueller, 2017). An example of these people is Brittany Maynard who
  • 13. took his life at the age of 19 because he suffered from an incurable brain tumor. There are people who have been supporting the act while others are completely against it. The advocates believe that people should be given the right to die if they choose to do so while the opponents argue that physician- assisted suicide devalues human life. Reasons for and against Physician-Assisted Suicide The debate over the legality and morality of physician- assisted suicide has been in progress for quite some time. The discussions have lasted for hundreds of years and there are no signs of ending. The opponents of physician assisted suicide argue that people should never have a reason to seek physician- assisted suicide due to the fact that there is a model for quality end-of-life care. These healthcare services are available through palliative and hospice care programs. Therefore, people should aim at improving access to hospice care rather than legalizing physician-assisted suicide. In the United States of America, there are more than 4000 hospice agencies but due to the rigidity of the Medicare Hospice Benefit and also funding restrictions, a lot of people in the country cannot access them. The patients are required by the Medicare Hospice Benefit to have a life expectancy of utmost six months. The counter-argument for this is that regardless of the improved access to quality end-of-life care, patients will still suffer from untreatable and persistent illnesses. In Oregon, 93% of the patients who opted for physician-assisted suicide was on hospice. The implication of this is that palliative and hospice care are not sufficient to deal with severe suffering. Secondly, in the opinion of Bouvia v. Superior Court (CA), it was determined that the right to die is an essential part of people’s right to control their own lives and destinies provided the rights of others are not affected. This is referred to as patient autonomy. Since patient-assisted suicide is not a completely autonomous act, the assistance of another person is required. Opponents argue that the act of intentionally terminating patients’ lives threaten society by devaluing human
  • 14. life. The society should, therefore, preserve the sanctity of life. The third argument is that the legalization of physician- assisted suicide will lead to an increase in euthanasia. In other words, physician assisted suicide is a slippery slope towards euthanasia (mercy killing) (Pormeister, Finley, & Rohack, 2017). People’s lives will be terminated without their consent provided they are suffering. They include individuals who are physically handicapped, people with mental illness, homeless, elderly, and demented. The above individuals are considered useless in society. The counter-argument is that the slippery slope should never be allowed to happen. Violation of the Hippocratic Oath is another reason against physician-assisted suicide. According to the Hippocratic Oath, the obligation of a physician is primum non nocere, which means “first, do no harm.” physician assisted suicide, therefore, contradicts the oath because intentional killing is considered as a harm. The counter-argument of this is that the Hippocratic Oath should be interpreted and modified depending on the needs of patients. In addition, opponents argue that there are morally ethical and legal alternatives to assisted death. Patients may decide not to undergo treatment and this increases their chance of death. The counter-argument is that many people do not depend on life-sustaining measures to still suffer and live (Pires, 2018). Withholding treatment will prolong the patient’s suffering rather than causing death. My Opinion Based on the above arguments, physician-assisted suicide is not good and should be avoided. This is because terminating patients’ lives does not end suffering but extends the suffering to other people with the same problems. They fear that they will also be considered worthless and experience the same. People who have been assisted to die have no freedom of choice. Legalizing suicide only undermines the willingness of medical practitioners and the society to learn how to address the problems of patients and show real compassion.
  • 15. In countries were suicide is permitted, patients request the lethal drugs not because of the pain they are going through but because of concerns such as “becoming a burden on others” and “loss of dignity.” These attitudes are encouraged by the law. Healthcare facilities should, therefore, provide services to patients that will assure them that they are important and have dignity. They should discourage the feeling of being a burden within them. In addition, patients in extreme duress tend to prefer death to life. However, allowing doctors to participate in assisting suicide would lead to more harm than benefits. Physician- assisted suicide is against the roles and responsibilities of a physician as a healer. This would be impossible or difficult to control and would lead to serious societal risks. Legalizing physician-assisted suicide will have a number of profoundly detrimental effects. It reduces the protection offered to people’s lives. It also encourages the killing of people who do not genuinely accept to be killed. In other words, it leads to an increase in euthanasia. Lastly, doctors should not have the right to determine who should live and who should die. Socrates believed that suicide is morally wrong. This is a slope where they assume the position of God. As humans, we have no power over other people’s lives. God is the giver of life and He should be the same being to take it away. It is a sin to terminate the life of patients regardless of what they are experiencing in life. (WCU, 2018) Conclusion In conclusion, physician-assisted suicide is the tendency of doctors to prescribe deadly drugs for patients with serious terminal diseases. Unlike euthanasia, physician assisted suicide allows the patients to administer the drugs themselves. However, this has been debated over time. Some people are completely against it while others are in full support of it. The proponents believe that physician-assisted suicide is a sign of mercy while opponents argue that human life is valuable and should be respected. I believe that no one has the right to decide
  • 16. who should live and who should not because God is in control of people’s lives. References Battin, M. P. (2015). Physician-Assisted Suicide: Safe, Legal, Rare?. In Physician-Assisted Suicide (pp. 63-72). Routledge. Pence, G. (2017). Medical ethics: Accounts of Ground-Breaking Cases (8th ed.). Hill: Boston McGraw. Pires, S. (2018). Debate on Physician Assisted Suicide. Pormeister, K., Finley, M., & Rohack, J. J. (2017). Physician- Assisted Suicide as a Means of Mercy: A Comparative Analysis of the Possible Legal Implications in Europe and the United States. Va. J. Soc. Pol'y & L., 24, 1. Sulmasy, L. S., & Mueller, P. S. (2017). Ethics and the legalization of physician-assisted suicide: an American College of Physicians position paper. Annals of internal medicine, 167(8), 576-578. West Coast University. (2018). retrieved from https//learn.westcoastuniversity.edu. Research Paper Instructions and Rubric EGL- 102 What is this paper about? This paper should be one that shows your understanding of argument and composition.
  • 17. Beginning in Week Eight you will start compiling research and composing an argumentative paper using one of the prompts below. You may choose a prompt from either the MLA section or the APA section. Your choice of prompt will decide the style you will be writing your essay in. APA and MLA papers must be written in the correct format discussed in class. This paper should show a mastery of professional writing mechanics and be free from spelling and grammatical errors. You should have a clear opinion or stance on your argument that is concisely communicated through your thesis sentence. The argument should be supported by scholarly sources and address any arguments that might refute your own stance. Requirements This paper is to be typed in 12pt Times New Roman font, with one inch margins, and double spaced. The proper heading for MLA or APA is to be used and the paper should have a title. The
  • 18. paper must be 10-12 pages in length, points will be deducted for papers that are over or under this page restriction. This paper should be supported by six sources. Five of these sources must be scholarly (review p. 350-352). These sources must be documented with in-text citations and properly cited on your references/works cited page. MLA Style Prompts: 1. Create an argument concerning the use of products in the US that are exported from countries that use child labor. Should consumers buy items from countries who endorse child labor? Do industries have an ethical responsibility to avoid products that come from countries who utilize child labor? Is there any instance in which child labor is acceptable? 2. Write an argument concerning breast feeding in public. Should mothers be allowed to nurse their children in public places? Should there be restrictions to where mothers are
  • 19. allowed to nurse? A restaurant? Church? Should women in the service be allowed to nurse their children while in uniform? 3. Create an argument concerning the sport of hunting and the environment. Is hunting good or bad for the environment? Does hunting lead to the extinction of animals important to our ecosystem? Does hunting help with the overpopulation of specific animals? Do the current hunting regulations help or hinder your view on hunting’s impact on the environment? 4. Create an argument concerning romantic movies and real relationships. Do romantic movies influence expectations in real relationships? Do these movies influence men and woman alike? How are romantic movies healthy for or detrimental to the modern day relationship? 5. Read the short story Araby by James Joyce (Available under the “Reading Assignments” tab on Blackboard). Create an argument concerning the narrator. Why did he not buy anything for Mangan’s sister? Why is going to the bazaar so
  • 20. important to him? What values and attitudes does he represent? What was Joyce trying to communicate to the reader? APA Style Prompts: 6. Create an argument for the legality of tobacco products in the United States. Should tobacco products be outlawed? Why or why not? What would be the advantages/disadvantages of criminalizing tobacco products? How would a tobacco-free America influence the country as a whole? 7. Write an argument in which you argue the value or risks of a specific video or computer games or category of games. Do computer/video games play an important role in socialization? Do computer/video games have a place in the classroom? Are computer/video games detrimental to young children? Do computer/video games cause psychological illnesses like social anxiety? 8. Create an argument concerning the causes of childhood obesity. Are parents to blame for
  • 21. obese children? Should obesity in children be considered child abuse? Should schools play a role in regulating student’s diet? 9. Create an argument concerning the ethics of assisted death. Should assisted suicide be an option for American citizens? In what circumstances (if any) would assisted suicide be deemed ethical? Should assisted suicide be restricted to patients of a certain age? Should a person’s power of attorney have the right to make a decision regarding assisted suicide? 10. Write an argument concerning the high turnover rate in the field of nursing. Does the nursing profession have a high turnover rate? What influences turnover rates in nursing? What can a medical facility do to retain their nursing staff? Does education play a role in this high turnover rate? ***The questions in italics are a jumping off point. You do not have to address all these questions in your paper.
  • 22. Final Paper Proposal (10pt Assignment) Due: Select which prompt you would like to explore in your paper. Type the prompt as the title of your proposal. In a one page paper explain why you chose this prompt. What is your current opinion on this topic? What do you already know about this topic? What do you need to learn to further develop your argument? What are the arguments against your stance on this topic and how will you refute them? If you do not want to use any of the prompts above, use this assignment as an opportunity to propose your own topic. Your instructor will approve or redirect your topic. This proposal should be one page, typed in 12pt Times New Roman font, with one-inch margins, double spaced, and with the proper heading for MLA or APA.
  • 23. Annotated Bibliography (10 pt. Assignment) DUE: Create an annotated bibliography for two of the scholarly sources you have found for your research paper. The annotated bibliography should consist of a APA or MLA citation as it would appear on your References/ Works Cited Page. The bibliography must be followed by one paragraph explaining who the author (s) is/are and what the article is about. A second paragraph should follow that explains how this source relates to your stance. For more information on annotated bibliographies please see the “Resources for Research Paper” folder under the “Resources” tab on Blackboard. Typed in 12pt Times New Roman font, with one inch margins, double spaced, and with the proper heading for MLA or APA. Thesis and Outline (10 pt. Assignment)
  • 24. DUE: Establish your thesis and draw an outline of your research paper’s main ideas. This outline should reflect the research you have been compiling over the last few weeks. Evidence of main ideas, sources, and original thought should be present in the outline. The outline can take any form you like, but must show the progress you have made since week eight. A total of 4 sources must be present in this outline. Typed in 12pt Times New Roman font, with one inch margins, double spaced, and with the proper heading for MLA or APA. Rough Draft (Not Graded) Due: A rough draft is due in class week 15 for peer review. You MUST have a printed copy of your rough draft for class this week. If you do not have a rough draft
  • 25. you will not be able to participate in class and you will lose your participation point for the day. Your rough draft must be at least five pages in length with a working Works Cited/ Reference page and properly cited sources. Final Draft of Research Paper (200 pts) Due: Fails to Meet Meets Exceeds Quality of Thinking (60pts) ▪ Comprehensible ▪ Has a clearly stated central idea ▪ Fully developed ideas ▪ Shows originality ▪ Supports ideas/claims with details Organization (60pts)
  • 26. ▪ Coherent ▪ Ideas logically sequenced ▪ Paragraphs articulate and do not just list information ▪ Has a well-define introduction, body, and conclusion ▪ References are cited correctly ▪ Reference/Works Cited page Style and Technique (60pts) ▪ Makes exact/ clear word choices ▪ Varies sentences ▪ Avoids vague language ▪ Incorporates sources
  • 27. correctly Grammar and Mechanics (20 pts) ▪ Little to no grammatical or mechanical errors TOTAL POINTS EARNED: GRADE: » ORDER INFORMATION Order ID Academic_Level Subject Type of Paper Sources Paper Format #1000548 Undergraduate English Research paper 5 MLA Type of Work
  • 28. Deadline Pages Spacing Order Date Writer Type Writing from Scratch 24 hours 7 Double Spacing 2018-12-06 02:35:19 Regular Writer Need Abstract : (No) Need Plagiarism Report: (No) VIP customer service : (No) Topic breastfeeding in public places English USA » Paper Details 10 page research paper, needs work cited page, which is not included in the 10 pages, needs in text citations, has to have 5 scholarly sources, at least 6 sources, can have as many sources you want, already have 3 pages done so don't do anything to the pages I've sent unless you want to lol Claudia Nicholson Ms. Schafer Comp 2 11-28-18 The perfect food for a child is breastmilk. Mothers naturally produce breast milk. Breast were specifically designed for the soul purpose to breastfeed their children. For mothers choosing to breastfeed is one of their hardest of many decisions.
  • 29. There are an outrageous number of positive and negatives that come along with breastfeeding, that is why it is so difficult for them to decide. According to many surveys the negatives tend to outweigh the positives when it comes to breastfeeding. When it comes to the decision of breastfeeding or bottle feeding the biggest question that comes along with it is which is healthier? Either or is healthy but health experts agree that breastfeeding is better for both the mother and the infant. There are many reassuring benefits that comes with breastfeeding like, It will create a special bond between the mother and the child, breastmilk has all the nutrients babies need to grow and develop healthy, breastmilk has antibodies that will help strengthen immune systems helping fight against common colds, sicknesses, diseases, and it is very beneficial for both the mother and child to strengthen the child’s immune system at such a young age, it can prevent health problems for the child like allergies, eczema, ear infections, stomach problems, breastfeeding babies are less likely to get breathing infections, less likely to become obese or have diabetes. Breastfeeding can help percent sudden infant death syndrome. Mothers tend to lose weight faster if they have breastfed, breastfeeding may also help lower the risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Breastfeeding is also convenient for the mothers because they naturally produce it, it is always available when ever the child is hungry, and of course it is free when the average amount of money spent on formula is 1,000 dollars a year. Also, you do not have to watch what you eat when breastfeeding because the food you eat does not digest in the breast milk so no matter what your diet is healthy or unhealthy your child will always have a healthy diet while feeding with breast milk. Of course, there are always a negative side of anything and everything. The breastmilk itself has no negative side effects its what comes along with it. It is the people that come up with the negative side about breastfeeding. There is a huge controversy with breastfeeding in public, the people the see it or are in the presents of a mother breastfeeding usually state that they are
  • 30. uncomfortable and that the mother should go in a more secluded area. This is one of the many reasons why mothers choose not to breastfeed. We now view breasts as a more private and sexual area on a women, which that’s exactly what they are but, what should come to mind instead of that thought is that a mother is feeding her child in the best and healthiest way with the breasts that were designed for the specific purpose to breastfeed. There are some negatives that come along side of breastfeeding. You have to feed your baby about every 1 ½ hours to 3 hours if you breastfeed, if you bottle feed it takes a lot longer for the baby to digest it. This can be very inconvenient for the mother because what happens when they get hungry out in public, or running errands, or while you are trying to get work done. this may seem like a big inconvenience but you must always remember and look at the hidden advantage and that is, you are then kind of “forced” to spend quality time with your baby, you also get some breaks within the day to just sit and recoup yourself. Another side effect of breast feeding is it can be difficult trying to figure out exactly how much milk the child has gotten. In the beginning this can be hard to figure out but along the way you will easily be able to tell and figure out exactly how much your baby needs and how much they are taking. Also remember that you can always pump out the breast milk and always have them to go so you don’t have to take the break out in public, on errands, or in the worst times possible. There are also diet restrictions, of course what ever you eat the baby is eating, so you must stay healthy and not only think about you and your health but your baby’s health. The positive side of that is that it will help you stay on a well dieted diet, which can lead to weight loss, feelings better, etc. There are some physical problems that the mother is going to have to deal with, like sore nipples, crackled nipples, engorged breasts, breast infections, and blocked milk ducts, and a change in your breast shape. You could also pass infection son to the child and that is why it is so important to stay as healthy as you can. Nipple leaks are also common when breastfeeding which could
  • 31. be another inconvenience because we are infants and don’t bring a change of clothes everywhere we go. Another negative that could come along with breastfeeding is that the father could feel left out, or could feel like he will never get that same bond with the baby as the mother, or that he doesn’t get to feed his child. There are always negatives to positives that why you have to remember the positives once you realize the negatives, because in this case, the positives should always beat the negatives.