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Consider any organization where you’ve worked in the past, where you currently work, or where you might like to work in the future. Describe the type of data used by this organization, and tell us how the data are processed and transformed into useful information, such as reports prepared for management or queries executed for users within the organization. Also, is this data processed using manual or automated means? Solution Organizations use two types of data including the structured and unstructured data. Structured data can be represented with the help of numbers, tables, charts, etc. Structured data includes record of inventory, production, and labors. Unstructured data includes textual data from reports, emails, medical records, etc. Both structured and unstructured data can be converted into information using various information systems like MIS, DSS, etc. Currently, most of the organizations use automated systems to process the input data into information..

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Do you believe great leaders are born or made Solution i believe that leaders are made, but we cant say that they are leaders by birth itself. there are many live examples, take an example of Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela or Cheguera. all these people become as leaders over their life period. the situations they come across, the problems they faced, the time make them to become as great leaders. initially they are like us only, but while they are growing they experienced many loop holes in the system, there are many people who are suffering and few people enjoying and ruling the majority. and they started revolutions, they are succeeded at their level. each one is different and reached the highs. take another example of Bill Gates or Warren Buffet. they came from a middle class family and they are very normal at school level even. but they established world class organisations and running them succesfully. so, in my openion leaders are made, not by born..

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Every year, the viral strains included in vaccinations for the flu are slightly different, based on the prevalence of the strains present the previous year. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the vaccinations and the treatment of viral infections like the flu? When someone who is vaccinated encounters the virus they were vaccinated for, antigens are produced triggering destruction of the virus. Antibodies are built up in response to viral antigens, making those with vaccines more susceptible to viral infection. Viruses mutate quickly due to overuse of antibiotics. Vaccinations involve introducing an antigen of a virus into the immune system, which stimulates the production of antibodies. Recall that HIV is a retrovirus. Based on that, which of the following would NOT be an effective drug target for treatment of HIV? Translation inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Reverse transcriptase inhibitors The type of horizontal gene transfer that specifically requires a virus to transfer DNA from donor to recipient is called: transformation. conjugation. transduction. binary fission. Binary fission differs from mitosis in that binary fission occurs in prokaryotes, and mitosis happens in eukaryotes. binary fission does not have a step to duplicate the genetic information, and mitosis does. binary fission creates daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, while mitosis introduces genetic variation. binary fission does not have a step to separate the parent cell into two daughter cells, and mitosis does. Bacteria contain ______ in their cell walls, while Archaea contain _____ in their cell walls. chitin; peptidoglycan peptidoglycan; pseudopeptidoglycan pseudopeptidoglycan; peptidoglycan peptidoglycan; chitin cellulose; chitinA. When someone who is vaccinated encounters the virus they were vaccinated for, antigens are produced triggering destruction of the virus.B. Antibodies are built up in response to viral antigens, making those with vaccines more susceptible to viral infection.C. Viruses mutate quickly due to overuse of antibiotics.D. Vaccinations involve introducing an antigen of a virus into the immune system, which stimulates the production of antibodies. Solution Q1. Option A. If a person is vaccinated for a particular virus, if the virus infects, more antibodies were produced inside the body that kills the viruses present in the body. This response is memory mediated immune response. Q. 2.. Option A. Since HIV is a retro virus, translation inhibitors does not effect on the virus once they are integrated to host DNA and reverse transcription occurs. It could be effectively treated before it integrates to host DNA by integrase inhibitors. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors are more efficient since they inhibits the process of reverse transcription, very essential step in retro virus infection. Q. 3. Option C transduction Transduction is a type of gene transfer in bacteria with the agency of viruses particularly bact.

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Describe the role of different types of genomic changes in the evolution of organisms. What are the potential consequences of each of the following: chromosomal rearrangements; gene duplications; insertion or deletions of transposons; mutations of homeotic genes or their homeoboxes; polypoidy. Solution Genes are the hereditary units that pass the genetic information from one generation to the other generation. Evolution is a process of development of new organisms as a result of genomic modifications of the already existing species. The change in single nucleotide results in point mutation, which is of different types such as silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and frame shift mutations. All mutations are not harmful. Mutations can either be good or neutral also. If the mutations resulted in a new functional protein, which would be advantageous for the organism, they are considered as good mutations. Mutation is the basic mechanism of evolution. 1). Chromosomal rearrangements or translocations involve the rearrangement of nonhomologous chromosomal regions. This may result in viable or nonviable organisms. For example, robertsonian translocation (ROB) is a type of chromosomal rearrangement (one arm of chromosome goes to another chromosome and vice versa), which is observed in the five chromosomal pairs of humans namely chromosome 13, 14, 15 21 and 22. These translocations result in viable fetus. 2). Gene duplication involved in the formation of autopolyploids and meiotic errors. Gene duplication is often followed by divergent evolution. Eg: Duplication of single chromosomes may cause autopolyploids. The three types of gene duplications are, 1). Duplication of entire genome 2). Duplication of single chromosome 3). Duplication of single chromosome of a group of genes The proteins of globin superfamily are the example of proteins that exhibit gene divergence after gene duplication. 3). Transposons are gene sequences (DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid) that can change their position within the genome. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have transposons. In humans, about 45% of genomes contain transposable elements. A few mutagens induced into the coding exon region (Transposon insertion:) of gene thereby insertion of new bases or deletion of the bases. Finally result in generation of truncated protein. Transposon is a piece of DNA which gets inserted in to the DNA. All transposable elements insert a staggered break in the DNA strand, means the strands become unequal, one become large and another become small. The short DNA sequence can be found on both sides of a transposable element, these are known as flanking direct repeats, and its sequence is characteristic of each transposable element. 4). Polyploidy is a state of having more than two paired homologous chromosomes. For example, fusion of two diploid gametes of the plant or species in their 2n state result in tetraploids, we can observe this in potato. Bananas and apples also pres.

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Describe the Darwinian theory of evolution Describe the Darwinian theory of evolution Describe the Darwinian theory of evolution Solution Darwins thoery of evolution have the statement that life exists and life is related and arise from common ancestor.All the traits are passed from generation to generation.There will be some modifications or mutations which are beneficial to the organisms and they will adapt these changes for their survial.These changes pass from or inherited from one generation to other generation.As these changes are beneficial the organisms which are inherited will survive better and others will slowly die leaving the better organisms.This is called as natural selection..

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Are the following events SOURCES or USES of cash? Decrease in Accounts Receivable Decrease in Notes Payable Increase in Inventory Increase in Accounts Payable Installment Loan payment Solution Are the following events SOURCES or USES of cash?Decrease in Accounts Receivable SOURCESDecrease in Notes Payable USESIncrease in Inventory USESIncrease in Accounts Payable SOURCESInstallment Loan payment USES.

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A. What are two advantages that the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) has over the use of fluorescent-labeled antibodies for studying the location and movement of a protein in cells? B. What is meant by empty magnification when taking images on a microscope? C. The lipid bilayers found in cells are fluid, yet asymmetrical in the composition of the monolayers. Is this a paradox? Explain your answer. D. Why do transmembrane domains of proteins typically fold into alpha helices or beta-barrels rather than exist as disordered chains? Solution A. The two advantages of GFPs over the use of fluorescent-labeled antibodies for studying the location and movement of a protein in cells are 1. They provide a means for identifying the genetically modified cells for physiological studies in unadultrarted living cells thus aviod artefacts arising due to permebilisation and cell fixation. 2. For the expression of other fluoroscent proteins a cofactor is required while GFPs exhibit intrinsic fluoroscence due to cyclisation of three amino acids Ser65-Tyr66-Gly67 and then undergo maturationm process. B. Empty magnification refers to the magnification of an image beyond its resolution power but without any improvement in the details of the image due to the limitations of the resolving power of the optical system..

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A protein, called PHD (protein for retinoblastoma) a synthesized by a gene (Rb) on chromosome 13 in humans. When mutant or absent in the homozygous state in a retinal cell, there is a high likelihood of developing a cancerous condition of the eye called retinoblastoma. Nonmutant pRb binds with and temporarily inactivates E2F, a transcription factor that stimulates genes to produce proteins that initiate S phase of the mitotic cell cycle (thus, Rb is a negative regulator of cell division). When phosphorylated in response to a variety of normal stimuli, pRb normally releases E2F and cell division is stimulated. Thus, Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. (For a recent review, see H. Liu et al. (2004). \'Novel functions of the RB tumor suppressor.\" Current Opinions in Genetics and Development 14: 55-64. When retinoblastoma occurs in fannies, the disease tends to have an early onset and express bilaterally (both eyes). When sporadic (spontaneous, not inherited), it tends to show later onset and be unilateral (one eye only). Individuals who inherit a predisposition for the disease are Rb +/Rb- and may got retinoblastoma by having a mutation in the Rb+ allele Assume that two heterozygous parents have children. One would expect the Rb-/Rb- genotypic combination in a zygote (one-cell stage of an individual) to be characterized as: lethal (in viable or lasting a relatively short time) completely normal having a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma having unilateral retinoblastoma only Solution 3. Having a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma although, Rb-/Rb- is a normal genotype, but here while answering we would keep the possibility of somatic mutations alive. Children born with the normal gene can have some spontaneous mutations such that the function of Rb- with be mutated or lost resulting in loss of the function of the pRb protein resulting in uncontrolled cell growth..

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write two paragraphs on the polices to reduce income inequality and poverty. Explain the content of these policies and make a comparative assessment.! Solution Poverty is of two type-primary and secondary. In the former people face lack of resource and wealth to meet up the subsistence. On the otherhand, the later is one where people face impediment to have command and control over his rights. Former one is more severe. To reduce that many policies could be taken. For instance reduction in umemployment. This mainly belongs to LDCs. Disguised, cyclical unempyoment is an acute phenomenon of LDCs. Hence, poverty can be reduced by providing the unemployed people a justified employment. Next, progressive taxation can also be prudential to redistribute wealth but whether that can actually happen in reality without any obstacle or not is questionable as rich tax payers will not be too happy with it and even they are sources of finance of politics. When politics enter into cost- benefit analysis economy gets distorted from his efficient point. Most important point is to give benefits to poor, viz. subsidy, rationing etc. Even they can be provided minimum wage programme for specific time, viz. MNREGA in India. Lastly, in many cases producers exploit labourer. Hence, by implementing minimum wage law this can be cure out. Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of wealth among people. Payment must be equal to marginal product ensures inequality in the economy. But there should be a certain upper bound to that, beyond that it can be boomerang for the economy and it can act as an obstacle to growth. To reduce this progressive tax is an important tool. Taking wealth as a form of tax and redistributing that via expenditure for a certain group or for all reduce the inequality. Providing employment programme, implementing minimum wage laws, benefits in kinds, levying direct and indirect taxes on certain commodities can be effective to redistribute the wealth and reducing poverty. Inequality and poverty are to some extent overlapped and complements of each others. Hence, targetting to reduce one can be fruitful and its effect can tricle down to the other as a bless. Normative economics support the above views with no doubts but implementation of it in practice in many times often become difficult due to self centered persons, politics, social and emotional reasons and so on..

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What single , unique characteristic of a protist would be considered most animal - like ? Fungus - like ? Plant - like ? What single , unique characteristic of a protist would be considered most animal - like ? Fungus - like ? Plant - like ? Solution Kingdom protista iis the most diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. They exhibit most diverese forms of obtaining nutrition, movement etc. Like animals, protozoan protists, do not make their own food, rather they obtain food from their environment. Thus they are heterotrophs, that move around and obtain food. Like fungus, protists occur in both unicellular and multicellular forms, feeding on decaying organic matter, and reproducing by forming spores. Also,some protists resemble plants and algae as they are autotrophs and they produce their own food. Presence of chloroplast have been found in some species of protists..

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Tiktaalik roseae (fishapod) is a transitional fossil showing the evolutionary progression of fish to amphibians. Which of the following must be true? A. It must retain some traits found in its fish ancestors B. It must have new traits found in amphibians, but not found in its fish ancestors C. It must appear younger in the fossil record than its fish ancestors D. Only A and B E. A, B, and C Solution The answer should be D (which includes A & B ) because Tiktaalik shares anatomical features with both primitive fish and the first tetrapods. At first glance, it has features we readily associate with fish: fins, scales, and gillsTiktaalik\'s head and body are flat with eyes on the top of its skull, more like a crocodile than most fish. Its shoulders are not connected to its skull, giving it a functional neck, a feature which fish lack. And it has ribs like some of the earliest tetrapods which were used to support the body and aid in living and breathing on land. These features in Tiktaalik show that many of the body features we associate with the earliest tetrapods actually evolved in fish first..

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