Presentación mostrada en el diálogo (im)probable organizado por CEIGRAM en el itdUPM el pasado 23 de mayo de 2019

1. Diálogo (im)probable
Fernando Escribano
Investigador CEIGRAM – UPM
Profesor Adjunto Univ. Maryland
Coordinador Proyecto Typha
Ahmad Rufai Musa
MSc Student – BUK, Nigeria
Visiting Scholar - CEIGRAM

2. Research and development of novel
technologies for the economic
conversion of Typha biomass into biogas
and animal feed in Northern Nigeria
Eva Iglesias Martínez
Investigadora Principal
Profesora Titular ETSIAAB
CEIGRAM - UPM

3. OBJECTIVES
• Why?
• Who?
• What?
• Where?
• When?
• How?
• Results?
• Next?

4. The Spectator Index
@spectatorindex
City population in 2100. (million people)
1. Lagos (Nigeria): 88
2. Kinshasa (Dem Rep Congo): 83
3. Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania): 73
4. Mumbai (India): 67
5. Delhi (India): 57
6. Khartoum (Sudán): 56
7. Niamey (Niger): 56
8. Dhaka (Bangladesh): 54
9. Kolkata (India): 52
10. Kabul (afganistán): 50
11. Karachi (Pakistán): 49
12. Nairobi (Kenya): 46
13. Lilongwe (Malaui): 41
14. Blantyre (Malaui): 41
15. Cairo (Egipt): 40
Country Population (million)
2050 2100
1. India: 1660 1660
2. China: 1360 1004
3. Nigeria: 410 750
4. US: 389 450
5. DR Congo 196 389
6. Ethiopia 188 242
7. Niger 72 209
8. Uganda 103 202
9. Pakistan: 306 364
10. Indonesia: 321 242
11. Brazil: 232 200
12 Bangladesh: 202 170
(2017) (2019)
5 countries out of top 12 in Africa 8 cities out of top 15 in Africa

6. FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
• Amalgamated in 1914 British Colonists
• Ruled by Colonial leaders until 1960 (Independency)
• Population 197 million (45 million in 1960)
• Life expectancy 53 years
• Literacy 60%
• Largest youth in Africa
• Federation 36 states
• Multi-ethnic and religion
• Culturally diverse
• Oil and natural gas (nº 1 in Africa)
• GDP 2,000 USD/Cap

7. NIGERIA … to the next level!
President BUHARI re-elected in March 2019
– Mission of bringing “Nigeria to the Next Level”
– Boost living standards of Nigerians
– Fight corruption (Political transparency)
– Increase security (North and Niger River Delta)
– Enhance climate resilience (Fight desertification)
– Tackle unemployment (Youth and women)
– Reduce vast inequities (40% below poverty line)
– Diversify economy (Promote private sector)
– Implement legal security (Protect foreign investment)
CRITICAL ROLE OF AGRICULTURE

8. NIGERIA – Agriculture
M.K. Othman, 2018 UMD seminar
• Employs 70 percent of the active population
• Sustains 86% of rural households
• Largest supplier of food
• 91 M Ha arable land (90% country)
• 171 dams (36,700 Hm3) enough to irrigate 1.8 million Ha
• Extensive river system can support the cultivation of 2.6
million ha of flood plain (fadama) land under irrigation
• 7 different climates from Rainforest to Sahel
GREAT POTENTIAL BUT PRODUCTION FALLS
FAR BEHIND DEMAND FOR FOOD

9. NIGERIA – LIVESTOCK
M.K. Othman, 2018 UMD seminar
Livestock production is far below demand
Mt x 1000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Beef Sheep/goats Pigs Poultry Milk Egg
Current Production Demand

10. NIGERIA – AQUACULTURE
M.K. Othman, 2018 UMD seminar
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Demand Current Production Potential Production

11. Deforestation …

12. Wood is used for cooking and heating
in rural areas (1/3 salary)

13. Area of the Typha Research Project (1983)
6,000 Ha
Rice, corn, millet, cassava

14. AHMAD RUFAI MUSA
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY,
GASHUA, NIGERIA

17. leaf
Stem Rhizome Spike Hot dog
PARTS OF TYPHA PLANT

18. TYPHA IN WATER WAYS AND CHANNELS

23. TYPHA AN ENVIRONMENTAL MENACE

24. PAST APPROACHES TO TYPHA CONTROL AND
MANAGEMENT

26. WHAT CAN TYPHA BE USED FOR?

27. ANNUAL
WORKSHOP
INNOVATIVE RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT FOR
USE OF TYPHA FOR
ANIMAL FEED AND
BIOGAS PRODUCTION IN
HADEJIA VALLEY
IRRIGATION SCHEME
Jigawa State, Nigeria

28. TRANSFORMING IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
IN NIGERIA “TRIMING PROJECT”
• 7 Year project (Oct 2014 – Sep 2021)
• Budget: $ 560 M
– World Bank ($ 495 M)
– Federal Government of Nigeria ($ 44 M)
– Project beneficiaries ($ 21 M)
• Implemented by Federal Ministry of Water Resources – Project
Management Unit (multidisciplinary)
• Objective: Improve water management and enhance agricultural
productivity of the farmers
• Area: 5 irrigation schemes located in 3 river basins in N – Nigeria
• $ 44 M Enhance productivity and support value chains
• $ 2 M Research and innovation
• $ 400.000 Research on Typha Management and Economic use

29. FEDERAL MINISTRY OF
WATER RESOURCES
NIGERIA
• TRANSFORMING IRRIGATION
MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
(TRIMING) PROJECT
• “PMU”
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
OF GASHUA
NIGERIA
“ANIMAL FEED”
NATIONAL
AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION AND
RESEARCH LIAISON
SERVICES, NIGERIA
“BIOGAS”
SPAIN
Project Coordination
“SOCIO ECONOMICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL”

30. UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
• Poor countries have limited access to clean
energy at affordable cost (Ismail et al 2016)
• Sustainable access to energy is a pillar to
development (Sow et al, 1990)

31. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Silage, Hay FEED (Cattle, Sheep, goats)
Biogas
digester
Biogas
Typha
grass
DEFINE AND ESTABLISH CONDITIONS + TRAINING + TRANSFER
- Mapping & Quantification of Typha in HVIS
- Harvesting strategy
- Willingness of the people to adopt
- Define a strategy for implementation
- Estimate the demand
- Cost / benefit analysis
- Economical environmental impact
- Sustainability
House
Dung

32. % Methane production rate of Water hyacinth, Cattail
and Ciperus papirus, Adelere and Uduoghene, 2017

33. Quantification for Biogas in HVIS
UPM / NAERLS 18th of July 2018
➢ Total area studied ----------- 23,673 Ha
➢ Typha area ----------- 381 Ha
Typha confounded area 54 Ha
Typha verified area 327 Ha
➢ Average Typha biomass production in HVIS:
Leaves 8,382 Ton
Rhizomes 11,811 Ton
➢ Minimum biomass:
Leaves 1,638 Mg
Rhizomes 1,867 Mg

34. Example for biogas for family use
How much Typha is needed per family?
1. NAERLS / UMD Lab data:
- 447 ml Bio-gas/g of Volatile solids (90% of the DM)
- 225 ml Bio-Methane “ “
- Estimated 5,65 kg of Typha DM/d/fam (n=5)
- 25% DM
- 22,6 kg Fresh Typha/d/fam
2. KENYA – FLEXI BIOGAS (10 years)
- 20 – 30 kg of fresh Water Hyacinth/d/fam
- Needed 1 – 2 m3/d/fam (n=5)
- Depends on type of meal (Beans = 2m3)

35. FLEXI BIOGAS, Kenya

37. How many families can use Typha for
Biogas in HVIS
From mapping and Quantification exercise
(NAERLS and CEIGRAM):
- 8,382 Mt of Typha leaves/year (381 Ha)
- 23 Mt /day
- Need 22.6 Mt/d/1,000 families
- More than 1,000 families could cook using
biogas from Typha as a source of clean energy

39. Sheep feeding on fresh Typha grass at FUGA Animal Science Dept.
Experimental Pen.
Image:2018

40. Horse
feeding on
fresh Typha
grass
Cattle
grazing on
fresh Typha
grass

41. -Chopping of Typha forage. -Encourage cooperative group to

42. Mixing chopped Typha with molasses and urea at FUGA.
Image captured:2019

43. Making silage
• Harvest
• Pre-wilt to 35-45% dry matter
• Chop
• Compress and exclude air
– Respiration and fermentation proceeds
• Removes oxygen, warms, produces acetic and lactic
acid, decreases pH
• Feed out while minimizing exposure to air

44. Silage
• Fermented forage
– Low pH prevents storage losses
– Highly palatable
– Requires less drying than hay
• Challenges and Questions
– How digestible is Typha forage?
– How to dry it?
– How to ensile it?

46. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF TYPHA
UM, UPM and FUGA
• Proximate analysis and contaminants
– Starting feedstock
– Silage
• In vitro degradability & digestibility
• Pilot demonstration units for silage
• Acceptability trials with animals at FUGA:
– FI, growth performance
– Carcass characteristics
– Residues
• Field trials under practical farms conditions

47. Figure 4: Vice-Chancellor, Prof Andrew Haruna inspecting the Triming Project

48. Figure 6: Experimental sheep purchased for feeding trial I

49. We insert the
bags
4 lacon sheep
So that we can analyse the Insaccco Degradability
of fresh Typha, alfalfa hay, barley straw and wheat
straw in these sheep
Image:2019
ACTIVITIES AT ANIMAL PRODUCTION LAB @ UPM,
MADRID

50. Here at UPM, we incubate the
sample of Typha for 92 hours to
determine the potential
Degradability.
Also we analyse the sample of
Typha for For Proximate
composition according to (AOAC,
2005).

52. Iglesias et al, 2018. XII Iber-American Congress of
Rural Studies

53. Prof. Iglesias
Principal Investigator of Typha Project

54. - Focus group and questionnaire administration to Livestock farmers at
HVIS. Iglesias et al, 2018. XII Iber-American Congress of Rural Studies.

58. con el Equipo Rectoral
PLATAFORMA ÁFRICA

59. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING