POWDER FINENESS, VISCOSITY DETERMINATION DENSITY DETERMINATION IN COSMETIC RAW MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS

1. BY : MS IRTIZAASHAQ
• TOPIC: POWDER FINENESS, VISCOSITY DETERMINATION
DENSITY DETERMINATION IN COSMETIC RAW
MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS
M PHARM
SPER JAMIA HAMDARD

2. CONTENTS
• POWDER FINENESS
• Definition
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Determination of powder fineness
• Method of determination
• Types of skin powders
• Ingredients used
• Determination of powder fineness as per BIS
• Calculation
• VISCOSITY DETERMINATION
• Definition
• How to measure
• Why to measure
• Apparatus used
• Which sample to test
• How to test sample
• DENSITY DETERMINATION
• Definition
• Principle
• Apparatus
• Measuring density using DS7800

3. POWDERS
DEFINITION
Powders are mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs
and/or chemicals that may be intended for internal or
external use.
The term ‘Powder’ may be used to describe:
The physical form of a material, that is, a dry
substance composed of finely divided particles.
Or, it may be used to describe a type of
pharmaceutical preparation, that is, a medicated
powder intended for:
internal (i.e., oral powder)
external (i.e., topical powder) use.

4. Advantages
• - More stable than liquid
• - More convenient to swallow than tablet
or capsules
• - Used in blending with medicated
application as ointments, suppositories
and pastes
• - Can be prepared into granules for use in
preparing tablets and or reconstituted to
liquid form
• - Rapid therapeutic effect due to large
surface area
• - Useful for bulky drugs with large dose
Disadvantages
• - Unpleasant tasting of drugs
• - It is difficult to protect powders
containing hygroscopic, deliquescent
(tending to melt or dissolve in humid
environment), or aromatic materials from
decomposition.
• - Time and expenses require in the
preparation of uniform powders are great
• - Patient may misunderstand the correct
method of use. Without clear instruction,
patients may inhale through the nose a
drug intended for oral administration

5. DETERMINATION OF POWDER FINENESS

6. For coarse and moderately coarse
powders: – Place 25 to 100 g of the
powder being examined upon the
appropriate sieve having a close-
fitting receiving pan and cover.
Shake the sieve in a rotary horizontal
direction and vertically by tapping on
a hard surface for not less 20 minutes
or until shifting is practically
complete. Weigh accurately the
amount remaining on the sieve and in
the receiving pan.
For fine and very fine powders: –
Proceed as described under Coarse
and moderately coarse
powders except that
(a) The test sample should not
exceed 25 g,
(b) The sieve is to be shaken for not
less than 30 minutes or until sifting
is practically complete, and
(c) The particles passing through a
sieve of nominal mesh aperture of
45 mm are determined by suitable
microscopic examination.
For micro fine and superfine
powders:-Proceed as described
under Fine and very fine
powders except that the particles
passing through a sieve of nominal mesh
aperture of 45 µm (for fine powders.) or
those less than 10 mm in size are
determined by suitable microscopic
examination.
With oily and other powders which tend
to clog the openings, carefully brush the
screen at intervals during sifting. Break
up any lump that may form.
METHOD

7. TYPES OF SKIN POWDERS
• Skin powders shall be classified into two types as follows:
• a) Body powders shall include talcum powders, toilet powders, deodorant
powders and dusting powders. These shall consist principally of a finely-
powdered free flowing absorbent innocuous material such as natural talc
(hydrous silicate of magnesium with the formula Mg3 Si4,O10,H2O) and may
contain small amounts of perfume and coloring matter, as well as other
ingredients consistent with the accepted practice in the cosmetic industry.
The latter may include materials having anti-per spirant and deodorant
properties.
• b) Face powders shall essentially be similar to body powder described
under a) except that it shall be of finer particle size and free from grit.

8. Ingredients
Composition of talcum powder depends on the company manufacturing the product. Different brands
have different compositions and qualities. Here is the list of chemical compounds that constitute
talcum powder.
Silicon dioxide
Magnesium oxide
Calcium oxide
Iron(III) oxide
Aluminum oxide
Zinc oxide
Benzoin
Calcium carbonate

9. DETERMINATION OF FINENESS
• REAGENT
• Denatured Spirit — Filtered.
• PROCEDURE
• Place about 10 g of the material, accurately weighed, in the specified IS Sieve
and wash by means of slow stream of running tap water and finally with fine
stream from a wash bottle until as much material as would pass through the sieve
has passed.
• In case the material is not easily wetted by water, the washing could be started
with a slow stream of filtered denatured spirit.
• Let the water drain from the sieve and then dry the sieve containing the residue on
a stream bath.
• Transfer the residue onto a tared watch glass carefully and dry it to constant mass
at 105 ± 2 °C.

10. CALCULATION
• Material retained on the
specified sieve, percent by mass =
100×𝑀1
𝑀
• Where
• M1 = mass in g of the residue retained on the
Specified sieve, and
• M = mass in g of the material taken for the test

11. VISCOSITY
DETERMINATION
DEFINITIONS
The viscosity of a fluid is a
measure of its resistance to
gradual deformation by shear
stress or tensile stress .For liquids,
it corresponds to the informal
concept of "thickness": for
example, syrup has a higher
viscosity than water.

12. • Dynamic Viscosity - One way is to measure a fluid’s
resistance to flow when an external force is applied. This
is dynamic viscosity .
• The unit of measure for dynamic viscosity is Centipoise
(cP).
• The measurement of dynamic viscosity is most useful for
non-Newtonian fluids (for liquids which change their
apparent characteristics as force or pressure is applied).
• Kinematic Viscosity - is the measure of a fluid’s inherent
resistance to flow when no external force, except gravity,
is acting on it.
• The unit of measure of kinematic viscosity is Centistokes
(cSt).
• This measurement is used mostly for Newtonian liquids -
liquids that do not change viscosity with changes in
applied force (shear rate).
Rotational viscometers
used to measure dynamic viscosity
capillary tube.
used to measure kinematic viscosity

13. Why measure viscosity?
• For producers of oil-based cosmetic products, the viscosity is an
essential parameter to be determined. The pure oils are used as raw
materials and further checked in quality control, transported, stored,
and processed. Since many pure oils show a freezing point close to
ambient conditions, their viscosity has a crucial influence on the
handling and processing of the ingredients. Moreover, finished retail
products, such as creams or balsam oils, require a convenient
application by customers at any time.

14. APPARATUS
4.1 Viscometers - Calibrated, glass
capillary type, capable of measuring
kinematic viscosity.
4.2 Viscometer Holders
4.3 Viscometer Thermostat and Bath
4.4 Temperature Measuring Device
4.5 Timing Device

15. Which samples
are tested?
Oil-based cosmetic products have a curing
effect for all skin types and help to protect
the skin against harmful issues. Modern
beauty oils are a combination of different
types of oils and extracts mixed in such a
way to trigger the desired effects of the
finished product.
The scope of tested samples covers pure oil
samples used as raw materials as well as oil-
based finished products.

16. How to measure the samples?
Instrument preparation
Instrument settings
Calibration
Sample preparation
Filling
Cleaning
Procedure
Results

17. DENSITY
DETERMINATION
DEFINITION:
The density of a material at given temperature is the
mass of unit volume of the material at that
temperature. It is expressed in kilogram per cubic
meter ( kg/m” ). The submultiple gram per cubic
centimeter ( g/cm3 ), for which symbol ‘g/ml’ is also
commonly used.
Density = m/v
PRINCIPLE
Determination of the mass at a given temperature of a
volume of the material contained in a density bottle
and determination of the volume of the latter by
determining the mass of the corresponding volume of
water at the same temperature. The density is obtained
by dividing the mass of material by its volume

18. APPARATUS
1 Density Bottle Closed type, made of glass and of a size
and type suitable for use with the material under test.
2 Water-Bath
Thermostatically controlled with an accuracy of ±0.1°C.
PROCEDURE
6.1 Clean and dry the density bottle and weigh it with its
stopper to the nearest milligram.Fill the bottle with freshly
boiled and cooled distilled water at the desired temperature
and determine the apparent mass of the contents.
6.2 Clean and dry the density bottle, fill it with the sample
under test, and determine, in a similar manner that apparent
mass of sample contained in the bottle at the same
temperature

19. CALCULATION
• 7.1 Calculate the density of the sample .at t°C from the following formula and report the
results correct to 3 p!aces of decimal.
•
• Density ( tw) of sample, ƿtw =
𝑀1+𝐴
𝑀2+𝐴
× ƿtw
• M1= apparent mass in g of the sample
required to fill the bottle at t°C;
• M2= apparent mass in g of the water
required to fill the bottle at tºC;
• ƿtw= density of water at t °C
• A = buoyancy correction ƿta ×M2
• ƿta = density of air at 27°C and 760 mm Hg
• pressure = O.OOl 168 g/cm3

20. Measuring the density of high-viscosity creams and ointments using DS7800
Introduction
Measuring the density of high-viscosity samples such as ointments, creams and pastes in the lab is often very
time-consuming and is usually performed pycnometrically. However, you can save time by using the DS7800
density meter by A.KRÜSS. This eliminates the time-consuming procedure of tempering the samples.
Preparation
Cleaning
Results
Note
The DS7800 is also suitable for other high-viscosity
samples, such as from the food or homecare industry.

22. REFRENCES
• A.KRÜSS Optronic GmbH • Alsterdorfer Strasse 276-278 • 22297 Hamburg | Germany
Email: info@kruess.com
•Web:www.kruess.com
• Indian Standard METHOD FOR DETERMINATIONOF DENSITY OF LIQUIDS.
• The International Pharmacopoeia - Eighth Edition, 2018 1.12 Powder fineness and sieves
• Indian Standard SKIN POWDER — SPECIFICATION BEAUREA OF INDIAN STANDARDS.
• Indian Standard METHODS OF TEST FOR PETROLEUM AND ITS PRODUCTS
DETERMINATION OF KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC VISCOSITY.
• Viscosity Measurement of Raw Materials for Cosmetic Products Cosmetic industry,
pharmaceutical industry, clean oil producers, testing labs
• https://www.cosmeticsandskin.com/aba/loose-face-powders.php