A detailed presentation on nuclear power plant

1. NUCLEAR POWER
PLANT

2. Types Of Nuclear Power Plants
 Fission:
It is a subdivision of a heavy atomic nucleus, such that of uranium or
plutonium, into two fragments of roughly equal mass. The process is
accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy.
 Fusion:
It is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one
or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles.

3. Fission

4. Parts
 Fuel
 Moderator
 Control Rod
 Coolant
 Steam Generator
 Containment

5. Fuel
Uranium is the basic fuel. Usually pellets of
uranium oxide UO2 are arranged in tubes
to form fuel rod

6. Plutonium

7. Thorium

8. Moderator:
Material in the core which slow down the neutrons released from
fission so that they cause more fission. It is usually water, but maybe
heavy water or graphite.

9. Control Rod
They're made with neutron absorbing material
such as cadmium, hafnium or boron and are
inserted or withdrawn from core to control
the rate of reaction or to halt it.

10. Coolant:
A fluid circulating through the core so
as to transfer the heat from it.

11. Steam Generator:
Part of cooling system of pressurized water
reactors where the high pressure primary
coolant bringing heat from reactor is used
to make steam for turbine, in a secondary
circuit.

12. Containment
It is used to protect from outside
intrusion and to protect from
those outside from the effect of
radiation in case of any serious
malfunction inside

13. Working

16. Site Selection
 Factors to be considered when selecting the site include:
(1) characterization of reactor design and operation
(2) population density and use characteristics of the site environs
(3) physical characteristics of the site including seismology, meteorology,
geology, and hydrology.

18. Chernobyl
 Level 7
 Cause: Anatoly Dyatlov
 Economic Loss $235 billion
 830,000 people in the Chernobyl clean-up teams. They estimated that
between 112,000 and 125,000 of these – around 15% – had died by 2005.
 As of January 2018, 1.8 million people in Ukraine, including 377,58
 people with disabilities among this population, rising from 40,106 in 1995
to 107,115 in 2018

19. Three Miles Island

20. Three Mile Island
 Cause: Cooling malfunction
 An estimated two million people were exposed to small amounts of
radiation as a result of the TMI accident.
 It took 12 years and cost $973 million to decontaminate to low levels of
radiation.

21. Fukushima

22. Fukushima
 Level 9 (as Michio Kaku says)
 Cause; Earthquake and Tsunami
 The Fukushima prefecture government counted 2,129 "disaster-
related deaths
 total economic loss range from $250-$500 billion US. As for the
human costs, in September 2012, Fukushima officials stated that 159,128
people had been evicted from the exclusion zones, losing their homes and
virtually all their possessions.

23. About Fukushima
“It’s enough to melt the containment. It’s enough to blow that reactor apart.”
Dr. Michio Kaku said the problem with Nuclear fission is “there is no off switch.” Once the nuclear fission
reaction has begun, explains Michio Kaku, it can’t be stopped.

24. Fusion

27. Fuel
 Hydrogen ( Deuterum and Tritium isotopes )
 Available in abundance in sea water

28. Parts
The main parts of the ITER tokamak reactor are:
 Vacuum vessel - holds the plasma and keeps the reaction chamber in a vacuum
 Neutral beam injector (ion cyclotron system) - injects particle beams from the
accelerator into the plasma to help heat the plasma to critical temperature
 Magnetic field coils (poloidal, toroidal) - super-conducting magnets that confine,
shape and contain the plasma using magnetic fields
 Transformers/Central solenoid - supply electricity to the magnetic field coils
 Cooling equipment (crostat, cryopump) - cool the magnets
 Blanket modules - made of lithium; absorb heat and high-energy neutrons from
the fusion reaction
 Divertors - exhaust the helium products of the fusion reaction

29. Conditions
 Three conditions must be fulfilled to achieve fusion in a laboratory: very
high temperature (on the order of 150,000,000° Celsius); sufficient plasma
particle density (to increase the likelihood that collisions do occur); and
sufficient confinement time (to hold the plasma, which has a propensity to
expand, within a defined volume).

30. Types of Reactor

34. ITER
 ITER ("The Way" in Latin) is one of the most ambitious energy projects in
the world today.

In southern France, 35 nations* are collaborating to build the world's
largest tokamak, a magnetic fusion device that has been designed to prove
the feasibility of fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy
based on the same principle that powers our Sun and stars.

35. MIT
 Italian oil company Eni is investing $50m in Commonwealth Fusion
Systems, an MIT spinout that is collaborating with the institute on the
development of superconducting magnets to produce zero-carbon energy
in a fusion power experiment called SPARC.

36. China
 The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor is a proposed tokamak nuclear
fusion reactor in China. CFETR construction is planned for the 2020s as a
demonstration of the feasibility of large scale fusion power generation.

37. Advantages
 No nuclear waste
Nuclear waste is the material that nuclear fuel becomes
after it is used in a reactor.

38. Unlimited Fuel

39. No harmful emission

40. Practically Free