What are the proteins involved in this functions In lecture we dis.pdf

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What are the proteins involved in this functions?? In lecture we discussed the process by which cells migrate, which includes protrusion, attachment, translocation, and detachment. Please do the following in the space below: 1) draw you own version of Fig 14 - 27 (label the lamellipodia, filipodia, points of adhesion, direction of movement), 2) label each of the 3 steps represented and describe (in your own words) what happens at each step, and 3) list the proteins involved in each step and describe (in your own words) what those protein are doing. Solution The protein involved in each of the above step and its functions are-: 1.Protrusion step i) Arp 2/3 - It is a heptamer protein that attaches itself to the side of a pre existing actin filament and then nucleates de novo actin polymerisation at a fixed angle. ii) Actin - Multiple functional protein involved in protein - protein interaction. iii) Cofilin - It is an actin - filament serving protein helps in actin polymerisation. 2. Attachment step i) Integrin - Adhesion to the substratum occur mainly via Integrin. ii) Paxillin and FAK - The two important signalling proteins involved in adhesion. iii) Talin, vinculin and alpha actinin- These are the group of adhesion proteins link actin to substratum through integrin. 4. Translocation step i) Myosin II and dynein - These proteins controls translocation step. 4. Detachment step i) Actomyosin - This protein is the combination of actin and myosin involved in contraction that exert force against adhesion results in detachment..

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1.What part of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP? Describe in detail how this process works in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, including where the entering molecules came from, the cellular location and how the ATP is produced. 2. Describe the process of DNA replication in the cell (Be sure to describe the DNA molecule and include all enzymes involved in replication.) 3. Bacteria like E. coli encode certain types of proteins known as receptors that sense nutrients and allow the bacteria to find food sources. Trace the creation of a protein starting with the gene in the genome and ending with the protein. (Include enzymes and molecules involved in the processes) 4. Why are prokaryotes able to react to their environment by producing proteins much more quickly than eukaryotes? (This should be a complete analysis including multiple differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription and translation). 5. How would you create a genetically-modified corn plant that expresses the human fibrin protein? (You need to include all techniques, steps, enzymes, etc.) 6. Imagine that you are planning to treat a patient with the antibiotic Kanamycin for her Staphylococcus aureus infection. Explain how you would determine both: A) the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Kanamycin for this infection and, B) the Therapeutic Index of Kanamycin. Include an explanation of why this information is important. 7. Analyze the rise of antibiotic-resistant infections including how bacteria become resistant and describe the numerous mechanisms they possess that makes them resistant. Describe how someone can get an antibiotic-resistant superinfection and how our society encourages the development of antibiotic resistances..

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What part of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP? Describe in detail how this process works in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, including where the entering molecules came from, the cellular location and how the ATP is produced. 2. Describe the process of DNA replication in the cell (Be sure to describe the DNA molecule and include all enzymes involved in replication.) 3. Bacteria like E. coli encode certain types of proteins known as receptors that sense nutrients and allow the bacteria to find food sources. Trace the creation of a protein starting with the gene in the genome and ending with the protein. (Include enzymes and molecules involved in the processes) 4. Why are prokaryotes able to react to their environment by producing proteins much more quickly than eukaryotes? (This should be a complete analysis including multiple differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription and translation). 5. How would you create a genetically-modified corn plant that expresses the human fibrin protein? (You need to include all techniques, steps, enzymes, etc.) 6. Imagine that you are planning to treat a patient with the antibiotic Kanamycin for her Staphylococcus aureus infection. Explain how you would determine both: A) the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Kanamycin for this infection and, B) the Therapeutic Index of Kanamycin. Include an explanation of why this information is important. 7. Analyze the rise of antibiotic-resistant infections including how bacteria become resistant and describe the numerous mechanisms they possess that makes them resistant. Describe how someone can get an antibiotic-resistant superinfection and how our society encourages the development of antibiotic resistances..

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Describe the three ways in which protists can move. Provide an example of a protist that uses each type of motion. Solution The three ways in which protists can move are by using 1. Cilia :-Cilia are tiny hair like projections that extend from their surfaces or from within the cell. Cilia enable protist to move in rhythmical fashion as they swim through the water. Cilia also helps protist to capture food. Example - Paramecium 2. Flagella - These are long, whiplike structures. Protist can have one or more flagellar structures.Flagella help protists move staedily through currents and waves Example- Giardia 3. Pseudopodia- Thsi is another type of locomotion.Protist moves by extending its body forward and then pulling rest of the body forward as well. The finger-like structure which the protist project forward is called pseudopod. Pseudopod is also used to trap food. Example - Amoeba.

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A woman with type O blood gave birth to a baby, also with type O blood. The woman states a man with type AB blood was the father of the baby. The antigen determining gene for blood type has three alleles I^A, I^B, i. a. How many phenotypes are possible? b. How many genes play a factor in this phenotype? c. How is this example different from a typical Mendelian cross? What extension is displayed? d. Is there any merit to her statement? Why? Solution The mother has O blood group, thus i, i would be the genotype of the mother as blood type O is recessive. There are three genes that play a role in this cross. A parent of blood type AB has the codominant IA and IB alleles. When the parents would mate , there would be IA , IB crossing with i. As a result , out of the four offsprings , two will contain IAi and two would contain IBi genotype, I.e. Half of the children would have type A and half would have type B blood group. For a woman with O blood group, the father should also have O blood group. Thus there is no merit to her statement..

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Use the Internet to research one of the four modes of transportation, and describe its impact on the transportation industry. In addition, explain how the mode of transportation was selected, and compare it to the other three modes not selected Solution There are different modes of transportation like air, water and land transportation. some others like pipelines, cable and space transportation etc. Generally transportation is used to move people, animals, and other materials from one place to other. every mode of transportation has its different impact on the transportation industry. HERE I AM GOING TO DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF AIR TRANSPORTATION ON TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY: Air transportation is one of safest and most efficient means of transportation, it covers whole nation and internation distances. Just because of this mode, global trade is possible and one can live in other countries. * it provides worldwide transportation network, which helps in global business and tourism. * air transport adds 40% of export of goods in total value of export. 40% is very huge amount. and it automatically adds to GDP of country. * Travel system allows intercontinental travel to large volumes of the passengers & cargo in short periods of time. * The air transportation mode is vital for the growth of the business and industry in the community, providing air access to companies that are must to meet the demands and supply, competition & expanding marketing areas. * those Communities which do not have airports or some sufficient air services, have limitations placed on the capacity for the economic growth. NOW I AM GOING TO DISCUSS SOME POINTS REGARDING WHY AIR TRANSPORTATION IS PREFFERED OVER OTHER TRANSPORTATION: * It is the fastest and unbroken mode of transportation as compared to other modes. * No doubt it is one of the most expensive mode but its rapidity characteristics has overcome this limitation. * as compared to other modes, it is more comfortable, efficient and quick service. * one of the most point is that, this mode does not require any investment in construction of any tracks and paths as it is very much required in other modes. * their is no physical barrires while execution of service..

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Silica gel is slightly acidic. Will this cause an acidic compound to run faster or slower in a given mobile phase vs a similar basic compound? Why? Solution SiO2 is an acidic compound.when SiO2 in water gives acid H2SiO3. In acidic or basic condition, mainly depends upon polarity. Polar compounds easily hydrogen bonding with silica gel and make highly mobile phase polar. Polar.compounds bind with silica gel easily whereas nonpolar compounds easily will come in the column chromatography..

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IA 31 The reweycir deseers.ostains 4phaws: G1,2, s, and M panes: An aticb plae DNA is dupwcase f: ah---X c) In which gkesacus the final divinion: 26 Mitosis Meiosis many DNA duplicatson esamber of daughter cells ordpEoids Aery cells are genetically identical or dissimilar C Solution Ans 1 a consecutive order of cell cycle phases is G1 , S , G2 and M B. DNA duplicates in S phase (synthesis phase) C. The final division of cells occurs in M phase D. The four phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

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