The project commenced with the explanation of various techniques of waste management like landfill, Curb side collection, Material recovery facility, Mechanical bio treatment, automated vacuum collection, Pyrolysis, incineration, etc. used across the globe. Students collected information with regards to the relevance of waste segregation and commonly used waste handling systems used in different countries. This information was presented to Grade 7 students via ppt.

2. Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk,
litter, and ort) is unwanted or useless materials. In biology,
waste is any of the many unwanted substances or toxins
that are expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste;
such as urea and sweat.
Basel Convention Definition of Wastes
“substances or objects which are disposed of or are
intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed
of by the provisions of the law”
Disposal means
“any operation which may lead to resource recovery,
recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses
(Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”

3. Solid wastes: wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and
industrial wastes
Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers,
scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste
water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

4. Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, Styrofoam
containers and others)

5. Households
Commerce and Industry

6. - Some countries are expected to become warmer,
although sulfates might limit warming in some areas.
- Scientists are unable to determine which parts of
those countries will become wetter or drier, but there is
likely to be an overall trend toward increased
precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms,
and drier soils.
- Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be
reliably projected for specific areas.

7.  Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere:
- Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), and nitrous
oxide (N20).
- C02 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and
wood products, and solid waste.
- CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, the
raising of livestock, and the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and
oil.
- N02 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during
combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US emitted about one-
fifth of total global GHGs.

8.  Soil adsorption, storage and biodegrading
 Plant uptake
 Ventilation
 Runoff
 Leaching
 Insects, birds, rats, flies and animals
 Direct dumping of untreated waste in seas, rivers and lakes
results in the plants and animals that feed on it

10.  Land Fill
 Composting
 Vermi
composting
 Incineration
 Pyrolysis
 Gasification

11.  A landfill site (also known as a tip, dump, rubbish
dump or dumping ground )
 Landfills are often the most cost-efficient way to
dispose of waste, especially in countries like the
United States with large open spaces. In addition,
landfill gas can be upgraded to natural gas—
landfill gas utilization.
 In Dharavi, India, many people make a living by creating their own
recycling factories. It is estimated that the self-made recycling industry
employs roughly 200,000 people. It’s not merely taking care of waste,
but a way of life and a source of income.
 India recycles roughly 40 percent of their e-waste a year. This includes
such items as broken or unwanted electrical appliances.

12.  Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and
recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment.
 At the simplest level, the process of composting simply
requires making a heap of wetted organic matter known as
green waste (leaves, food waste) and waiting for the
materials to break down into humus after a period of weeks or
months.
 Compost is rich in nutrients. It is used in gardens, landscaping,
horticulture, and agriculture.
 Organic ingredients intended for composting can
alternatively be used to generate biogas through
anaerobic digestion.
 The United Kingdom recycles roughly 17.7 percent of its waste.
Ireland, Italy, and Portugal are around the same percentage.

13.  Vermicomposting is the product or process of composting
through the utilization of various species of worms, usually
red wigglers, white worms, and earthworms.
 It is widely used in North America for on-site institutional
processing of food waste, such as in hospitals and shopping
malls.
 Containing water-soluble nutrients, vermicompost is a
nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner in a form
that is relatively easy for plants to absorb.
 It is estimated that 20 percent of the countries waste is
disposed of improperly in China. This includes such items as
building materials.
 In Japan, recycling is a $360 billion dollar industry.

14.  Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves
the combustion of organic substances contained in
waste materials.[1]
Incineration and other high-
temperature waste treatment systems are described
as "thermal treatment".
 Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original
waste by 80–85% and the volume. Waste combustion
is particularly popular in countries such as Japan
,Denmark and Sweden have been leaders in using the
energy generated from
 Mostly used in U.S.A., California, Australia, Greece,
Mexico, U.K. and Austria takes the cake by recycling
roughly 60 percent of its waste.

15.  Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of
organic material at elevated temperatures in the
absence of oxygen(or any halogen). It involves the
simultaneous change of chemical composition and
physical phase, and is irreversible. The word is coined
from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysis
"separating".
 Pyrolysis is a type of thermolysis, and is most commonly
observed in organic materials exposed to high
temperatures..
 The process is used heavily in the chemical industry, for
example, to produce charcoal, activated carbon
, methanol
 Mostly used in U.S.A., California, Australia, Greece,
Mexico, U.K. In Brazil they employ approximately 500,000
recycling collectors. This is a $3 billion industry, Fifty
percent of the 140,000 tons of trash generated daily in

16.  Curbside collection is a service provided to households,
typically in urban and suburban areas, of removing household
waste.
 It is usually accomplished by personnel using purpose built
vehicles to pick up household waste in containers
acceptable to or prescribed by the municipality
 Curbside collection is considered a low-risk strategy to reduce
waste volumes and increase recycling rates.
 Materials are typically collected in large bins, colored bags,
or small open plastic tubs, specifically designated for content.
 In Canada, refuse collectors actually buy the right to collect
trash since it is seen as such a profitable business. The
collectors gather and recycle anything they can turn for a
profit.

17.  An automated vacuum waste collection system, also
known as pneumatic refuse collection, or automated
vacuum collection (AVAC), transports waste at high
speed through underground pneumatic tubes to a
collection station where it is compacted and sealed
in containers. When the container is full, it is
transported away and emptied. The system helps
facilitate separation and recycling of waste.
 There are close to a thousand systems in operation all
over the world -in China, South East Asia, Korea, the
Middle East, the U.S, South and North Europe. In the
U.S.A. this type of system is installed in several places
but Disney World and Roosevelt Island are the best
known.
 Major cities in which the system is operating include
Copenhagen, Barcelona, London, and Stockholm.

18.  Landfill – India ,Canada , Europe , U.K. , U.S.A. , Singapore
 Curbside Collection – Canada
 Mechanical bio treatment – U.K., Japan, North America
 Pyrolysis – U.S.A., California, Australia, Greece, Mexico, U.K.
 Incineration – Japan, U.S.A., California, Australia, Greece,
Mexico, U.K. ,Singapore
 AVAC - U.S, South and North Europe

19. THANK YOU