2. HYPOTHALMUS
• Sheet of grey matter with
multiple nuclei in the area just
below the Thalamus in the
Diencephalon.
• Only 4gms in weight & less than
1 % of the Brain.
• Master Controlling Centre of
the Body.
• Controls and regulates the
various functions of the Body
through the ANS, Endocrine and
the Limbic System
• An integrative Centre essential
for survival and reproduction.
3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BILAMINAR EMBRYONIC DISC & PROCHORDAL PLATE FROM
THE PRIMORDIAL HYPOBLAST IN THE 2nd WEEK
4. EMERGENCE OF THE PRIMITIVE STREAK FROM
PRIMORDIAL GERM LAYERS IN DEVELOPING EMBRYO
33. ANTERO POSTERIOR EXTENT OF HYPOTHALMUS
MAMMILARY BODIES OPTIC CHIASMA
HYPOTHALMUS
THALAMUS
THIRD VENTRICLE
MIDBRAIN
LAMINA
TERMINALIS
MEDIAN
EMINENCE
89. 1. Sexually DimorphicNucleus
2. Hyperphagiain Diabetes
3. Craniopharyngioma
4. Wernicke’s Korsakoff Syndrome
5. SIADH
6. Diabetes Insipidus
7. Kallmann Syndrome
8. Prader Willi Syndrome
9. Narcolepsy
10. Work on Ageing by the scientists at Albert Einstein College of Medicine
11. New theoryon Weight loss.
NEUROLOGICAL CORRELATES
90. Many aspects of
Ageing are
controlled by
Hypothalamus. It’s
possible to slow
down the aging
process and increase
longevity by altering
the signaling
pathway with in the
Hypothalamus in
Mice
92. Activating the NF-KB
pathway in the
Hypothalamus of Mice
causes decline in levels of
Gonadotrophin releasing
Hormone which
accelerates the aging
process . Inhibiting NF-KB
pathway increases the
levels of GnRH which
retards the aging process.
GnRH therapy with daily
injections of GnRH to an
ageing mice retarded the
ageing process by
preventing the wide
spread inflammation in
various tissues through
the Hypothalamus.
93. Diet high in
saturated fat and
simple sugars over
long periods of time
damages the nerves
that conduct signals
through the
Hypothalamus
affecting the
function of Leptin
and Ghrelin and
thereby the Body’s
ability to regulate
weight &
metabolism. Diet
which cuts calories,
reduces fat & simple
carbohydrates will
reverse the
inflammatory
damage done to
Hypothalamus.
94.
95.
96. Mechanism of ↑ Hunger in
Diabetes Mellitus
In Diabetes due to the relative
deficiency of Insulin/ Insulin
resistance, the Ventro medial
Nucleus of Hypothalamus is
deprived of glucose→↑Activity of
Hunger Centre→ Hyperphagia
97. CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA
Congenital Tumor which develops from
the remnants of the Rathke’s pouch
Most common cause of Supra tentorial
Tumors in Children causing
Hypopituitarism.
Tumors compress both Optic Chiasma
and Hypothalamus causing
Hypothalamic Syndrome .
98.
99.
100.
101. Kallmann Syndrome characterized by
failure to start Puberty, Primary
Amenorrhea and Anosmia
The GnRH neurons originate in an area
of the developing brain the Olfactory
placode from where they pass through
the Cribriform plate into the Olfactory
Bulb where the sense of smell is
generated. From here they migrate
into the Hypothalamus.
Any problem with the developing
Olfactory Bulb will prevent the
progression of the GnRH releasing
neurons through it.
No GnRH will be released if the GnRH
releasing neurons are prevented from
reaching the Hypothalamus.
As a result no FSH/ LH will be released
KALLMANN SYNDROME
102.
103.
104.
105.
106. REFERENCES
1. Gray’s Clinical Neuro Anatomy: The Anatomic Basis for
Clinical Neuroscience
2. Inderbir Singh’s Text book of Human Neuroanatomy
3. BD Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy Volume 4, Brain- Neuro
Anatomy
4. Human Embryology by Inderbir Singh 10th Edn
5. BD Chaurasia’s dream Human Embryology 2nd Edn
6. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry Kaplan & Sadacok’s
7. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology 24th Edition
8. Google Images
9. Ken hub Online Anatomy
10.Wikipedia
11.Online edition of Nature 1st May 2013
12.British Journal of Nutrition Feb 2013
