Formulation and evaluation of fast-disintegrating tablets of Flupirtine

16
International Journal of Pharmacy Education and Research
Jan-Mar 2014; 1(1): 16-23.
Available online: www.ijper.net
Research article
Formulation and evaluation of fast-disintegrating tablets of
Flupirtine
Vasam MALLIKARJUN*1
, Yerra RAJESHWAR1
, Ponugoti RAJA SRIDHAR RAO1
, Putta
RAVI1
, Thalluri CHANDRASHEKAR1
, Thallapally MAMATHA
1
Department of Pharmaceutics, S. R. College of Pharmacy, Ananthasagar, Hasanparthy, Warangal - 506
371, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
INTRODUCTION
The major problem faced by many patients
with conventional tablet dosage form is difficulty in
swallowing. This problem is more apparent when
drinking water is not easily available to the patient
talking medicine. Hence, patients may not comply
with prescription, which results in high incidence of
ineffective therapy[1]
. The fast-dissolving drug
delivery system is rapidly gaining acceptance as an
important novel drug delivery system. This delivery
system emerged from the desire to provide patient
with more convenient medication, with better patient
compliance than with conventional tablet dosage form.
Bioavailability of the drug from this delivery system
is significantly greater than from conventional
tablets[2-4]
.
Flupirtine is a triaminopyridine derivative
that functions as a centrally acting non-opioid (non-
narcotic) analgesic; it also possesses a muscle relaxing
effect. It has been in clinical use since 1984. The
pharmacological and therapeutic properties of
Flupirtine in pain states have been reviewed
Received on: 18 March, 2014
Revised on: 23 March, 2014
Accepted on: 26 March, 2014
*Corresponding author:
V. Mallikarjun
S. R. College of Pharmacy,
Ananthasagar, Hasanparthy,
Warangal – 506 371,
Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
Mobile #: +91-99592-02656
Email id :
mallikarjunvasam@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Recent developments in fast-dissolving or disintegrating tablets
have brought convenience in dosing to elderly and children who have
trouble in swallowing tablets. The main objective of the present study
was to prepare the orally disintegrating tablets of Flupirtine, a non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) using different
superdisintegrants by direct compression method. Different
concentrations (4%, 8%, and 10%) of super disintegrants such as
Primogel, Kollidon Cl, Lycoat were used in the formulation. Mannitol
was used as a bulking agent and to enhance the mouth feel and taste. The
formulated tablets were evaluated for pre-formulation and post-
formulation parameters and they were found to be satisfactory and within
the official limits. All the tablets shown hardness 3-4.5kg/cm2
, friability
of all the formulations was less than 1%, weight variation and drug
content were found to be within official limits. Amongst all formulations,
the optimized formulation F9 was prepared with Lycoat as a super
disintegrant showed least disintegration time and faster dissolution.
Key words: Flupirtine, fast-disintegrating tablet, direct compression
method, superdisintegrants.

Mallikarjun et al. IJPER | Jan-Mar, 2014; 1(1): 16-23.
17
extensively[5]
. It has unique spectrum of
pharmacological activities[6-11]
and is devoid of the
typical side effects of natural or synthetic opioids, such
as respiratory depression, constipation, tolerance,
physical and/or psychological dependence, and
liability to cause addition. It is an NSAID, which is
used in the treatment of acute pain conditions. It has
also been reported that Flupirtine has biological half-
life of 6½ hours, so it is desirable to formulate oro
dispersible tablet which would increase the
bioavailability and give rapid onset of action by oral
route. The antinociceptive activity of Flupirtine is
similar to that of opioid agonists and mixed agonist
antagonists but its mechanism of action is not based on
the opioid mechanism. Themorphine antagonist,
Naloxone, did not inhibit the analgesic activity of
Flupirtine. Furthermore, Flupirtine did not
demonstrate any binding affinity for µ, , or  opioid
receptors in the rat brain[12]
.
The performance of mouth dissolving tablets
(MDT) depends on the technology used in their
manufacture, the basic approaches to develop MDT
include maximizing the porous structure of the tablet
matrix, incorporating the appropriate disintegrating
agent and using highly water-soluble excipients in the
formulation[13]
. Usually superdisintegrants are added
to a drug formulation to facilitate the break-up or
disintegration of tablet into smaller particles that can
dissolve more rapidly than in absence of
disintegrants[14]
.
In this study, an attempt has been made to
formulate fast-dissolving tablet formulation of
Flupirtine by using direct compression method.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CHEMICALS
Flupirtine was obtained as a gift sample from
Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Hyderabad (AP), India.
Sorbitol, Primogel, and Kollidon Cl were obtained
from SD Find Chem. Ltd., Mumbai, India. Citric acid,
sodium lauryl sulphate, Lycoat, Aspartame, Aerosi,
Magnesium stearate and all other chemicals used were
of analytical grade.
PREPARATION OF FLUPIRTINE TABLETS
Direct compression represents the simplest
and most cost effective tablet manufacturing
technique. This technique is applied in the current
work because of the availability of improved
excipients especially superdisintegrants and sugar-
based excipients. Nine formulations were developed
by varying concentrations of superdisintegrating
agents. The drug was mixed with proper portion of
superdisintegrant. Care should be taken to confirm the
proper mixing of drug and superdisintegrant. Then
other excipients were added. Then the mixture is
passed through sieve (Sieve No. 40). The mixture is
blended with flavor, magnesium stearate, and
microcrystalline cellulose. Finally, the blend is
subjected for compressing using Rotary tablet
punching machine. The prepared tablets were intended
for further studies.
EVALUATION PARAMETERS OF TABLET BLEND
Pre-formulation study relates to
pharmaceutical and analytical investigation carried out
proceeding and supporting formulation development
efforts of the dosage form of the drug substance.
Preformulation yields basic knowledge necessary to
develop suitable formulation for the toxicological use.
It gives information needed to define the nature of the
drug substance and provide frame work for the drug
combination with pharmaceutical excipients in the
dosage form. Hence, the following preformulation
studies were performed on the formulated drug.
1. Bulk density (Db)[15]
It is the ratio of total mass of powder to the
bulk volume of powder. It was measured by
pouring the weight powder (passed through
standard sieve No. 20) into a measuring cylinder
and initial weight was noted. This initial volume
is called the bulk volume. The bulk density is
calculated according to the following formula. It
is expressed as g/ml.
Db = M/Vb
Where M is the mass of the powder
Vb is the bulk volume of the powder
2. Tapped density (Dt)[16]
It is the ratio of total mass of the powder to
the tapped volume of the powder. Volume was
measured by tapping the powder for 750 times
and the tapped volume was noted if the difference
between these two volumes is less than 2%. It is
more than 2%, tapping is continued for 1250
times and tapped volume was noted. Tapping was
continued until the difference between successive
volumes is less than 2% (in a bulk density

18
apparatus). It is expressed in g/ml and is given by
the following formula:
Dt = M/Vt
Where M is the mass of the powder
Vt is the tapped volume of the powder
3. Angle of repose ()[17]
The friction forces in a loose powder can be
measured by the angle of repose (). It is an
indicative of the flow of properties of the powder.
It is defined as maximum angle possible between
the surface of the pile of powder and the
horizontal plane.
Tan () = h/r
 = Tan-1
(h/r)
Where  is the angle of repose
h is the height in centimeters
r is the radius in centimeters
The powder mixture was allowed to flow
through the funnel fixed to a stand at definite
height (h). The angle of repose was then
calculated by measuring the height and radius of
the heap of powder formed. Care was taken to see
that the powder particles slip and roll over each
other through the sides of the funnel.
Relationship between angle of repose and powder
flow property was recorded.
4. Carr’s index (CI, % compressibility)[18]
It indicates the powder flow properties. It is
expressed in percentage and is calculated by using
the following formula:
Dt - Db
CI = -------------- × 100
Dt
Where Dt is the tapped density of the powder and
Db is the bulk density of the powder
5. Hausner ratio (HR)[19]
Haunser ratio is an indirect index of ease of
powder flow. It is calculated by the following
formula:
HR = Dt/Db
Where Dt is the tapped density
Db is the bulk density
Lower HI (<1.25) indicates better flow properties
than higher one (>1.25).
Identification of drug sample
It was confirmed by the determination of
melting point and FT-IR spectral analysis.
Drug-Excipient compatibility study
FTIR studies were carried out in order to
determine any possible interaction between drug and
excipients used. IR absorption spectrum of Flupirtin
was determined using FT-IR Spectrophotometer.
Briefly, about 2mg of sample was ground thoroughly
with previously dried KBr at 120o
C for 30 min;
uniformly mixed with drug and kept in sample holder
and the spectra was recorded over the wave number
400-4000cm-1
. IR spectrums of pure drug, physical
mixture of ingredients of the formulation and
optimized tablet were recorded.
EVALUATION OF FLUPRITINE TABLETS
The compressed tablets were evaluated for
the following parameters.
1. Thickness[20]
Thickness of tablets indicate the strength to
withstand compression force applied during
manufacturing process. The thickness of tablets
was measured by using Digital Vernier Calipers.
2. Weight variation (Uniformity)[21]
Twenty (20) tablets were selected randomly
from the lot and weighed individually to check for
weight variation. Weight variation specifications
of the formulated tablets were compared with the
specifications mentioned as per IP 2010. The
individual weights were compared with the
average weight.
3. Hardness (Tablet crushing strength)[22]
Hardness (diametric crushing strength) is the
force required to break a tablet across the
diameter. The hardness of a tablet is an indication
of its strength. The tablet should be stable to
mechanical stress during handling and
transportation. The hardness of tablets was tested
using Digital Hardness Tester. “Hardness factor”
(crushing strength), the average of the tablets, was
measured and recorded. The force measured was
expressed in kg/cm2
.
4. Friability[23]
Friability (F) is the loss of weight of tablet in
the container/package, due to removal of fine
particles from the surface. This is process quality
control test is performed to ensure the ability of
tablets to withstand the shocks during processing,
handling, transportation, and shipment. Permitted
friability limit is 1%.
Roche friabilator was used to measure the
friability of the tablets. 10 tablets were weighed
collectively and placed in the chamber of the
friabilator. In the friabilator, the tablets were
exposed to rolling, resulting free fall of tablets (6
inches) within the chamber of the friabilator. It
was rotated at a rate of 25rpm. After 100 rotations
(4 minutes), the tablets were taken out from the
friabilator and intact tablets were again weighed
collectively. Percentage friability was calculated
using the following equation.

19
Initial Weight – Final Weight
% F = --------------------------------------  100
Initial Weight
5. Disintegration time[24]
The disintegration test was carried out using USP
disintegration test apparatus type-II (Electrolab,
Hyderabad, India). Six (6) tablets were taken
randomly from each batch and placed each basket
of the disintegration test apparatus and discs were
placed over each tablet. Distilled water was used
as the medium maintained at 372.0o
C and
observed the time taken for each tablet to
disintegrate completely into fine particles was
noted.
6. In vitro dissolution study[25]
The dissolution study was conducted using
USP dissolution test apparatus type-II (Electrolab,
Hyderabad, India). The dissolution test was
performed in 900ml phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) as
the dissolution medium at 100 rpm and 370.5o
C.
5ml of aliquots were periodically withdrawn at
predetermined time interval and equal amount of
fresh medium was placed to maintain a constant
volume. Each sample was analyzed
photometrically at 276nm against suitable blank
using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and drug
content per tablet was determined.
7. Stability study[26]
It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to
see that the medicine reaches the consumer in an
active form. So, the stability of pharmaceuticals
is an important criteria. Stability of medicinal
products may be defined as the capability of a
particular formulation in a specific container (air-
tight amber glass bottles with a tight lid and were
kept in a climatic cabinet) with a storage condition
of 40o
C and 75% RH to remain within its
physical, chemical, microbial, therapeutic and
toxicological specification, i.e., stability of drug is
its ability to resists deterioration. Deterioration of
a drug may take several forms arising from
changes in physical, chemical and
microbiological properties. The changes may
affect the therapeutic value of preparation or
increase its toxicity. Short-term stability studies
were performed on the optimized ODTs that
contain therapeutic dose of the drugs. After 3
months, the samples were evaluated for their
physical characteristics.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The drug Flupirtine passed various test of
identication and analysis. The pure drug Flupirtine
and the solid admixture of drug and various excipients
used in fast disintegrating tablet formulation were
characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy to know the
compatibility (Fig 1 & 2). Similar absorption bands
(peaks) were observed with pure drug and pure drug
with excipient, i.e., Lycoat. This result suggested that
there was no physical or chemical interaction between
Flupirtin and excipients such as superdisintegrating
agents used in the manufacturing of fast dispersible
tablets.
Fig 1: FT-IR spectra of Flupirtine pure drug
Fig 2: FT-IR spectra of Flupirtine with Lycoat
Nine different formulations (F1-F9) of
Flupirtine were prepared with varying concentrations
of superdisintegrants and, keeping other excipients
constant, these tablets were manufactured by direct
compression method. Total weight of individual tablet
was kept constant at 250mg. Formulations F1-F3, F4-
F6, and F7-F9 were manufactured by using Primogel,
Kollidon chloride, Lycoat in 4%, 8% and 10%
concentrations, respectively (Table 1).
PRE-COMPRESSION STUDIES
The pre-compression studies performed on
Flupirtine to find out bulk density, tapped density,
angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner index. The
results clearly indicate that the values were within the
limits and the results are shown in Table 2.
The test results on weight variation of the
tablets ranging from 244.00±16.00 to 251.70±17.0mg
(Table 3), shows that all the tablets were not showing

20
much variation in weight, i.e., the values are within the
pharmacopoeial limits.
The friability is needed for tablets to
withstand the force of compression applied during the
manufacture of tablets. The friability of the tablets
was tested using Roche friabilator and the results show
that all the values are within the normal limit, ie., 0.17-
0.23%, and the formulations F1 and F7 shown better
results when compared to all other formulations (Table
3). The values obtained were <1 reveals that the
tablets have good mechanical resistance.
Disintegration is an important parameter to
know the breakdown of the particle. The
disintegration test was conducted for all the
formulated tablets shown in vitro dispersion time < 70
seconds, indicating that the Flupirtine tablets were
better and effective drug. Among the formulations,
F1, F3 and F4 showed drug release 41, 45 and 35
respectively, with better disintegrating capacity (Table
3).
The drug content of all the nine formulations
of Flupirtine tablets were found to be within the range
of 92.9-99.5% which were within the limits of BP
specifications. The results are shown in Table 3.
The tablets (F1-F9) were evaluated for in
vitro dissolution studies. Formulations F1-F3 were
manufactured by using 8mg of Primogel, Kollidon Cl
and Lycoat, in which 87.79±0.11 drug was released
within 30 minutes which confirms within the limits by
USP that states that not less than 80% of labeled
amount of Flupirtine was released in 30 minutes.
Formulations F4-F6 were manufactured by using
16mg of superdisintegrants showed 89.35±0.55 and
formulations F7-F9 used 20mg of superdisintegrants
exhibited 97.80±0.95 drug release in 30 minutes. This
clearly indicates that increase in concentration of
superdisintegrants increased the % release of the drug.
The dissolution rate of F1-F9 formulations were
tabulated in Table 4 & Fig. 3.
Table 1: Formulation design of Flupirtine fast disintegrating tablets
Ingredients
(mg/tablet)
Formulation
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9
Flupirtine 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Microcrystalline
cellulose
28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
Primogel 8 - - 16 - - - 20 -
Kollidon chloride - 8 - - 16 - 20 - -
Lycoat - - 8 - - 16 - - 20
Aspartame 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Aerosil 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Citric acid 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Talc 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Sunset yellow and
orange
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Magnesium stearate 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Mannitol 150 150 150 142 142 142 146 146 146
Total weight 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Table 2: Pre-compression parameters of Flupirtine fast-disintegrating tablets
Formulation
Bulk density
(g/ml)*
Tapped density
(g/ml)*
Angle of repose
(in degrees)
Carrs’ Index*
Hausner
Index*
F1 0.395 ± 0.01 0.562 ± 0.05 27.23 13.92 ± 0.08 1.42 ± 0.03
F2 0.489 ± 0.02 0.450 ± 0.03 25.51 11.58 ± 0.03 1.06 ± 0.02
F3 0.390 ± 0.02 0.500 ± 0.04 27.12 12.34 ± 0.04 1.28 ± 0.04
F4 0.410 ± 0.05 0.450 ± 0.06 25.34 13.85 ± 0.01 1.09 ± 0.03
F5 0.495 ± 0.09 0.570 ± 0.11 32.13 14.27 ± 0.06 1.24 ± 0.05
F6 0.389 ± 0.11 0.400 ± 0.08 29.23 11.59 ± 0.07 1.02 ± 0.07
F7 0.391 ± 0.07 0.420 ± 0.12 26.48 14.22 ± 0.03 1.07 ± 0.06
F8 0.373 ± 0.10 0.400 ± 0.01 23.81 12.26 ± 0.01 1.07 ± 0.05
F9 0.494 ± 0.10 0.400 ± 0.03 24.13 11.45 ± 0.02 1.23 ± 0.05
*Values expressed as mean ± SD, number of trials (n) = 3

21
Table 3: Post-compression parameters of Flupirtine fast-disintegrating tablets
Formulation
Thickness
(mm)
Average weight
(mg)*
Hardness
(kg/cm2
)
Friability
(%)
Disintegration
time
(sec)
Drug
content
(%)
F1 3.5 250.00 ± 00.0 5.1 0.22 41 99.1
F2 3.4 251.70 ± 17.0 4.5 0.21 57 99.5
F3 2.8 244.00 ± 16.00 4.2 0.20 45 98.0
F4 2.9 247.00 ± 3.00 4.1 0.17 35 99.0
F5 3.6 251.00 ± 10.00 4.0 0.19 56 97.2
F6 3.5 250.00 ± 1.10 4.4 0.20 60 98.5
F7 3.3 249.00 ± 1.20 4.2 0.23 58 97.7
F8 3.8 251.00 ± 1.90 5.5 0.21 70 92.9
F9 3.3 250.00 ± 2.00 4.3 0.20 55 98.8
Table 4: In vitro Dissolution studies of Flupirtine fast-disintegrating tablets
Formulation
Time (in minutes)
5 10 15 20 25 30
F1 55.81 ± 0.21 62.81 ± 0.17 68.41 ± 0.55 77.22 ± 0.75 80.24 ± 1.00 87.79 ± 0.11
F2 54.47 ± 0.45 59.49 ± 0.51 65.10 ± 0.21 72.62 ± 0.11 81.36 ± 0.05 85.45 ± 0.50
F3 53.14 ± 0.25 60.15 ± 0.35 68.41 ± 0.51 74.60 ± 0.50 80.71 ± 0.50 86.75 ± 0.65
F4 53.81 ± 0.10 60.15 ± 0.35 68.41 ± 0.50 74.60 ± 0.30 80.71 ± 0.80 88.05 ± 0.75
F5 55.14 ± 0.35 60.15 ± 0.35 71.05 ± 0.25 77.22 ± 0.50 82.02 ± 0.25 86.75 ± 0.45
F6 55.81 ± 0.20 61.48 ± 0.40 69.07 ± 0.85 75.25 ± 0.25 82.67 ± 0.25 89.35 ± 0.55
F7 38.44 ± 0.25 44.87 ± 0.59 51.89 ± 1.00 59.48 ± 1.10 65.03 ± 1.10 71.80 ± 0.70
F8 45.12 ± 0.21 55.50 ± 0.40 62.46 ± 0.85 68.02 ± 0.74 74.17 ± 0.05 82.20 ± 1.00
F9 25.22 ± 0.54 45.51 ± 0.64 58.12 ± 0.81 72.30 ± 0.75 90.75 ± 1.15 97.80 ± 0.95
Fig. 3: In vitro dissolution studies of Flupirtine
fast-disintegrating tablets
Accelerated stability studies were carried out
for a period of 3 months at 45o
C with 75% RH for the
optimized formulation (F9). Stability parameters such
as physical appearance, friability, hardness,
disintegration, assay and in vitro drug release were
performed at different time periods. It was found that
there were no changes even after 3 months of
formulated tablets. The results were illustrated in
Table 5(1) & 5(2).
The studies carried out in the investigation
introduced two platform technologies that showed in
vitro potential and to add significant advances to the
field of orally fast-dissolving Flupirtine tablets. Some
extended work is underway to explore the clinical
performance of these ODTs in terms of patient
acceptance, manual handling, mouth feeling upon
disintegration and other in vivo data such as sites of
absorption, GIT residence time and blood level curve.
In terms of process development, determination the
effect of the shape and size of the tablets as ODT
characteristics would be interest.
CONCLUSION
The use of superdisintegrants for preparation
of fast-dissolving tablets is highly effective and
commercially feasible. These superdisintegrants
accelerate disintegration/dissolution of tablets by
virtue of their ability to absorb a large amount of water
when exposed to an aqueous environment.
The disintegration is reported to have an effect on
dissolution characteristics as well. Prepared fast-
0
30
60
90
120
0 10 20 30
%CDR
Time (minutes)
F1 F2 F3
F4 F5 F6
F7 F8 F9

22
disintegrating tablet gets dispersed in the mouth
quickly and releases the drug fast.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
All the formulations were evaluated in
triplicate and standard deviation was calculated. Each
data point in the results is the average of three replicate
tests.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
One of the author Mr. V. Mallikarjun convey
sincere thanks Aurobindo Pharma Ltd, Hyderabad for
providing Flupirtin pure drug and special thanks to
Mr. A. Madhukar Reddy, Secretary & Correspondent,
S. R. College of Pharmacy, Warangal (AP), India, for
providing the necessary infrastructure and facilities to
carry out the project work.
Table 5(1): Stability studies of Flupirtine fast-disintegrating tablets
Time period
Description
(color)
Friability
(%)*
Hardness
(kg/cm2
)*
Drug content
(%)
Initial White 0.32 ± 0.05 4.2 ± 0.02 98.8
1st
month White 0.27 ± 0.04 4.32 ± 0.05 99.8.5
2nd
month White 0.24 ± 0.05 5.10 ± 0.03 100.2
3rd
month White 0.29 ± 0.03 5.3 ± 0.04 100.5
Table 5(2): Stability studies of Flupirtine fast-disintegrating tablets
Formulation
R2
Peppas
Zero First Higuchi R2
n
F1 0.781 0.669 0.862 0.808 0.305
F2 0.694 0.737 0.790 0.809 0.258
F3 0.704 0.713 0.816 0.824 0.275
F4 0.708 0.689 0.806 0.801 0.273
F5 0.681 0.763 0.760 0.831 0.283
F6 0.696 0.735 0.862 0.871 0.262
F7 0.791 0.842 0.783 0.861 0.350
F8 0.755 0.811 0.887 0.810 0.322
F9 0.980 0.866 0.842 0.840 0.325
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