REVIEW AND ANALYSIS ON TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NORTHWEST PROVINCE OF NIGERIA FOR OPTIMISATION: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.10, No.1, February 2019
DOI:10.5121/ijcses.2019.10101 1
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS ON TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORKS INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NORTHWEST
PROVINCE OF NIGERIA FOR OPTIMISATION:
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Sanusi Mohammed Bunu1
, Murtala Muhammad2
and Hamid Abubakar Adamu3
1
Department of Computer Science, Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola, Adamawa State,
Nigeria
2
Computer Science Department, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State,
Nigeria
3
Department of Mathematics, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Telecommunication network infrastructure determines the strength of a country for successful
communication with other parts of the world. Due to the rapid increase of internet usage and mobile
communication in every part of the world, specifically the third world countries, Nigeria is among the
countries that is advancing in the used of telecommunication contraptions. The Nigerian
Telecommunication Industries play a vital role in boosting the social and economic infrastructure of the
country. This paper is aimed at investigating the Telecommunication Network infrastructure in the North-
western part of Nigerian and propose some technologies that increase data bandwidth and internet
penetration in the region. Problems and future solutions to the existing network infrastructure in the
province were discussed and basic analysis is conducted to justify the importance of the study. Mobile
market analysis, current infrastructure, parameters evaluation and the way forward to the problems are
discussed. Comparative analysis between the existing network infrastructure that is 3G networks and the
proffer solution to the existing standard which is 4G network is also conducted. This paper also conducts
an analysis on the existing Network providers in the region with their draw backs and the quality of
services they provide to the customers within the region. The paper concludes with a future plan of coming
up with an analytical solution in order to study the implementation process of a full 4G network in the
Northwest region of Nigeria and to use a simulated environment to test the proposed model for viability.
KEYWORDS
Telecommunication, 3G networks, 4G Networks, Northwest Nigeria
1. INTRODUCTION
Nigeria which is the most populous country in Africa has the Africa’s largest mobile market with
almost150 million subscribers[1]. The use of Internet and mobile communication has increased
tremendously in Nigeria in recent years[2]. The statistics shows that there are more than 50
million internet users within the country in both rural and urban areas.
The country is in the emerging and developing phase but broadband services are at low level in
some regions of the country especially the north western region of the country. But CISCO
projected that the broadband services are expected to grow significantly. Though, the growing
traffic may have some implications in terms of the capacity requirements for broadband

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infrastructure. Globally, there are about 3 billion internet users with over 65% of them coming
from the developing world and 50% of these subscriptions are expected to be in the developing
world[3].
This paper aimed at investigating the Telecommunication Network infrastructure in North-
western part of Nigerian to propose some technologies that increase data bandwidth and internet
penetration in the region. The services of current network will be compared with the proposed
improvement. The region is now facing so many challenges in terms of network infrastructure
that include: Minimum network connection that are caused by inadequate number of base
stations, inadequate power supply and cost effectiveness. Furthermore, the location of the Internet
Service Providers (ISPs) also affects the internet connection.
Currently, the mobile telecommunications service provision in Nigeria is shared among four(4)
telecommunication companies namely; MTN, GLO, AIRTEL and ETISALAT. Moreover, apart
from making calls, these networks service providers also provide many promising services
including; affordable internet services, internet banking, mobile banking and mobile tracking
services. Meanwhile, the top two (2) network operators; MTN Nigeria and Airtel Nigeria
accounted for 68.0 percent of overall service revenue in 2014-2018[4].
Telecommunication Industries plays an important role in boosting the social and economic
infrastructure of Nigeria. And it also promotes and improves the delivery of basic services that
enhance the development of the nation. Meanwhile, the North Western region of Nigeria is the
most populous region in the country but the network infrastructure is poor compare to the North
central region of the country. Therefore, to investigate the Telecommunication Network
infrastructure in the Region and to propose some technologies to increase data bandwidth and
internet penetration in the region is highly important. The Northwest states include Kano,
Kaduna, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi and Zamfara.
This paper is organised as follows after introduction, followed by section two which described the
current network infrastructure in Northwest Nigeria. Section three of the paper is the analysis of
mobile market in northwest that describes how mobile devices are used in the region compare to
other form of communications.Advent of smart devices in the region is section four of the paper
followed by current and sufficient network infrastructure in the region as section five. Section six
of the paper is parametric evaluation of the existing standards based on quality of service in the
region. The final section before conclusion is section seven which described the way forward to
the existing problems.
2. NORTH WEST CURRENT NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
As stated earlier in the introduction section, Nigeria remains the most populous country in Africa,
with population of over 170 million people. The country is currently the Africa’s largest economy
but the mobile penetration on a unique subscriber basis is very low (about 30%) compare to other
African countries like South Africa and Egypt with 65% and 50% respectively[5].Nevertheless,
there exists a significant variation of services by the network service providers within the
country. And also differences in network access between northern and southern part of the
country always draw the attention of many northerners.
Because the southern part such as Lagos state and those states clustered around the oil-rich Niger
Delta, generally always have much higher access than in the north. But there is a clear
opportunity to improve the mobile infrastructure to enable network access and provide the basic
services needed in the entire northern part.

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This will drive wider socio-economic development not only to the Northern part, but the country
at large through innovative presentations and the use of mobile broadband. However, the North
Western region is among the regions that are left behind in terms of network infrastructure
despite their population. In a bid to enhance the services of the networks, the telecommunication
companies upgrade their service from generation to generation. The G mobile generations are 1G,
2G, 3G and 4G representing the first, second, third and fourth generations respectively. Although
5G network is already in existence in some developed countries like United Kingdom, United
State and the like. The first 3G services was launched by MTN in 2007 but four (4) years later
Globacom then launched the 4G service specifically for corporate backhaul users[5]. The quality
of services improves as the generation increases. The evolution of the mobile technologies from
1G to 4G LTE delivers more capacity for faster and better internet connectivity and mobile
broadband experiences. Based on the current study, it is revealed that up till now 4G network has
not been utilise with maximum utilisation in the region compare to other part of the country and
the entire globe. Therefore, it is expected that the existing infrastructure require a thorough
upgrade in order to meet up with global standard.
3. NORTHWEST MOBILE MARKET ANALYSIS
The country has the largest mobile market in Africa that attracted different range of investors.
The top three (3) operators – MTN, Airtel and Globacom topped the market with about 85% of
the market. The table below shows some elements in the Nigerian mobile market for six (6) years
from (2013 – 2018).
Table 1: Market analysis in 6 years from GSMA intelligence
S/N Element 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
1. Connection (M) 87 95 113 127 145 152
2. % Active 98% 98% 98% 97% 97% 96%
3. Penetration (M) 36.5 39.2 45.5 51.1 58.0 62.0
4. Penetration per Unique subscriber 23% 24% 27% 29% 32% 34%
5. Connection growth (Annual) 19% 9% 19% 19% 12% 14%
Moreover, the table below shows the breakdown of the Nigeria Telecommunication networks
market shares from 2016 to 2018.
Table 2: Mobile Market share in Nigeria
S/N Network Shares per year
2016 (%) 2017 (Millions) 2018 (Millions)
1. MTN 42.4% 57,183,745 60.7
2. GLO 21.9% 26,194,336 37.3
3. Airtel 19.46% 24,490,650 23.58
4. Etisalat 12.83% 18,119,397 22.3
5. Others 3.9% 256,124 0.28
The bar chart below represent the mobile market shares of the four (4) major
telecommunication networks in Nigeria in 2018.

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Figure 1: Bar chart showing the market share of the telecommunication networks in 2018
Moreover, [6]investigated the effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to
poverty in Nigeria. The paper concluded that poor quality of service, lack of physical and
transmission infrastructure and inadequate power supply are the main causes in the North
Western region of the country and the country at large. However, [5]expressed that gap exist
between people that have access to modern information and communications technology through
internet connection and those that have restricted access or no access completely. He further
revealed that the digital divide plays a vital role in the country’s GDP because by having access
to internet one has access to information and having information will help in decision making
analysis. Therefore, to improve to the network infrastructure to get high-speed network that is
always on and fast is of great importance to the country. And to this, the use of Broadband is
highly recommended.
Meanwhile, according to[7], 10% increase in broadband penetration yields an additional 1.38%
increase in GDP growth for low to middle income countries thereby increasing economic benefits
of investing in broadband infrastructure. The author finalized that the Nigerian Communication
Commission recognized the low internet penetration and suggested to increase the penetration
level from 6% to 30% by 2019.
The Nigerian Internet users with growth in percentage and country’s population with penetration
rate are given in the table 3.
Table 3: Nigeria internet growth between 2014 and 2018
S/N Year Internet
users
User’s
growth
Country’s
population
(millions)
Internet
penetration (%)
1. 2014 67,101,452 16% 178.5 37.595%
2. 2015 57,735,862 4% 173.6 33.26%
3. 2016 55,586,299 19% 168.8 32.88%
4. 2017 46,680,049 22% 164.2 28.43%
5. 2018 38,329,687 23% 159.7 24.00%

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4. ADVENT OF SMART DEVICES IN THE NORTH WEST OF NIGERIA
An average Nigerian residing in the part of the regions can now afford a smart phone that he/she
uses not only to make calls, but to browse especially to read newspapers and watch /stream some
videos. And to do these, he needs at least a 3G connection. But the telecommunication companies
failed to make the 3G connection accessible in some regions of the country. Thus, the 3G and 4G
are only available in some selected cities of the country where the northwest states are one of the
beneficiaries. Whereas, people do require it in all the regions of the country to enable them
browse, read news or report any incident that may happen to them. But the absence of the internet
connection in some regions of the country, this may lead to companies losing benefit attach to
that. The generations are explained in table 4.
Table 4: Evolution Cellular network Technologies
In a bid to investigate the performance of telecommunication networks in Nigeria,[8] reviewed
the standard performance metrics as indices for performance measurement where he expressed
that it is possible to assess the performance of the mobile market in terms of operators’ market
share and the capacity of the market to generate employment. He further reported that the Internet
penetration is at its low level in the Northern part of the country with an overall level of 2%,
where most of the internet users are found in Lagos state which is in the Southern part of the
country. However, the second largest number of subscribers can be found in Kano state which is
in one of our area of study.
5. CURRENT AND SUFFICIENT NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE IN NORTH
WEST NIGERIA
In various parts of the world, 3G networks uses different radio frequencies with the 2G and this
characteristics leads to building of entirely new networks and license with entirely different
frequencies. Therefore, the number of spectrum allocation decisions, its standardization,
availability and the technology innovations, component development and signal Processing must
be available for the 3G network to be improved[9]. As stated earlier, radio frequencies use in 3G
networks is different with 2G frequencies, likewise the security features is also different.

6
There exist different of features that attached to 3G architecture and these include:
1. Network Access Security: This part enables the subscribers to securely connect to the
services provided by the 3G network. It provides the confidentiality of identity of the
subscribers.
2. Network Domain Security: This feature is responsible for the exchange of data and
protects the network from wired attacks
3. User Domain Security: This feature allows the user to securely connect to mobile stations.
4. Application Security: This enables applications in the user domain and the provider
domain to securely exchange messages.
5. Visibility and Configurability of Security: This feature allows users to enquire the kind of
security features that are available on the system
However, [10]highlighted that the 3G allows for high-speed transfer of both voice and data. This
improve the availability of more convincing multimedia content coupled with high capabilities of
devices performance are likely to increase. Moreover, 3G provides a wide variety of audio, video
and data services.
However, [11] also expressed that different mobile communication technologies exist including
WiMAX, Wibro, EDGE, GPRS and many others. The mobile communication technologies are
based on different transmission protocol and security standards. He discussed in detail about 3G
(Third Generation) technologies and concluded that 3G is the gateway for improved bandwidth,
multiple mobile applications and clarity of digital signals. Moreover, the 3G mobile technologies
offers more advanced services to mobile users.
6. PARAMETER EVALUATION BASED ON SERVICE DELIVERY
To evaluate the performance of the existing infrastructure, some parameters has to be consider
that helps many multimedia services like streaming video using the CBR application, the VOIP
and FTP to function. Since 3G networks support multimedia services, the network performance is
usually tested by some of the matrices that are listed below:
6.1 DELAY
Delay of a network is one of the important network designs that determine how long it takes for a
bit of data to move across the network from one node to another. The delay can be divided into
four (4) kinds, namely; processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay and propagation
delay. The four (4) kinds are represented in the figure 2.
Figure 2: Kinds of delays

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Transmission delay is mathematically given as:
Delay of a packet = time packet received at server - time packet transmitted at client.
Where times are in seconds.
6.2 PACKET LOST
Packet loss is defined as the failure of one or more transmitted packets to reach destination within
the required time.
6.3 THROUGHPUT
This is defined as a measure of how many units of information can be processed by a system in a
given period of time. It describes the rates at which the network was able to send the data packets
from the source to the destination. This is measured in bit per seconds, bps.
ℎ ℎ =
∗
!
,
Where time is measured in seconds.
6.4 JITTER
Jitter is defined as any deviation in the signal pulse in a high-frequency digital signal. And the
deviation can be in terms of amplitude or phase timing. There many causes of the jitter and these
include cross communication with other signals and electromagnetic magnetic interference.
"#$ % $ &' $ =
%( %)*$ &' $ + %(( $)$'#$, %)*$ -
. /0$ + %)*$ - $)$'#$,
The figure demonstrates jitter on connection.
Figure 3: Demonstrating Jitter
6.5 RELIABILITY:
This is defined as a characteristic of any computer-related component either software, hardware
or a network that always performs according to its specifications. Thus, it is the ability to
experience failures of network without impacting customers or operations. Apart from the
matrices that exist in 3G networks, as mention earlier, some of the applications used by this
network stated below:
6.5.1 CBR (Streaming services):
Constant bit rate is an application for Streaming media either video or audio content sent in a
compressed form over the Internet and played immediately and directly rather than being
downloaded and saved to the hard drive.

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6.5.2 FTP (File transfer protocol):
File transfer protocol is a computer network protocol that is used for transferring computer files
between the client and server. This protocol has it standard that support services like emails and
heavier messages over a computer network.
6.5.3 VOIP (Voice over IP):
Voice over internet protocol is a kind of application that enables subscribers to use the internet as
a medium for transmission of telephone calls by sending voice data in packets using IP.
Figure 4: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)[12]
6.5.4 Network Density
Network density is defined as the ratio of all tie strength that is actually present to the number of
possible ties in a network.
According to[13] highlighted that the development of 3G service has important economic and
social impacts. He further revealed that successful development of 3G service can help
developing countries to close technology gap that exist between them and the developed
countries. Meanwhile [14]designed two (2) algorithms for delay to learn offloading of bulky data
from 3G networks. The first algorithm was the “MixZones” which uses ad hoc transfers between
users and is assisted by predictions made by the network operator. And the second algorithm was
“HotZones” that exploits delay tolerance and tries to download contents when users are close to
Wi-Fi access points. They further concluded that the performance evaluation of the two designed
algorithms was realistic and also helps community get better idea of the performance of a large
scale delay tolerant application in a mobile network.
In relation to current standard, [15]highlighted that; despite the long existence of the
telecommunication network in Nigeria, the country still has a low penetration of fiber optic
network. Though there exist a lot of fiber optic backbone cables in the country. He further
expressed an assessment of the activities of fiber optic operations in terms of coverage, utilization
and volume. He also investigated the factors affecting the broadband penetration in Nigeria and
solutions were suggested.
However, [1]expressed that Nigeria has a fast growing economy but the majority of the
population are lacking internet access and also have income inequality. Meanwhile, there are
various factors that cause the above problems and these include; high access rate, high mobile
data consumption and nearness to the connections.

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7. SUMMARY OF REVIEW
It has been observed that Nigeria has the largest mobile market in Africa that attracted different
range of investors. But there exists a variation of services by the network service providers in
Nigeria. Thus there are differences in network access between northern and southern part of the
country. The first 3G services were launched by MTN in 2007 which topped the list in mobile
infrastructure in the country followed by Globacom that launched 4G for corporate backhaul
users. It is noted from the literatures that increase in broadband penetration leads to increase in
GDP of the country. But there are many factors affecting the broadband infrastructure that need
to be addressed.
Meanwhile, researchers in various parts of the world used the network simulators and improved
the data bandwidth and internet penetration of some areas. They concluded that improving the
network infrastructure through the introduction of some technologies such as satellite, microwave
link, better backhaul, more base stations and deployment of 4G networks will increase the
number of subscribers and therefore improves the economic level of a country.
After careful review of different literatures in this paper, including problems of the 3G network in
the various regions in the world and the solutions that have been suggested by different authors, it
is found worthy to use the 4G network as a solution to the existing network problem in the North
Western part of Nigeria.
8. WAY FORWARD TO A BETTER INFRASTRUCTURE
The problem of Network infrastructure in the North Western region of Nigeria may be solved by
suggesting a technology that will improve internet penetration and data bandwidth. Different
authors in various parts of the World used different technique and improved the data bandwidth
and internet penetration of those areas.
Considering issues that has to do with foresight, [16]highlighted that without adequate foresight,
some technologies that meant for improvement may end up being destructive. They investigated
four potentially troublesome technologies including millimetre wave wireless, the Internet of
Things (IoT), Fog Computing, and Software Defined Networking (SDN). They examined cases
proposed by academia into the bandwidth requirements for applications, and use this data to
forecast future traffic. Moreover, they revealed that Mm-wave carrier frequencies permit higher
bandwidth allocations with higher data transfer rates that increases data capacity.
And with the improved bandwidth that connects the base station- to-device, and the backhaul
links between base stations provides a greater capacity to transfer high data and accommodate
increased data traffic. [17]expressed that mobile operators that are expanding their services into
rural and remote areas have a multitude of backhaul technologies. However, choosing proper
technology and better location increases and supports the number of subscribers in those areas.
Furthermore, he added that the improvement of the network infrastructure will increase the
number of subscribers and therefore improves the economic level of a country. He further
revealed that with the improvement in the network infrastructure, Indian mobile subscribers have
been increased by 114 million in 2008 alone.While China Mobile, which is the world’s largest
operator, added another 30.8 million subscribers in the first five months of 2009 alone. He
concluded that there are several benefits and opportunities for improving the network penetration
into rural and remote areas and advantages include:

10
Maintaining customer loyalty
Social and economic benefits: Different emerging economies have significantly improved
as a result of improving the mobile network infrastructure which increased access to
information, encourages education and improved social connections.
New services
On the other hand, [18]expressed that 3G (Digital broadband packet data) existed from 2004-
2005 (though it still exists) with technologies including; CDMA 2000, EVDO and EDGE. He
examined that the bandwidth speed of the 3G is 500 – 700 Kbps during off peak period and 3.1
Mbps during peak period. They observed that the 3G has multimedia with very good streaming
services and it runs across different devices.
Meanwhile, [19]investigated the Broadband wireless access distributions where they proposed an
architectural framework to support the incorporation of Wi-Fi and WiMAX technologies in rural
communities in the Southern part of Nigeria. They examined on bridging the gap between the
rural and urban areas where they used Jeddo community as a case study. Their researched was on
the implementation of wireless broadband access, with WiMAX and Wi-Fi. They further used
some cable based and digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies can be implemented and might
work perfectly.
In addition, Nigeria National Broadband Plan (2013) highlighted that the use of 3G and 4G will
enhance the economic growth of the country and promotes the government services. The
committee also revealed from its report that the services of 4G are significantly higher than even
3G talk less of the other lower generations. Table 5 shows the users experience on the 3G versus
the 4G access technology:
Table 5: User Experience; 3G vs 4G
S/N Activity 3G (1.5 – 3Mbps) 4G (10 – 20Mbps)
1. HD video screaming < 5 minutes buffer <30 seconds
2. Audio streaming <10 seconds buffer <1 seconds
3. Watch a Youtube video <20 seconds <1 seconds
4. Posting a picture to facebook <25 seconds < 1 seconds
5. Downloading A 20MB file <3 minutes < 25 seconds
With regards to existing infrastructure, [20]studied the 3G network and investigated the mobile
communication systems beyond the third generation (3G). It is expected that subscribers will
access unlimited amount of multimedia and voice data with high quality of service (QoS) and
greater throughput per subscriber. They proposed fourth generation (4G) network as a solution to
the problems of the 3G. It will improve the capacity of 3G and offer an entirely packet switched
network with data rates expected to range from 100 Mbps to lGbps. 3G architecture and cellular
structure has to be upgraded to meet the target of 4G systems. Also, [20]highlighted that the main
challenge in the development of wireless communication systems is to provide various services
across different radio access technologies through a single mobile terminal.
However, [21]used the 4G network as a solution to existing problems of 3G network and
concluded that the 4G provide low cost per bit, Voice (VoIP), high speed and capacity. They

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further expressed that 4G is all about an integrated global network. Currently, several
technologies are capable of performing like broadband data access in mobile and supporting
voice traffic using voice over IP (VoIP).But what subscribers need is new technologies that will
allow merging, bridging and integrating separate systems into an information delivery system.
The figure 5 represents the structure of 4G.
Figure 5: 4G network structure[22]
When considering other standards, [23]revealed that 4G mobile systems focus on integrating the
existing wireless technologies including GSM, wireless LAN and Bluetooth. Unlike 3G.4G
system supports standard services, providing stable system performance and quality of service.
Mean the 3Gsystems to 4G faces many challenges. They also discussed these challenges and
limitations of the 3G.
The 3G network has limited coverage: As the data speed increases the coverage area decreases.
Using WCDMA cells, with the increase in data rate, the speed of user terminals
decreases.
The bandwidth increases exponentially as users increase within a cell. Therefore, having
more subscribers requires more base stations to boost the shared bandwidth.
Impossibility to connect the HSPDA by wireless connection in cellular technology.
Figure 6 shows the 3G network as the current network and 4G as a solution to some of the
problems of the 3G.

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Figure 6: Showing 3G and 4G[24]
However, [25]examined the visions of 4G from a technical point of view and they further
presented an overall feature of 4G feature framework based on the kernel concept of integration.
The features described are diversity and adaptability. Then, along the entire 4G domain, each
feature in the framework is deeply discussed from a technical standpoint. They concluded that 4G
is served as a solution to problems of 3G network.
In[26], the paperconcluded that there is a strong need to integrate WLANs with 3G mobile data
networks to develop hybrid mobile data networks that will allow very high data rates in strategic
locations. He suggested this need by proposing some architecture that are able to provide
interworking between WLAN and the3G networks in order to meet the requirements of a
common interworking scenarios. The architectures can allow 3G subscribers to benefit from
high-throughput IP connectivity in hotspots.
8. CONCLUSION
This paper reviews and investigates the current status of telecommunication network
infrastructures in the Northwest province of Nigeria with the aim of exploring problems and
solutions towards optimising the standard. In view of this, the paper highlights the existing
service providers in the region with a comprehensive performance with respect to quality of
service and other delivery issues. Mobile market analysis is also explored and customer
satisfactions in terms using mobile devices and used of different internet service providers.
Analysis on the functional network standard which is 3G network as an out dated infrastructure is
also conducted and the future network standard which is pure 4G network is elaborated. To proof
the importance of study, two different scenarios was created after conducting a thorough review
on the existing infrastructure that is, apure 3G network and 4G network with full physical
characteristic of the region and defining a suitable parameters of each scenario in order to
validate the research study. The results defined the existing problems and future solutions of the
existing network infrastructure in the province. Based on the results obtained, throughput, delay,
packet lost, jitter and other conditions are among the factors that were considered in drawing the

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problems and future solutions of the existing network. After these analysis, the paper proffer an
extensive way forward towards optimising the existing network infrastructure in the Northwest
province in Nigeria through upgrading and implementing full 4G network in the region. The
future research of this study is to come up with an analytical model that will study the
implementation of 4G network in the region and to use a simulated environment in order to test
the viability of the model.
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