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A Nonlinear Generalization of Spectral 
Granger Causality 
Spectral measures of linear Granger causality have been widely applied to study the causal 
connectivity between time series data in neuroscience, biology, and economics. Traditional 
Granger causality measures are based on linear autoregressive with exogenous (ARX) 
inputs models of time series data, which cannot truly reveal nonlinear effects in the data 
especially in the frequency domain. In this study, it is shown that the classical Geweke's 
spectral causality measure can be explicitly linked with the output spectra of corresponding 
restricted and unrestricted time-domain models. The latter representation is then 
generalized to nonlinear bivariate signals and for the first time nonlinear causality analysis 
in the frequency domain. This is achieved by using the nonlinear ARX (NARX) modeling of 
signals, and decomposition of the recently defined output frequency response function 
which is related to the NARX model.

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A nonlinear generalization of spectral granger causality

  • 1. A Nonlinear Generalization of Spectral Granger Causality Spectral measures of linear Granger causality have been widely applied to study the causal connectivity between time series data in neuroscience, biology, and economics. Traditional Granger causality measures are based on linear autoregressive with exogenous (ARX) inputs models of time series data, which cannot truly reveal nonlinear effects in the data especially in the frequency domain. In this study, it is shown that the classical Geweke's spectral causality measure can be explicitly linked with the output spectra of corresponding restricted and unrestricted time-domain models. The latter representation is then generalized to nonlinear bivariate signals and for the first time nonlinear causality analysis in the frequency domain. This is achieved by using the nonlinear ARX (NARX) modeling of signals, and decomposition of the recently defined output frequency response function which is related to the NARX model.