overview on scientific research steps , and the way of thinking as a researcher .... can help students at the begining of their journey on scientific research to know how to start and where to go....and the most common phrases in scientific research language..in simplified way for beginners .....an overview for further and more detailed learning .....and more trying by yourself.

1. Overview of steps on
scientific research
By
Ibtihal gamal omar
physical therapy south valley university

3. content
O1/what is research?
O2/research process
O3/types of scientific research.
O4/the design of scientific reseach
O5/getting ideas.
O6/ethics of research
O7/publishing
O8/important tools that will help you in the
journey.
.

4. Research definition
OStructured inquiry that utilizes acceptable
scientific methodology to solve problems
and creates new knowledge that is
generally applicable
ONot just collecting data and transport it ..it
provides new information and is
reproducible

5. Research processScientific
OStep1/research problem
OStep2/literature review
OStep3/determine hypothesis and variables
OStep4/detect the design of the study.
OStep5/conducting the study.
O6/data analysis.
O7/writing (protocol/paper)
O8/publishing

7. Research problem
OThe question you want to answer or
problem you want to fix.
OFollow PICOT model

8. Pico(t) model

10. Wait a second!

11. Where do we get ideas from?
O1/reading articles from
magazines(literature review)
O2/practical practices and own
experiences.
O3/conferences
O4/discussion with supervisors or
colleagues

12. Reading))2/literature
review
OThe second most important step in
research
Definition : A literature review is an account
of what has been published on a topic by
accredited scholars and researchers.
YOUR AIM: to show and convince the
readers that you know what you are doing.

13. Literature review sources

14. sources
Medical and science Engineering
OPub med
OScience direct
OScopus
OWeb of science
OCochrane (for
systematic reviews)
OPedro( for pt)
Ocinahl
Ohttp://www.scimagoj
r.com/journalrank.ph
p?category=2201
OScimajo journal rank
2016……for
scientific prestige

15. 3/determine hypothesis
ONOW, after all you read , you are
supposed to know what you can add, and
expect your results and way of doing it.

16. OYou can expect if there will be an effect or
not , and may be you can detect how
much this effect will be in comparison with
other modalities.
ONull hypothesis(statistical hypothesis):no
.effect
OAlternative hypothesis (research
hypothesis):there will be an effect
Indirectional or directional.

17. 4/Design of the study
ODetailed plan for how research will be
done
OYou decide here which type of known
research design suits your research

19. OObservational studies: no experiment or
intervention methods, there is no control
for interventions & limited randomisation
facilities.(it can be descriptive or
analytical)
O1/case rebort: describes one case.
O2/case series: more than one .
O3/cross sectional studies: describes the
prevelance of phenomena or disease , it
can be a survey in a particular time&
particular population , then generalize this
results.

20. Case control: comparison between 2 groups
(one selected by a disease and the other
without a disease), they are similar on
everything except the investigated
factor(retrospective).
Cohort studies:(longitdunal studies)
prospective study (for the future) ,
investigates effect of factor on clinical
outcome(disease)
It can be retrospective too (historical)

21. Experimental studies:
OCompare the effect of treatments or
interventions with control group in humans
(placebo or different treatment)
OPhase1(20-80 persons)
OPhase2(75-300)
OPhase3(1000_2000)
OPhase4(its approved and is used for
treatment)

22. Quazi_randomised
O(semi experimental studies)
OParticipants allocation is by specific
schemes (date of birth , date of their
invitation to be in the study)(not the same
randomisation) so there is greater risk for
bias.

25. Strength of scientific studies

26. How to choose your sample
Inclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria:
OCharacteristics that
must be in the
(volunteer/patient)
OCharacteristics that
mustn’t me in the
sample at all.
O‫او‬ ‫الشخص‬ ‫هيؤذى‬ ‫وجودها‬
‫البحث‬ ‫نتايج‬ ‫هيغيرلى‬

27. Systematic review & meta
analysis.
Systematic review:(the strongest type of
research) systematic review summarises the
results of available carefully designed
healthcare studies (controlled trials) and
provides a high level of evidence on the
effectiveness of healthcare
interventions. Judgments may be made about
the evidence and inform recommendations for
healthcare.so it’s not just narrative reviews.
Metaanalysis : It is a statistical approach to
combine the data derived from a systematic-
review. it depends on how valid the systematic
review is.

28. ETHICS of research

29. ethics
OFor keeping participants rights and other
researchers rights
O1/BELMONT report.
O2/research misconduct.
O3/informed consent.

30. BELMONT 1979 report
OThe Belmont Report was first written by the National
Commission for the Protection of Human Services of
Biomedical and Behavioral Research.
ORespect for persons: protecting the autonomy of all
people and treating them with courtesy and respect
and allowing for informed consent. Researchers must
be truthful and conduct no deception;
OBeneficence: The philosophy of "Do no harm" while
maximizing benefits for the research project and
minimizing risks to the research subjects; and
OJustice: ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and
well-considered procedures are administered fairly —
the fair distribution of costs and benefits
to potential research participants — and equally.

31. O• The role of Ethics committee (EC) and
the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to
determine whether the rights and welfare
of the subjects are adequately protected
and whether the study adheres to sound
ethical and scientific principles

32. 2/research miscoduct
O(1) Fabrication : making up data.
O(2) Falsification: changing materials ,
equipment, or results.
O(3) Plagiarism : stealing another researcher
work like(ideas, figures , results) without credit
or mentioning
OTools to discover plagiarism ( Dupli Checker,
Copyleaks, PaperRater
, Plagiarisma…etc.)
O(4)conflict of interest: to let your own interests
control the situation (personal or financial).

33. 3/Informed consent

34. Scientific writing=thinking in
words
Protocol: Full paper:
ODefinition : plan
demonstrates
guidelines for
conducting the trial ,
explains every step
for conducting the
trial .
ODefinition : A
scientific paper is a
written report
describing
original research res
ults.

35. Aims and benefits
Protocol aims and
benefits:
Full paper aims and
benefits:
O1/to show the importance of
your study.
O2/collect knowledge and
discuss previous efforts
O3/discuss requirements and
limitations of achieving the
objectives
O4/allow the researcher to
plan & review project steps
+time and budget estimation
O1/for academic
publishing and
successful career in
science.
O2/sharing results, for
.more researches

36. content
Protocol content: Full paper content:
OIntroduction
OProblem statement
OPurpose of the study
OSignificance
OHypothesis
ODesign (participants
,instruments
,procedures , scales
Orefrences
OTitle
OKey words list
OAbstract
OIntroduction
OMethods
OResults
ODiscussion
Oconclusion
ORefrences
O(author information &
acknowledgment)
OAppendicis (tables, figures ..etc)

37. Paper content
OTitle: fewest possible words , describes
content of paper.‫مباشره‬ ‫عالقه‬ ‫وليه‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫يكون‬
‫ارجوك‬ ‫بالمحتوى‬.............
OThree main styles:1/declarative : shows
.results
O2/descriptive : describe the subject of
article
3/interrogative : in the form of question.

38. abstract
OShows me what is in the paper quickly to
know if I need to read full paper or not.
O1/background
O2/purpose
O3/methods
O4/results
O5/conclusion
OWrite it in past simple tense……about 250
words

39. Introdoction
OBasic background about every important
element in the paper.
O‫و‬ ‫المشكله‬ ‫على‬ ‫وبتعرفه‬ ‫المجال‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫حد‬ ‫بتفهم‬ ‫كانك‬‫العالج‬
‫كده‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫الموجود‬ ‫بتاعها‬ ‫الحل‬ ‫او‬..‫هتستخ‬ ‫انت‬ ‫اللى‬ ‫وايه‬‫دمه‬
‫ده‬....‫لالخر‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكتابه‬ ‫طريقه‬ ‫بتختلف‬
ODepend on your skill in writing and
knowledge.

40. methods
O1/design
O2/sample
O3/instrumentation.
O4/procedure.
O5/analysis.
OIn full details

41. ORESULTS : with tables an figures.
ODISCUSSION: it shows your power as a
researcher in the anlysis and your
knowledge about the subject and
observation, you discuss previous results
and your results ,then combine what you
realized.
OCONCLUSION : the final benefit of the
research.
OREFRENCES

42. Publish or perish

43. Helpful steps
O1/choose your target magazine( rank,
interests of in the same field, ask your
professor)
O2/try to fit the criteria of the target journal
O3/let someone (professor or a reviewer)
review your paper before sending it.
OBe patient and flexible with reviewers
comments.
ODon’t give up or disapoint yourself, it takes
time but it deserves.

44. Imporatant tools to measure
impact factors
Ohttp://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php
1/SCImajo journal rank
2/Journal Citation Reports‫مدى‬ ‫على‬5‫سنين‬
How to calculate impact factor2018
(𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 2016 + 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠2017)
(𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠2016 + 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 2017)
It will be published at the end of the year 2018.
3/publish or perish : is more useful to know
author’s power(h index)

45. TOOLS
ORefrencing programs (end note, mendely)
ODrop box +google drive
O‫المدفوعه‬ ‫البحثيه‬ ‫االوراق‬ ‫لفتح‬ ‫مواقع‬
O1/The Open Access Button
O2/Unpaywall
O3/search google it self by DOI
O4/sci-hub
O5/Egypt knowledge bank

46. O6/‫العامه‬ ‫مصر‬ ‫مكتبه‬ ‫فى‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫اى‬ ‫على‬ ‫من‬
Ohttp://mpl.org.eg/ar/pages/regional.html
O‫نشر‬ ‫دار‬ ‫من‬ ‫حاجه‬ ‫اى‬ ‫هتقدرتحمل‬springer
O7/http://www.askzad.com/
O‫والكتب‬ ‫العلميه‬ ‫للرسايل‬ ‫ديه‬

47. Recommendations
O1/Egypt scholars
O‫جدا‬ ‫حلوه‬ ‫العلمى‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫اساسيات‬ ‫سلسله‬ ‫عاملين‬..‫وبيعملو‬‫معمل‬ ‫ا‬
‫االجازه‬ ‫فى‬ ‫سنه‬ ‫كل‬ ‫مصر‬ ‫علماء‬
O‫ك‬ ‫تخصصات‬ ‫فى‬ ‫الجامعات‬ ‫اكبر‬ ‫فى‬ ‫دكاتره‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫المشرفين‬‫تير‬
O‫رائع‬ ‫كتاب‬ ‫وليهم‬(‫العلمى‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫اساسيات‬)
https://egyptscholars.org/scientific-research-
guide/
2/read one paper every week(at least)...how?
3/‫كتير‬ ‫مؤتمرات‬ ‫احضروا‬(‫والعالقات‬ ‫لالفكار‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫انها‬ ‫قلنا‬)
‫النيل‬ ‫جامعه‬,‫زويل‬ ‫مدينه‬,‫كتير‬ ‫وغيرها‬ ‫واالقصر‬ ‫قنا‬ ‫فى‬..‫حس‬‫ب‬
‫حواليك‬ ‫المتاح‬

48. Cont.
O4/learn by doing
O‫مهتم‬ ‫انت‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫فى‬ ‫لوحدك‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫تعمل‬ ‫تجرب‬ ‫حاول‬
‫بيه‬...‫مهاره‬ ‫العلمى‬ ‫البحث‬....‫م‬ ‫تعادل‬ ‫العمليه‬ ‫التجربه‬‫يت‬
‫كورس‬....‫تجرب‬ ‫الزم‬.
O5/‫اللى‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫وحط‬ ‫جدول‬ ‫اعمل‬ ‫ويعجبك‬ ‫هتقراه‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫كل‬
‫على‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫عجبك‬excel‫مثال‬....‫البحث‬ ‫باسم‬ ‫خانات‬ ‫قسمه‬
‫وهتستخد‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫عجبك‬ ‫اللى‬ ‫وايه‬ ‫الباحث‬ ‫واسم‬ ‫وتاريخه‬‫ازاى‬ ‫مه‬
‫ترجعله‬ ‫عليك‬ ‫ويسهل‬ ‫وتتلخبط‬ ‫متوهش‬ ‫عشان‬.

49. ‫العلمية‬ ‫واألوراق‬ ‫للبحوث‬ ‫مواقع‬ ‫أهم‬
‫والمراجع‬:
O1_http://education.iseek.com/iseek/home.page
2_ http://www.refseek.com/
3_http://m.wolframalpha.com/
4_http://academic.research.microsoft.com/
5_ https://www.highbeam.com/
6_http://www.siris.si.edu/
7_ http://www.worldcat.org/
8_ http://archiveshub.ac.uk/index.html
9_ http://www.archiefnet.nl/index.asp?taal=en
10 _http://worldwidescience.org/indextext
11_http://www.sciseek.com/
12_ https://openlibrary.org/
13_ http://www.ojose.com/
14 _ http://link.springer.com/
15 _ https://scholar.google.com.eg

50. Presentation refrences
Ohttp://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/types-of-
writing/literature-review/
Ohttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC51984
75/
Ohttps://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/scientific-
papers-13815490
Ohttps://www.scidev.net/global/publishing/practical-
guide/how-do-i-write-a-scientific-paper-.html
Ohttps://www.wikihow.com/Publish-a-Research-Paper
Ohttps://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/jan/03/
how-to-get-published-in-an-academic-journal-top-
tips-from-editors
Ohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Report

51. Cont
OScientific writing= thinking in words text
book
OPrevious courses and own experience
O
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=
100010806978104my contact for any
question

52. THANK YOU^_^