talk about development of parental all over the world but in short notes :)

1. Group : ph5
Presented by :
Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim Roshdy
Ahmed Ali Ahmed Ali
Ahmed Mohamed Elsaid
Heidi Amr Helal
Nada Khalid Ghazy
Presented to :
Dr Elsayed Khafagy,
Ph.D.Dept. of pharmaceutics

2. History of
Parental

3. Introduction:
 The administration of drugs into the patient by
injection under one or more layer of the skin or
mucous membrane.
 The term parenteral is derived from two Greek
words:
PARA (OUTSIDE)
ENTERON(INTESTINE)
 It donate the route of administration other than
oral route.

4. History:
 1657: first recorded injection in animals- Sir Christopher Wren.
 1844: Francis Rynd & Charles Pravaz and their needles.
 1853: first subcutaneous injection of drugs using hypodermic
needles - Dr. Alexander wood.
 1920: water free of contaminants - Dr. Florence Seibert.
 900 A.D: Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili.
 1940: Yangimen Robin’s syringe.
 1956: Colin Mardoch’s plastic syringe.

5. 1-Christopher Wren
 the 17th century. Christopher Wren performed
the earliest confirmed experiments with crude
hypodermic needles, performing intravenous
injection into dogs in 1656.
 These experiments consisted of using animal
bladders (as the syringe) and goose quills (as the
needle) to administer drugs such as opium
intravenously to dogs.

6. 2-Francis Rynd & Charles Pravaz
 Francis Rynd an Irish physician designed
a hollow needle without a sharp point
which he used to infuse fluid subdermally
through a tube in 1844.
 Charles Pravaz a French physician
developed the first practical metal syringe
and added a fine hollow needle to the end
of his syringe in 1853.

7.  He used this for intra-articular injection
although they were later used for opiate
injection. In the same year Alexander
Wood first injected a patient with morphine
for the relief of pain with his hypodermic
syringe.

8. 3-Alexander Wood
 in 1853, he invented the first hypodermic needle that
used a true syringe and hollow needle.
 Wood had taken the sting of the bee as his model.
 Dr Wood first injected a patient with morphine for the
relief of pain with his hypodermic syringe.

9. 4-Florence Seibert
 She also greatly improved the safety of
intravenous injections by inventing a
method to make distilled water free of
contaminants that had caused serious
problems in many patients.

10. 5-Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
 The first known use of a syringe-like
device to perform a medical procedure
dates back to 900 A.D., when the Egyptian
surgeon Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili devised
a thin, hollow glass tube with suction to
remove cataracts from patients eyes.

11. AT THAT TIME, SYRINGES
WERE ONLY USED TO
REMOVE OBJECTS OR
FLUID FROM HUMANS,
NOT INJECT THEM.
remove cataracts from patients eyes.

12. 6-Yangimen Robin
 Dr. Robin was the first American scientist who invented a
medical needle and it was manufacture from glass
 After using the needle it must be sterilized by boiling.
 How to wash and sterilize a syringe and needle for
reuse:
 Put on a pair of heavy gloves to protect your hands from
germs.
 Draw 5% bleach solution up through the needle into the
syringe barrel.
 Squirt out the bleach solution.
 Repeat several times. Rinse everything several times with
clean water.

13. 7-Colin Mardoch
 Colin Mardoch continued after (Robin) and
designed a plastic syringe for one use in
1956.
 which has been credited with saving the
lives of millions of people over the past
fifty years, which have contributed
significantly to the elimination of the
resulting infection, which was caused by
diseases old medical syringes, which were
frequently used.

14. REFERENCES:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/377213/History-of-Parenterals-1
http://www.museumofdrugs.com/morphinesyringe.html
http://www.milestonescientific.com/about_history.html
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Seibert-
Florence.html#ixzz4TUrmF9LG
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle#History
http://rep-eye.com/family/153-2013-01-14-12-47-05/22086-2014-09-
13-13-12-49.html