contribution of various scientist in public health

1. Contribution of various
scientist in public health
By-Dr .Abhishek

2. What is public health?
 “To promote health and quality of life
by preventing and controlling
disease,injury,and disability”

3. Defination of Public Health
“the science and art of
preventing disease,
Prolonging life and promoting
health and efficiency through
organized community effort
”
CEA Winslow(1920)

4. History of Public Health

5. Ancient Greeks(500 - 323 BC)
• This period focused on personal
hygiene.
• Medical care hospitals,staffed with
public physicians and programs in
environmental sanitation(water
supply and sewage) were developed.
• Also focused on physical fitness
• Olympics
• Hippocrates

6. Hippocrates(460-375 BC)
• The greatest physician in Greek medicine
who is often called the “Father of
medicine”
• Recognized body consist of 4 humors:
• Blood, black bile, yellow bile and
phlegm.
• Also coined the term epidemic and
endemic

7. Roman empire(23 BC -476 AD)
• Adopted Greek health values by hiring
Greek physician and personal healer
• Having great engineers
• To built sewage systems
• Aqueducts : bringing fresh water in the
city
• Establish bereaurocratic sytem
administration
• Public baths
• Private water supply
• Physician were employed by
municipalities to provide health service
• Markets

9. Middle Ages(476-1450 AD)
 Fall of roman empire and disappear the medical school.
 Begin and ended with pandemic of bubonic plague
 Whole Europe was ravaged by disease and prevalence of plague,TB,leprosy And small
pox.
 Initiate the BLACK DEATH in 1348 due to pandemic of bubonic plague(caused by
yersinia pestis transmitted by flea from rat to human) 13 million people died only in
china and all together 25 million died due to plague. However, causes were not
identified.
 Killed more than 60 million worldwide.

10. Renaissance(1400-1600 AD)
Global exploration
• Disease (small pox ,measeles and
typhoid),spread by traders and
explorers
• Killed 90% of indigenous people in
new world

11. Founder of Modern
Public Health

12. Edward Jenner(1749-1823)

13. • He’s known as “The Father of
Immunology”
• He discovered the cure for
smallpox
• Small pox
• Disease goes through stages of
macules, papules, vesicles,
Pustules over the skin.
• Severe forms-hemorrhagic
• Greatly feared disease for
thousands of years.
• Caused by Variola virus
• 1/3rd of the patients died

14. • 10 yrs before eradication the disease was present in 44 countries, with a
global incidence of around 190 million cases annually.
• Jenner’s initial theory-The initial source of infection was a disease of
horses, called "the grease", and this was transferred to cows by farm
workers, transformed and then manifested as cowpox.
• He noted that milkmaids don’t generally get small pox
• on 14 May 1796, Inoculated James Phipps, a young boy of 8years (the
son of Jenner's gardener), with material from the cowpox blisters of the
hand of sarah nelmes ,a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow
called blossom .

15. • James become ill but after a few days made a full recovery with no side
effects.
• In 1840 the govt. banned any other treatment for smallpox other then
jenner,s.
• In 1980 the WHO declared that small pox was extinct throughout the
world.

16. John snow(1813-1858)

17. • Snow was a british physician and also one of the founder fathers of the
discipline of anaesthesiology.
• He also considerd to be one of the fathers of epidemiology,because of his
work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in soho, England in
1854.
• Original map of Dr. john snow showing
The Clusters of cholera cases in the London
Epidemic of1854
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak

18. • After careful investigation, including plotting cases of cholera on a map of the
area, Snow was able to identify a water pump in Broad (now Broadwick) Street as
the source of the disease.
• He had the handle of the pump removed and cases of cholera immediately began
to diminish.
• Snow later used a spot map to illustrate how cases of cholera were centred
around the pump.
• He showed that companies taking water from sewage- polluted sections of the
Thames delivered water to homes with an increased incidence of cholera.
• Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and can be
regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology.

19. louis Pasteur(1822-1895

20. • Founder of rabies vaccine.
• Found it out while finding a cure of anthrax.
• Done by giving 25/50 sheep a vaccine and see if the
ones that were give the vaccine didn't die.
• First tested on a boy which had been bitten by a rab
dog 9 times.
• The results were success
• Louis pasture is better known for curing rabies

21. Robert Koch (1843-1910)

22. • koch was a German scientist, born in Hanover in
1843.
• Koch read Louis Pasteur's work and in 1872 began
research into the microbes affecting diseased animal
and people.
• In 1878 Koch discovered that microbes cause
wounds to go septic, but his big break through
came when he decided to stain microbes with dye,
enabling him to photograph them under a
microscope.
• Using this method he was able to study them more
effectively and prove that every disease was caused
by a different germs.
• He identified the microbes that caused tuberculosis
in 1882 and cholera in 1883

24. SIR RONALD ROSS (1857-1932)
 Sir Ronald ross was born in almora ,India .
 He worked on malaria in calcutta , at presidency general hospital.
 He discovered the presence of malarial parasite within anopheles mosquito , initially
initially calling them dapple-wings.
 He demonstrated that malaria is transmitted from infected birds to healthy ones by
the bite of a mosquito ,a finding that suggested disease mode of transmission to
humans .
 He was awarded nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine for his remarkable work
 He also initiated organisation for the prevention of malaria within the planting
industries of india and ceylone.

25. EDWIN CHADWICK(1800-1890)

26.  Edwin Chadwick was born in Manchester on 24 January 1800.
 After the influenza typhoid pandemics in 1837 and 38 Edwin
Chadwick was asked by government to carry out new inquiry into
sanitation .
 His report of sanitary conditions of the laboring population was
published in 1842.
 In the report Chadwick argue that diseases was directly related to
living conditions and that their was a desperate need for public
health reform.

27. Alexander Duncan Langmuir (1910-1993)

28.  He was born on September 22,1910 in Santa Monica, California.
 His academic training led him into public working as a public health
officer in New York state and as a member of armed force
epidemiological board.
 In 1949, he created a corps of epidemiologist at the federal centres
for disease control and prevention in atlanta.
 He created the concept of surveillance for infectious diseases.
 He taught what he called “shoe leather epidemiology”, stressing
that investigators go to field to collect their own data & view
directly the locale of public health programme they were
investigating.