A model based security requirements engineering framework

International Journal of Computer and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
International Journal of Computer Engineering Engineering
and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976May - June Print) © IAEME
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 1,
– 6367( (2010),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1 IJCET
Number 1, May - June (2010), pp. 180-195 ©IAEME
© IAEME, http://www.iaeme.com/ijcet.html

A MODEL BASED SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
ENGINEERING FRAMEWORK
P. Salini
Research Scholar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Pondicherry Engineering College, E-mail: salini@pec.edu

S. Kanmani
Professor and Head
Department of Information Technology
Pondicherry Engineering College, E-mail: kanmani@pec.edu

ABSTRACT
Security engineering is a new research area in software engineering that covers
the definition of processes, plans and designs for security. The researchers are working in
this area and however there is a lack in security requirements treatment in this field.
Requirements engineering is a major action that begins during the communication
activity and continues into the modeling activity. Requirements engineering builds a
bridge to design and construction. The security requirements is one of the non functional
requirements which acts as constrains on the functions of the system, but our view is that
security requirements to be considered as functional requirements and to be analyzed
during the earlier phase of software development i.e. Requirements engineering phase.
An increasing part of the communication and sharing of information in our society
utilizes electronic media. Many organizations, especially distributed and Net-centric are
entirely dependent on well functioning information systems. Thus IT security is
becoming central to the ability to fulfill business goals, build trustworthy systems, and
protect assets. In order to develop systems with adequate security features, it is essential
to capture the corresponding security needs and requirements. It is called as the Security
requirements engineering, which is emerging as a branch of software engineering,

180

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 1, May - June (2010), © IAEME

spurred by the realization that security must be dealt with early during requirements
phase. In this paper we have proposed a framework for Security Requirements
Engineering and comparison is made with other Security Requirements Engineering
methods.
Keywords: Security Engineering, Security Requirements Engineering, Security
Requirements Engineering Framework.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, reports of software security failures have become commonplace.
Many proposals that incorporate security in the software engineering process. At one end
of the spectrum, such proposals ensure good coding practices [2,5]. At the other extreme,
the emphasis is on securing the organization within which a software system functions
[1]. In either case, modeling and analysis of security requirements has become a key
challenge for Software Engineering [3, 4].When building secure systems, it is
instrumental to take security concerns into account right from the beginning of the
development process. It is well recognized in the software industry that requirements
engineering is critical to the success of any major development project. The elaboration,
specification, analysis and documentation of application-specific security requirements is
an area that has been left virtually unexplored by requirements engineering research to
date. Haley and his colleagues have given a framework for security requirements
engineering, for elicitation and analysis. In the framework they claim that adequate
security requirements must satisfy three criteria. The first criterion is definition: One
must know what security requirements are. The second is assumptions: Security
requirements must take into consideration an analyst’s implicit or explicit assumption
that an object in the system will behave as expected. The third is satisfaction: One must
be able to determine whether the security requirements satisfy the security goals and
whether the system satisfies the security requirements. The system context is described
using a problem-oriented notation, then is validated against the security requirements
through construction of a satisfaction argument. The satisfaction argument consists of
two parts: a formal argument that the system can meet its security requirements and a

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structured informal argument supporting the assumptions expressed in the formal
argument.
The Source of Security Problem are not considering Security requirements of
complete system and not considering Security in the application itself. The Security
Goals [6,7] such as confidentiality, integrity, accessibility, and accountability and
combining management control principles and application business goals forms the
Security requirements.
In this paper we present a framework for Security Requirements Engineering. The
remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 reviews related work,
background, motivation and challenges to Security Requirements Engineering; Section 3
introduces the framework and describes Security Requirements Engineering framework.
Section 4 presents the comparison between our Security Requirements Engineering
framework with Haley and his colleagues framework for security requirements methods,
while Section 5 concludes with future works.
II. BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORKS
We explore in this section Security Requirements, its issues and Haley and his
colleague’s framework for Security Requirements .We provide the related works and
challenges to web applications.
A. SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
Security Requirements is defined as constraints on the functions of the system,
and these constraints operationalize one or more security goals. But most requirements
engineers are poorly trained to elicit, analyze, and specify security requirements, often
confusing them with the architectural security mechanisms that are traditionally used to
fulfill them. They thus end up specifying architecture and design constraints rather than
true security requirements. This paper presents the different types of security
requirements and provides associated examples with the intent of enabling requirements
engineers to adequately specify security requirements without unnecessarily constraining
the security and architecture teams from using the most appropriate security mechanisms
for the job.

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The engineering of the requirements for a business, system or software
application, component, or (contact, data, or reuse) center involves far more than merely
engineering its functional requirements. One must also engineer its quality, data, and
interface requirements as well as its architectural, design, implementation, and testing
constraints.
Whereas some requirements engineers might remember to elicit, analyze, specify,
and manage such quality requirements as interoperability, operational availability,
performance, portability, reliability, and usability, many are at a loss when it comes to
security requirements. Most requirements engineers are not trained at all in security, and
the few that have been trained have only been given an overview of security architectural
mechanisms such as passwords and encryption rather than in actual security
requirements. Thus, the most common problem with security requirements, when they are
specified at all, is that they tend to be accidentally replaced with security-specific
architectural constraints that may unnecessarily constrain the security team from using
the most appropriate security mechanisms for meeting the true underlying security
requirements. This paper will help to distinguish between security requirements and the
mechanisms for achieving them, and will provide you with good examples of each type
of security requirement. In today’s world of daily virus alerts, malicious crackers, and the
threats of cyber terrorism, would remember the following objectives of security
requirements.
B. SECURITY REQUIREMENTS ISSUES
In reviewing requirements documents, we typically find that security
requirements, when they exist, are in a section by themselves and have been copied from
a generic set of security requirements. They tend to be general mechanisms such as
password protection, firewalls, virus detection tools, and the like. The requirements
elicitation and analysis that is needed to get a better set of security requirements seldom
takes place. Even when it does, the security requirements are often developed
independently of the rest of the requirements engineering activity and hence are not
integrated into the mainstream of the requirements activities. As a result, security

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requirements that are specific to the system and that provide for protection of essential
services and assets are often neglected.
Current research recognizes that security requirements are negative requirements.
General security requirements, such as “the system shall not allow successful attacks,”
are therefore generally not feasible, because there is no agreement on ways to validate
them other than to apply formal methods to the entire system, including COTS
components. We can, however, identify the essential services and assets that must be
protected. We are able to validate that mechanisms such as access control, levels of
security, backups, replication, and policy are implemented and enforced. We can also
validate that the system will properly handle specific threats identified by a threat model
and correctly respond to intrusion scenarios. [8]
C. HALEY AND HIS COLLEAGUES FRAMEWORK FOR
SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
Haley and his colleagues have given a framework for security requirements
engineering, for elicitation and analysis.
A framework for Security Requirements Engineering has the following 4
activities done in every iteration. [1]. Iteration between requirement and design activities
is an important part of the framework.
Stage 1: Identify Functional Requirements
The only requirement the framework places upon this stage of the development
process is that a representation of the system context be produced. How the requirements
engineer gets to this point is left open.
Stage 2: Identify Security Goals
There are three general steps required to identify the security goals: identify
candidate assets, select the management principles to apply, and then determine the
security goals. The result is a set of security goals which are validated by ensuring that
the business goals remain satisfied.
The first iteration through this step results in the generation of primary security
goals. Subsequent iterations result in secondary security goals, which are traceable,

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perhaps through multiple levels and through security requirements, to the original,
primary, security goal(s).
Stage 3: Identify Security Requirements
Define security requirements as constraints on functional requirements that are
needed to satisfy applicable security goals. To determine the constraints, we must
determine which security goals apply to which functional requirements, which means we
must know which assets are implicated in fulfilling a particular functional requirement. In
the same fashion as security goals, the first iteration through this step results in primary
security requirements. Subsequent iterations generate secondary security requirements.
Stage 4: Construct satisfaction arguments
It is important to verify that the security requirements are satisfied by the system
as described by the context. To convince system can satisfy the security requirements, the
outer argument, consists of a formal argument to prove that the instance of the system
under examination satisfies its security requirements, with two important assumptions:
that the context is correct and that the implementation will not introduce any conflicting
behavior. The inner argument consists of structured informal arguments to support the
assumptions about system composition and behavior made in the formal argument.
Satisfaction arguments assist with identifying security-relevant system properties and
determining how inconsistent and implausible assumptions about them affect the security
of a system. The framework doesn’t give any modeling information and it is a
complicated method to be followed by the software engineers.
In requirements and software engineering, researchers have investigated methods
for an analyzing security requirements by using Security Quality Requirements
Engineering (SQUARE) is a process aimed specifically at security requirements
engineering [9], Gustav Boström and his colleagues consider security requirements
engineering in a different context, agile development with a focus on extreme
programming (XP) practices [10], Clasp is a major initiative for securing software
development life cycles [11], Steve Lipner and Michael Howard describe the Microsoft
Trustworthy Computing Security Development Lifecycle [12, 13, and 14], Axelle
Apvrille and Makan Pourzandi suggest four steps for the security requirements and
analysis phase [15] Security Requirements Engineering Process [16] , Eduardo Fernandez

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-use cases are helpful for determining the rights each actor needs and for considering
possible attacks. [17]. Gunnar Peterson -use and misuse cases as a basis for security
requirements, with additional nonfunctional requirements. [18]. Kenneth van Wyk and
Gary McGraw suggest using abuse cases. [19] Core security requirements artifacts [20]
takes an artifact view and starts with the artifacts that are needed to achieve better
security requirements. Security patterns are useful in going from requirements to
architectures and then designs [21, 22, and 23]. Tropos is a self-contained life-cycle
approach [24]. It is very specific in terms of how to go about requirements specification.
Formal specification approaches to security requirements, such as Software Cost
Reduction (SCR) [25] have also been useful. The higher levels of the Common Criteria
[26] provide similar results. The security requirements framework was published in [28]
and further refined in [29] and Threat descriptions, [30].
III. SECURITY REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING
Software systems become more and more critical in every domain of the human
society. Transportation, telecommunications, entertainment, health care, military, and
education; the list is almost endless. These systems are used not only by major
corporations and governments but also across networks of organizations and by
individual users. Such wide use has resulted in these systems containing a large amount
of critical information and processes which inevitably need to remain secure. Therefore,
although it is important to ensure that software systems are developed according to the
user needs, it is equally important to ensure that these systems are secure.
However, the common approach towards the inclusion of security within a
software system is to identify security requirements after the definition of a system. This
typically means that security enforcement mechanisms have to be fitted into a pre-
existing design, leading to serious design challenges that usually translate into the
emergence of computer systems afflicted with security vulnerabilities. Recent research
has argued that from the viewpoint of the traditional security paradigm, it should be
possible to eliminate such problems through better integration of security and
requirements engineering. Security should be considered from the early stages of the

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development process and security requirements should be defined alongside with the
system's requirements specification.
The Security Requirements Engineering is the process of eliciting, specifying, and
analyzing the security requirements for system fundamental ideas like "what" of security
requirements is, it is concerned with the prevention of harm in the real world and
considering them as constraints upon functional requirements.
Many methods have been developed that facilitate this kind of requirements
analysis and the development of security requirements. The internet has already created
social and economic opportunities for people around the world. But even there are many
Challenges to Web Applications Security like threats, some of the threats like cookies,
phishing, pharming spyware, worms, Trojans and virus which cause to denial of service
hacking into and defacing web sites and destroying files.
A. SECURITY REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING FRAMEWORK
Our framework follows the spiral process model which is iterative and all phases
of Requirements Engineering is covered in security requirements engineering framework.
1 INCEPTION
Inception is to establish the ground work before to start the elicitation of security
requirements. Different steps are involved in the inception phase of security requirements
engineering.
1.1 Identifying the objective of the software system
The software system objective must be identified from the customer requirements
who needs the computer based system.
1.2 Identifying the Stakeholders
The identification of stakeholders plays an important role in security requirements
engineering. The stakeholders include the developer, customers/end users, security
experts, requirements engineering team and other interested people. Each stakeholder is
responsible to find the assets and security goals. The security experts help in finding the
security requirements and security mechanisms to obtain high level of security to the
software system. The stakeholders will have multiple view points on the security
requirements of the system. It may be conflicting security requirements and the

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stakeholders will help to prioritize the assets and security requirements of the system. So
care to be taken to prepare the list of stakeholders, to improve the effectiveness of
preliminary communication and collaboration between the stakeholders
1.3 Identifying the Assets
The next step is to identify the assets of the targeted system. Assets may be
business or system assets (e.g.: data, money, and password). From our survey it is found
that assets identification is an important step in security requirements engineering. The
assets should be identified in the context of the software system, so the objective of
software system is to be identified first. To identify the assets different techniques like
interview, questionnaire, and brainstorming can be used. The stakeholders’ helps in
finding the assets. Assets should be viewed not only at developer or customer/end user
perspective but also in attacker’s point of view. Assets can be identified from existing
documents. The identified assets have to be categorized and prioritized with regard to
different stakeholders need. Assets can be categorized under Confidentiality, Integrity
and Availability and prioritized as low medium and high level of preference. Example
password can be categorized under confidentiality.
Inception phase of security requirements engineering should be worked with high
level of collaboration and care.
2 ELICITATION
The next phase in security requirements engineering is elicitation, the
stakeholders and requirements engineering team work together identify the problem,
propose the solution and specify the set of security requirements. There are different steps
involved in the elicitation phase of security requirements engineering.
2.1 Select an elicitation technique
Before the elicitation phase starts some ground work to be done for selecting the
elicitation technique. Some of the elicitation techniques are, misuse cases, Soft Systems
Methodology (SSM) , Quality Function Deployment (QFD) , Controlled Requirements
Expression (CORE) , Issue Based Information Systems (IBIS), Joint Application
Development (JAD) , Feature-Oriented Domain Analysis (FODA) , Critical Discourse
Analysis (CDA), and the Accelerated Requirements Method (ARM). A suitable method

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can be chosen from these elicitation techniques based on expertise choice, level of the
security to achieved, cost –effort benefit and organizational policies.
2.2 Elicitation of non-security requirements and goals
The business goals are identified, and then the non-security requirements and
goals of the software system are elicited. The collaborative requirement gathering is
adopted to gather non-security requirements and goals. The non-security requirements are
categorized as essential and non essential requirements and prioritized according to the
Stakeholders preference.
2.3 Generate use cases for the software system
The non security requirements are gathered; for better understanding the use case
of the software system should be generated. The use case is the set of scenarios that
encompass the non-security requirements of the system created by the developers and
users of the system.
2.4 Identify the security goals / security objectives
The security goals / security objectives can be identified with respect of assets,
business goals and organizational principles that is the security policies of the
organization. The list of security goals can be identified and the security goals can be
main goals and sub goals. The main goals are the top goals, e.g. Confidentiality, Integrity
and Availability, Anonymity that to be identified for the software system and the sub
goals, e.g. Prevent tampering, trail and access control which comes under the top security
goal Integrity. The techniques like Facilitated Application Specification Technique
(FAST), survey and interviews can be used to identify the security goals / security
objectives.
2.5 Identify threats and vulnerabilities
By identifying the assets, business goals and security goals the threads to the
software system can be identified. The threats and vulnerabilities can be identified for
each security sub goals, e.g. tamper threat, password attack, wire tap.
2.6 Risk Assessment
The next step is to asses and determines the risk when the threads and
vulnerabilities occur. The impact of threads and vulnerabilities are analyzed and risk
determination process is carried out. To do risk determination process any of risk

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assessment tests model like National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
model [15] , NSA’s INFOSEC Assessment Methodology [16], Butler’s Security Attribute
Evaluation method (SAEM) [17] ,CMU’s “V-RATE” method [18] ,Yacov Haimes’s
RFRM model [19] can be used.
2.7 Categorize and Prioritize the Threads and Vulnerabilities for mitigation
The threads and vulnerabilities can be Categorize with respect to the security
goals and security policies of the organization and prioritized based on the level of
security and assets to be secured, e.g. tamper threat Categorized under top security goals
Integrity, unauthorized users under Confidentiality, and Integrity. This process can be
done with help of the survey or interview between the stakeholders.
2.8 Generate misuse cases for the software system
The detailed set of misuse case of the software system should be generated that
encompass the most significant threads to the system e.g. tamper misuse case,
unauthorized users misuse case.
2.9 Identify the security requirements
The security requirements are the counter measures that the software system
should have, as the functional requirements, e.g. Threat – password attack, wire tap,
tamper, and Security goals – Availability - password attack, wire tap and Integrity -
tamper. The Security requirements to prevent these threats are Prevent password attack,
encrypt communication, authenticate, validate data and lock data.
2.10 Generate use cases for the software system considering security requirements.
The security requirements are gathered; for better understanding the use case of
the software system should be generated, that encompass the security requirements of the
system created by the developers and users of the system.
3 ELABORATION
3.1 Generate structural analysis models
In this phase of security requirements engineering different analysis models are
developed. These models form the solid foundation for the design of security
requirements. The data model, flow models and behavioral models are the structural
analysis models.

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3.2 Develop UML diagrams
Develop UML diagrams for detailed view of security requirements and for better
understanding of the security based computer system. These diagrams can be used to
generate coding and test cases for testing the security requirements.
4 NEGOTIATION AND VALIDATION
In this phase the security requirements are categorized as essential and non
essential requirements and prioritized according to the level of security and Stakeholders
preference of security requirements. Then rough effort time and cost are estimated to
implement security requirements.
The validation is done by the security experts and engineers with the requirements
of the stakeholders.
5. SPECIFICATION
This is the last phase in security requirements engineering. The security
requirements specifications are made and they are validated with the stakeholders and
this specification forms the source for the design of security requirements.
IV. COMPARISON OF THE FRAMEWORK
We applied Haley and his colleagues’ framework in the web applications which
consider information as treasure or assets and evaluated the strength of the framework.
During this first iteration, we establish the context for the system, the functional
requirements, and the primary security goals and requirements.
Haley and his colleagues suggest artifacts that are probably too complex for
regular developers [27,31]. In this framework there are many limitations like they don’t
categorize or prioritize the security requirements, lack of coding standards and process
planning. This may lead to complexity of adopting this framework. Framework follows
iterative process which may add advantage to find new security requirements but this will
lead to more complexity to the web applications. Our security requirements framework
overcomes all the limitations of Haley and his colleagues’ framework.

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V. CONCLUSION
In this paper we discussed about, Security Requirements and, Security
Requirements Engineering. All the approaches of Security Requirements Engineering and
its limitations were identified. In short, there is no single right answer when it comes to
security requirements engineering. A lot depends on the processes that are already in
place in a particular organization. Some organizations may prefer a detailed, specific
method, whereas other organizations may prefer an approach that allows them to select
methods to incorporate into existing processes. Another factor is the extent to which the
project or organization is mission critical. This can dictate the level of formality used in
requirements engineering and the need for assurance levels of security. We have
developed a framework for Security Requirements Engineering covering the limitations
of Haley and his colleagues’ framework and we have compared our framework with
Haley and his colleagues’ framework. In future we have planned to apply our security
requirements engineering framework for banks and web applications. The other future
work is to develop a tool to elicit security requirements. We have also planned to develop
a tool to generate test cases from the security requirements.

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