RECYCLING SOLID CONCRETE WASTE

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 237 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2018, pp. 237–251, Article ID: IJCIET_09_12_028
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=12
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
RECYCLING SOLID CONCRETE WASTE
Gana. Abu James
Civil Engineering, Landmark University,
Omu-Aran, Kwara state
Email:-phildebo123@gmail.com
WURAOLA Samuel Makinde
Civil Engineering Department,
College of Engineering, Landmark University
Omu-Aran, Kwara state
ABSTRACT
Due to recent for sustainable development in the construction industry, there is a
need to work on viable means to go about development without going against t he new
trend of development. The recycling of solid concrete waste will certainly reduce the
amount of construction and demolition waste. This study discusses the effects of
concrete waste gotten from construction and demolition as aggregates. It also
discusses the different component of concrete with much emphasis on the aggregates,
the importance of aggregate was discussed including the characteristics of aggregate,
the importance of aggregates was discussed including the characteristics of
aggregates. Testwere performed on the concrete product from the recycled
aggregates. L.A. Abrasion test, Compressive strength test and flexural strength test
were performed and their results were discussed extensively.
Key words: Recycling solid, concrete waste
Cite this Article: Gana. Abu James and WURAOLA Samuel Makinde, Recycling
Solid Concrete Waste, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology
(IJCIET) 9(12), 2018, pp. 237–251.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=12
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world thereby making
the global demand for construction aggregate to exceed 26.8 billion tons per year. In other
concrete waste could quench the thirst for aggregate. Large quantities of construction waste
materials arise annually worldwide. In the UK alone, this waste amounts to roughly 110
million tons per year which corresponds to 60% of total waste. Only 40% of this amount is
reused or recycled. At the same time, large quantities of natural aggregate are extracted for
construction every year. The utilization of recycled aggregates (RAs) in concrete production
can potentially conserve the non-renewable natural resource of virgin aggregates, eliminate
unnecessary consumption of limited areas reduce energy consumption m [Khaleel H. Younis

Recycling Solid Concrete Waste
et al, 2013] The European Union construction industry generates 531 million tins construction
and demolition waste per yeas which represents nearly one quarter of the existing waste
material in the world.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review on solid waste, concrete, aggregates, the effects of aggregates on concrete,
the uses of aggregate and characteristics of aggregates is presented in this chapter.
2. SOLIDWASTE
Waste can be considered as substance or objects which are disposed of or required to be
disposed of. Waste is often described as unwanted materials
2.1. Type of Solid Waste
Solid waste is usually categorized on the basis of source of generation. Three general
categories are considered:
 Municipal waste,
 Industrial waste
 Hazardous waste.
2.1.1. Municipal Waste
Table 1 classification of materials comprising municipals solid waste
S/N Component Description
Food waste The animal, fruit or vegetable residues (also called garbage) resulting from the
handling, cooking, and eating of foods. Because food waste are putrescible, they will
decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather.
Rubbish Combustible and noncombustible solid wastes, excluding food wastes or other
putrescible materials. Typically, combustible rubbish consists of material such as
paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, rubbish, leather, wood, furniture, and garden
trimmings. Noncombustible rubbish consists of item such as glass, crockery, tin cans,
aluminum cans, ferrous and nonferrous metals, dirt, and construction wastes.
Ashes and
residues
Materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke, and other combustible
waste. Residues from powdery plants normally are not fine, powdery materials,
cinders, clinkers, and small amounts of burned and partially burned materials.
Demolition
and
construction
waste
Wastes from razed building and other structures are classified as demolition wastes.
Wastes from the construction, remodeling, and repairing of residential, commercial
and industrial buildings and similar structures are classified as construction wastes.
These wastes may include dirt, stones, concrete, bricks, plaster, lumber, shingles, and
plumbing, heating, and electrical parts.
Special waste Wastes such as street sweepings, roadside litter, catch-basin debris, dead animals, and
abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes.
Treatment-plant
waste
The solid and semi-solid wastes from water, wastewater, and industrial waste
treatment facilities are included in this classification.
2.1.2. Industrial Waste
These are waste arising from industrial activities and typically include rubbish, ashes,
demolition and construction waste, special waste, and hazardous waste
2.1.3. Hazadous Waste
Waste that pose a substantial danger immediately or over a period of time to human, plant, or
animal life are classified as hazardous waste. A waste is classified as hazardous if it exhibits

Gana. Abu James and WURAOLA Samuel Makinde
any of the following characteristics: (1) ignitability, (2) corrosively, (3)reactivity, or (4)
toxicity. In the past, hazardous wastes were often grouped into the following categories: (1)
radioactive substances. (2) chemicals, (3) biological wastes, (4) flammable wastes, and (5)
explosive. The principal source of hazardous biological wastes are hospitals and biological
research facilities.
2.2. Source of Solid Waste
Knowledge of the sources and types of solid wastes, along with data on the composition and
rates of generation, is basic to the engineering management of solid wastes.
2.2.1. Municipal Waste
Sources and types of municipal solid wastes are Residential houses, Commercial Houses,
Open Areas, Treatment plant sites etc. the most difficult source to deal with is open areas
because in these locations, the generation of wastes is a diffuse process
2.2.2. Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous wastes are generated in limited amounts throughout most industrial activities. In
terms of generation, the concern is with the identification of the amounts and types of
hazardous wastes developed at each source, with emphasis on those sources where significant
waste quantities are generated. Unfortunately, very little information is available on the
quantities of hazardous wastes generated in various industries. Another major source of
hazardous waste is oil spillage.
2.3. Properties of Solid Wastes
Knowledge of the properties of solid wastes is important in evaluating alternative equipment
needs, systems, and management programs and plans, especially with respect to the
implementation of disposal and resource-and energy-recovery options.
3. PHYSICAL COMPOSITION
Individual Composition
Components that typically make up most municipal solid wastes, Paper, Cardboard, Plastics,
Textiles, Rubber, Leather, Garden trimming, wood, miscellaneous organics, glass, tin cans,
nonferrous metals, (Dirt, ashes, bricks, etc.).
Particle Size
The size of the component materials in solid wastes is of importance in the recovery of
materials, especially with mechanical means such as trammel screens and magnetic
separators.
Moisture content
The moisture content of solid wastes usually is expressed as the mass of moisture per unit
mass of wet or dry material.
Density
3.1. Sampling Procedure
Perhaps, the most difficult task facing anyone concerned with the design and operation of
solid-waste management systems is to predict the composition of solid wastes that will be
collected now and in the future. The problem is complicated because of the heterogeneous
nature of waste materials and the fact that unpredictable externalities such world oil prices can
affect the long-term abundance of the individual waste components.

To assess the total mix of wastes components, the load-count and the mass-volume
methods of analysis are recommended. The load-count and mass-volume methods will be
discussed in our subsequent lectures.
However, where it is desired to assess the individual components within a waste
categories, the following technique is recommended.
 Unload a truck load of wastes in a controlled area away from other operations
 Quarter the waste load
 Select one of the quarters and quarter that quarter.
 Select one of the quartered quarters and separate all of the individual components of the waste
into preselected components.
 Place the separated components in a container of known volume and tare mass and measure
the volume and mass of each component. The separate components should be compacted
tightly to simulate the conditions in the storage containers from which they were collected.
 Determine the percentage distribution of each component by mass and the as-discarded
density
4. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Information on the chemical composition of solid waste is important in evaluating alternative
processing and energy recovery options. If solid waste are to be use as fuel, the four most
important properties to be known are:
 Proximate analysis
o Moisture (loss at 1050C for 1h)
o Volatile matter (addition loss on ignition at 9500C)
o Ash (residue after burning)
o Fixed carbon (remainder)
 Fusing point of ash
 Ultimate analysis, percent of C (Carbon), H(hydrogen), O(oxygen,) N(nitrogen), S (sulfur),
and ash
 Heating value (energy value)
5. CHANGES IN COMPOSITION
To plan effectively for solid waste management, information and data on the expected future
composition of the solid wastes are important. In addition to technological changes in areas
such as food processing and packaging, changes in the world economy have also affected the
composition of solid wastes.
Solid-Waste Management: An Overview
Recognizing that our world is finite and the continued pollution of our environment will, if
uncontrolled, be difficult to rectify the future, the subject of solid-waste management is both
timely and important. The overall objective of solid-waste management is to minimize the
adverse environment effects caused by the indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes, especially
of hazardous wastes. To assess the management possibilities, it is important to consider (1)
materials flows in society, (2) reduction in raw materials usage, (3) reduction in solid-waste
quantities, (4) reuse of material, (5) materials recovery, (6) energy recovery, and (7) day-to-

day solid waste management. One of the best ways to reduce the amount of solid wastes to be
disposed is to reduce the consumption of raw materials and to increase the rate of recovery
and reuse of waste materials. Although the concept is simple, effecting this change in a
modern technological society has proved extremely difficult.
6. REDUCTION IN SOLID-WASTE QUANTITIES
Reduction in the quantities of waste can occur in several ways: (1) the amount of materials
used in the manufacture of a product can be reduced, (2) the useful life of a product can be
increased, and (3) the amount of materials used for materials used for packaging and
marketing of consumer goods can be reduced. For example, the quantity of automobile tires
now disposed of on an annual basis could be cut almost in half if their useful (or mileage)
were doubled.
7. REUSE OF SOLID-WASTE MATERIALS
Reuse (recycling) of waste materials now occurs most commonly in those situations where a
product has utility in more than one application. For example, the paper bags used to bring
home groceries are used to store household wastes prior to placing them in the containers are
used to store used cooking grease. Newspapers are used to start fires in fireplaces; they are
also tightly rolled and used as logs for burning. While all of the above uses are important,
their impact on the generation of solid wastes is minimal. A much larger impact would occur
if beverage containers are sold annually in the United States.
8. MATERIALS RECOVERY
A number of materials present in municipal and industry solid wastes are suitable for recovery
and reuse. Cardboard, plastics, glass, nonferrous metals, and ferrous metals are the most likely
candidates.
9. ENERGY RECOVERY
Because about 70% of the components that comprise solid waste are organic, the potential for
the recovery of energy is high.
10. DAY-TO-DAY SOLID-WASTE MANAGEMENT
While the issues that have been discussed previously are of great importance and provide a
perspective on the problem in general, the fact remain that the day-to-day management of
municipal solid wastes is a complex and costly undertaking. Direct activities that must be
considered and coordinated on a daily basis include waste generation rates, on-site storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal. These activities are associated
directly with the management of solid-wastes. Indirect activities that are also an important
part of a solid-waste management program include; financing; operations; equipment;
personnel; cost accounting and budgeting; contract administration; ordinances and guidelines;
and public communications.
11. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
AIM; the aim of the study is to investigate the effect of the use of concrete waste as
aggregates and the means of getting the highest quality of aggregates from concrete waste.

12. OBJECTIVE
 Investigate the effects of the use of crushed solid concrete waste as aggregates in fresh
concrete.
 To determine the relevant characteristic of waste concrete aggregate that allow determination
of their suitable.
13. METHODOLOGY
In this part of the research I would be writ ting about different experiments that would be used
to determine the quality of aggregates derived from the waste concrete, the apparatus used and
the procedures for the different experiment experiments would also be discussed.
The demolition waste was crushed in to bits and the pieces were used to replace granites
as aggregates in the following test
Plate 3. 1 large chunk of concrete gotten from a demolished building.
13.1. LA Abbrasion Test
The aggregate used in the surface course of highway pavement are subjected to wearing due
to movement of traffic, when vehicles move on the road, the soil particles present between the
pneumatic tires and road surface cause abrasion of road aggregates. The steel reamed wheels
of driven vehicles also cause considerable abrasion of the road surface. Therefore, the road
aggregates should be hard enough to resist abrasion.
13.2. Aim and Significance
The L.A abrasion test is used to determine the suitability of different aggregates. The Road
aggregates at the top subjected to wearing action. Determine Under traffic loads
abrasion/attrition action within the layers as well.
13.3. Apparatus
The apparatus needed for the experiment are as follows, oven for drying of samples Sieve,
Weigh balance and Abrasion test machine.
14. EXPERIENTAL PROCEDURE
 Aggregates dried in oven at 105-11oo
c to constant weight conforming to any one of the
grading. E.g 1250gm of 40-225mm, 25-20mm 1250gm of 20-12.5mm, 1250gm of 12.5-
10mm, with 12steel balls.

 Aggregate weighting 5kg or 10kg is placed in cylinder of the machine (w1gms)
 Machine is rotated at 30= 33rpm for 500revolutions
 Machine is stopped and complete the taken out include dust.
 Sieved through 1.7 sieve.
 Weight passing is determined by washing the portion retained, oven drying and weighing
(w2gms)
 Aggregate abrasion value is determined
Plate 3.2 the Crushed concrete waste is used to replace aggregate in the preparation of
fresh concrete
Aims:
To determine the compressive strength of concrete
APPARATUS:
 150mm cube molds,
 Ramming rod,
 Mixer
 Weighting machine,
 Capping apparatus,
 200 tones compression machine
 5 tones verse testing machine,
 Buckets
 Base plane.
Materials
Fine Aggregates,
 Fine Aggregates,
 Coarse Aggregate
 Cement
 Water.
PROCEDURES:
 For preparing the concrete of given proportions (1L:2:4) by mass and w/c ratio of 6.
 Mix thoroughly in a mechanical mixer in till uniform color of concrete is obtained.
 Pour concrete in the molds oil with medium viscosity oil. Fill concrete in cube molds in two
layers each of approximately 15mm and ramming each layer with 35 blows evenly distributed
over the surface of layer.
 Struck off concrete flush with the top of the molds.
 Immediately after being made, they would be covered with wet mass.
CURING
Specimens will be removed from the molds after24 hours and curing in water for 7, 14 and 28
days respectively.

TESTING
Compression test of cube specimen will be made as soon as practicable after removal from
curing pit, test – specimens during the period of their removal from the curing pit and till
testing will be kept by a wet blanket covering and will be tested in a moist condition. The size
of specimen will be determined to the nearest of 2mm by averaging the perpendicular
dimension at least two places. The mass of each specimen will be recorded.
 I will place the specimen centrally on the location marks of the compression testing machine
and load will applied uniformly and without shock. The rate of loading is continuously
adjusting through rate control value by hand to 14n/mm2/ minute or 32 tones/minutes for
cube. The load will be increased until the specimen fails and record the maximum load carried
by each specimen during the test also note the type of failure and appearance of cracks.
Cube strength= average load/Area of cross section
14. OBJECTIVE
To determine the flexural strength of concrete, which comes into play when a road slap with
inadequate sub-grade support is subjected to wheel load and are volume changes due to
temperature / shrinking.
EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS
 Beam mold of size 15 x 15x 70 cm (when size of aggregate is less than 38mm) or of
size 10x10x50 cm (when size of aggregate is less than 19mm)
mold filled with concrete made from solid waste concrete as aggregate
 Tamping bar (40 cm weighing 2 kg and tamping section having size of 25 mm x 25
mm)
 Flexural test machine- The bed of the testing machine shall be provided with two steel
rollers, 38 mm in diameter, on which the specimen is to be supported, and these rollers
shall be so mounted that the distance from centre is 60 cm for 15.0 cm specimens or
40 cm for 10.0 cm specimens. The load shall be applied through two similar rollers
mounted at the third point of the supporting span that is, spaced at 20 or 13.3 cm
centre to centre. The load shall be divided equally between the two loading rollers, and
all rollers shall be mounted in such a manner that the load is applied axially and
without subjecting the specimen to any torsional stresses or restraints.
Flexural Strength Test Arrangement

15. PROCEDURE
 Prepare the test specimens by filling the concrete into the mold in 3 layers of approximately
equal thickness. Tamp each layer 35 time using the tamping bar as specified above. Tamping
should be distributed uniformly over the entire cross section of the beam mold and throughout
the depth of each layer.
 Clean the bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers, and remove any loose sand or
other material from the surface of the specimen where they are to make contact with the
rollers.
 Circular rollers manufactured out of steel having cross section with diameter 38 mm will be
used for providing support and loading points to the specimens. The length of the roller shall
be least 10 mm more than the width of the width of the test specimen. A total of four rollers
shall be used, three out of which shall be capable of rotating along their own axes. The
distance between the outer rollers (i.e. span) shall be 3d and the distance the inner rollers shall
be equally spaced between the outer rollers, such that the entire system is systematic.
 The specimen stored in water shall be tasted immediately on removal from water; while they
are still wet. The test specimen shall be placed in the machine correctly centered with the
longitudinal axis of the specimen at right angles to the rollers. For molded specimens, the
mold filling direction shall be normal to the direction of loading.
 The load shall be applied at a rate of loading of 400 kg/min for the 15.0cm specimens and at a
rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens.
16. CALCULATION
The flexural strength or modulus of rupture (fb) is given by fb
= pl/bd2 (when a>20.0cm for 15.0cm specimen or >13.0cm specimen) or fb =3pa/bd2 (when
a < 20.0cm but > 17.0 for 15.0cm specimen or < 13.3cm but > 11.0cm for 10.0cm specimen.)
where , a =the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support, measured on the
center line of the tensile side of the specimen b =width of specimen (cm) d = failure point
depth (cm) 1 = supported length (cm) p = max. load (kg)
17. SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS
 Use hand gloves while, safety shoes at the time of test.
 After test switch off the machine.
 Keep all the exposed metal parts greased.
 Keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & top plate.
 Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing
18. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Abrasion test
In chapter 3 I discussed the procedure involved in preparing the abrasion test tables, in this
table we have the total weight (g) and the weight passing through the 1.7mm sieve. And then
compute the abrasion value.

Table 4.1: table showing la abrasion test carried out on the solid waste concrete
1 2 3 AVERAGE
Total weight of samples (w1) 5000 5000 5000
Weight of fines passing 1.7 mm IS sieve (W2) 3383.5 3025.3 3156.7
Aggregate abrasion value
X100
32.33% 39.49% 36.87% 36.23%
19. DISCUSSION FOR ABRASION TEST
The L.A. abrasion test is an empirical test; it is not directly related to field performance of
aggregates. Field observations generally do not show a good relationship between L.A.
abrasion values and field performance. Specifically, the test may not be satisfactory for some
types of aggregates. Some aggregates, such as slage and some limestone’s, tend to have high
L.A. abrasion loss but perform adequately in the field. L.A abrasion loss seem to be
reasonable well correlated with dust formation during handling and HMA production in that
aggregate with higher L.A. abrasion loss values typically generate more of dust.
The table below shows the abrasion permissible value for different pavements.
Table 4.2 Abrasion permissible value for different pavements
SI.NP TYPE OF PAVEMENTS MAX PERMISSIBLE ABRASION VALUE
IN %
Water bound macadam sub base course 60
WBM base course with bituminous surfacing 50
Bituminous bound macadam 50
WBM surfacing course 40
Bituminous penetration macadam 40
Bituminous surface dressing cement
concrete surface
35
Bituminous concrete surface for different
course
30
With the abrasion value of recycled concrete at 36%, this shows that it can be used for
bituminous surface dressing and cement concrete surface course.
Compressive strength test of concrete cubes
The compressive strength test was carried out on 18 cubes, the procedure has been
described in chapter 3.9 cubes containing normal aggregate were crushed, respectively. A mix
ratio of 1L2:4 was used in preparing the concrete which means that a minimum of 25n/mm is
expected to be attained at the end of 28days of curing.

The following tables show the different compressive strength obtained after 7,14 and 28
days respectively
Batch /Cube No. Surface Area
2
(A) (mm)
Maximum load
(P) (kn)
Compressive
strength 2
(N/mm)
Average
Compressive
Strength
2
(N/mm)
Cube 1 22500 285.2 12.68
Control Cube 2 22500 287.4 12/77 12.61
Cube 3 22500 278.8 12.39
Waste
Concrete
Cube 1 22500 249.7 11.10
11.01Cube 2 22500 245.3 10.90
Cube 3 22500 248.4 11.04
At the end of 7 days curing the concrete made with regular aggregates had an average of
12.61 N/mm while the cubes made with waste concrete had an average of 11.01 N/mm. at this
stage of curing the concrete is not yet at optimum strength, further curing should show an
increase is strength.
Table 4.4:14days test result
14 days
Batch/cube No. Surface Area
(A)(mm2
)
Maximum load
(P)(KN)
Compressive
strength
Average
Compressive
Control Cube 1 22500 369.5 16.42 17,21
Cube 2 22500 393.8 17.50
Cube3 22500 398.7 17.72
Waste
concrete
Cube 1 22500 352.5 15.67 15.79
Cube 2 22500 358.2 15.92
Cube3 22500 355.4 15.80

Table 4.4 above shows the compressive test result after 14 days of curing. The average
Compressive strength of the cubes
Compressive Average
Table 4.5 28-day test
Batch/Cube No. Surface Area
(A)(mm2
)
Maximum load
(P)(KN)
Strength Compressive
Control Cube 1 22500 629.8 (N/mm)
27.99
Strength
27.58Cube 2 22500 608.6 27.05
Cube3 22500 623.5 27.71
Waste
concrete
Cube 1 22500 459.3 20.41
21.40Cube 2 22500 482.2 21.43
Cube3 22500 502.8 22.35
At the end of 28 days of curing the cube were tested again from the table it is shown that
after 28days of curing the recycled waste concrete could not attain the expected compressive
strength of concrete which is 25N/mm.
Flexural strength test
Producer for flexural strength has been discussed in chapter 3 a total of 4 beams were used for
the test, two were made with granite as aggregate as aggregates. Two were made solid
concrete waste as aggregates, 7, 14 and 28 days of curing was carried out. The table below
shows the result for each test.

Table 4.6 7 days
Bach/Beam No. Maximum load (P)
(kN)
a Modulus of
Rupture
Average Modulus of
Rupture
Control Beam 1 12.9 93 3.60
3.51Recycled solid
waste concrete
Beam 2 12.4 92 3.42
Beam 1 10.2 95 2.91
2.90Beam 2 10.4 93 2.90
After 7 days of curing. The table shows that there is a difference of about 17% in the
modulus of rupture. This shows that the beam at early stages of curing are weak.
Bach/Beam No. Maximum load (P)
(kN)
Modulus of
Rupture
Average Modulus of
Rupture
Control Beam 1 22 90.0 5.94 5.83
Recycled solid
waste concrete
Beam 2 21.2 90.0 5.72
Beam 1 17.3 82.0 4.26
4.54Beam 2 16.9 95.0 4.82

28 days
Batch/BeamNo. Maximum
Load (P)(KN)
Fracture
Distance (a)
Modulus of
Rupture
Average Modulus of
Rupture
Control Beam 1 22.5 87 5.87
6.22Beam 2 24.3 90 6.56
Recycled solid
waste concrete
Beam 1 18.5 88 4.88
4.91Beam 2 18.1 91 4.94
The difference in strength still remains around 21% these shows a lot of disparity in the
overall strength of the beams. The recycled waste concrete as again failed to mach the
strength of granite.
20. CONCLUSIONS
 The LA abrasion test shows the recycled produced from the solid concrete waste can be used
can be used for bituminous surface dressing and cement concrete surface course. Although the
LA Abrasion test not show direct relationship with what happens on the field.
 The compressive strength test result showed that the use of recycled concrete will not produce
the required strength needed for high strength concrete.
 Flexural strength test also shows that the recycled concrete waste, we can see that the use of
recycled concrete as aggregates for concrete production could be viable.
 From the numerous test performed on recycled concrete waste, we can see that the use of
recycled concrete as aggregates for concrete production could be viable.
21. RECOMMENDATION
 For future work ways of improving the quality of the should be established.
 Means of crushing the solid concrete in large quantity should be developed.
 The recycled aggregate can be used as part replacement of granite.
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[4] American Society for Testing and Materials 2009, Standard Test Method for Resistance to
Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angles
Machine, ASTM C535, USA.
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Admixture for concrete, ASTMC494, USA.
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[11] D.N. Parikh et al., Assessment of recycled aggregate concrete, J. Res. Stud. 2 (2011) 1-9.
[12] E.E. Agency, Review of Selected Wasted streams Technical Report N.69,
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ministry of Housing, utilities & Urban Development 2008, ECP 203-2008, Egypt.

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RECYCLING SOLID CONCRETE WASTE