1. Investigating the current state and future possibilities of
Recycling & reuse of White Goods
Balraj singh
B.E (Mech)
ENN590 – Project
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Engineering (Coursework)
Science and Engineering Faculty
Queensland University of Technology
May 2015
2. i
List of Abbreviations
CFC = chlorofluorocarbons
DNA= Deoxyribonucleic acid
BFRs= Brominated Flame Retardants
AB=Aktiebolag
EU=European Union
EPR=Extended Producer Responsibility
4. iii
Statement of Original Authorship
The work contained in this report has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an
award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the
report contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due
reference is made.
Signature: _________________________
Date: _________________________
5. iv
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my gratitude and heartly appreciation to my Project Supervisor Dr Ramasamy-
Iyer Mahalinga-Iyer, Course Co-ordinator Dr Dhammika Jayalath and Mechanical Co-
ordianator Dr Wijitha Senaeera for their invaluable input of knowledge, time and guidance to
realize this project to completion.
6. v
Contents
1. Project Title:............................................................................................................................. 1
2. Introduction:............................................................................................................................. 1
3. Project Summary: ..................................................................................................................... 1
4. Methodology:........................................................................................................................... 2
5. Literature Review: .................................................................................................................... 3
5.1. White Goods Industry Scenario:.......................................................................................... 3
5.2 White Goods Waste:............................................................................................................ 5
5.3. Consequences of white waste dumping; ............................................................................... 6
5.3.1. Environmental impacts;................................................................................................ 6
5.3.2. Health hazards; ............................................................................................................ 7
5.4. Characteristics of white goods waste;................................................................................... 7
5.4.1. Hierarchy in Treating Electronic Waste; ........................................................................7
5.5. Types of Recycling Processes or Methods:...........................................................................9
5.5.1 Refining methods;....................................................................................................... 10
5.5.2. Innovative Recycling Technique; ................................................................................ 10
5.5.3. Disposal pathways of large household white goods;...................................................... 11
5.5.4. Recycling procedure for used Refrigerators;................................................................. 13
6. Factors Affecting White goods recycling: ................................................................................. 14
6.1. Lower Scrap price;........................................................................................................... 14
6.2. Labor Intensive processes;................................................................................................ 14
6.3. Unawareness;................................................................................................................... 15
6.4. Lack of Infrastructure;...................................................................................................... 15
7. Case Study; Some comparative factors regarding recycling systems in regions of the Asia and
Europe:...................................................................................................................................... 15
8. Conclusion:............................................................................................................................ 22
9. References:............................................................................................................................. 24
7. 1
1. Project Title:
Investigating the current state and future possibilities of Recycling & reuse of White
Goods
2. Introduction:
The term White goods are used for the household items which mainly comprised of two
different groups like Household linens are usually referred to as white goods, but the term
white goods also referred to the major household appliances, such as refrigerators and
washing machines are made up of enamel-coated sheet steel which is usually white in colour.
These goods are totally different from the so called brown goods which are
These items comprised of valuable metals like steel and plastic proportion, so recycling of
white goods is necessary. Recycling of whitegoods save large amount of discarded appliances
from landfill and helps in preventing the toxic constituents from entering into the ecosystem
like chlorofluorocarbons and heavy metals as well as other brominated blazes. Recycling of
whitegoods can propose money reserves by avoiding landfill charges for these discarded
items and decreasing electricity bills by the elimination of previous effective appliances.
Renewing whitegoods also provides reasonable rates domestic commodities for resale
through second-hand dealers.
White goods (major appliances such as refrigerators, washers, and dryers that are part of the
ferrous scrap stream) were recycled at a very high rate throughout the 20th century. However,
over the past few years the recycling of white goods has become less and less profitable. In
fact the disposal/recycling value of many appliances has gone from a positive to a negative
value.
Hence this research project concentrates on reviewing the current state and future possibilities
of recycling and reuse of white goods by considering some of the critical areas like recycling
techniques currently used for the different appliances, legislation on the white goods
recycling, case studies on recycling of such appliances in different continents, attitude of the
federal governments and the folks towards the recycling of white goods globally.
3. Project Summary:
The project has been started to understand the current state of white goods industry as well as
the trouble faced by the recycling industry in this regard. Moreover the other purpose behind
this is to address some factors which affect the recycling of white goods as well as to evaluate
some areas which need to be modified for the easy flow of recycling techniques of such kind
of goods. The white goods industry is one of the major sources of waste material. For
instance, In the UK, every year, about 100,000 tons of white goods are dumped, which
become the main reason to pollute the environment in UK (Datschefski, 2014). In addition to
this, there are different critical environment concerns which are closely associated with
8. 2
manufacturing of white goods. for example, manufacturing of white metal cabinet always
emit harmful gasses and flames, the use of plastic and other non-biodegradable products in
the packaging of such products as well as the noise generated by the operations while
manufacturing are some of the major factors which results in pollution if not handle or deal
with care.
From 1950 till 1995, the Western world synthesized chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFCs)
as the inert compounds and also used in making white goods like refrigerators, microwaves
and air conditioners. With the large-scale introduction of white goods in households, waste
problems arose. After a lifetime of 10-15 years such kind of appliances are worn out or
defective or stop working then such kind of goods are discarded or disposed. Also many of
them like the refrigerators contain the toxic substances or the refrigerants like
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) i.e. CFC-11 or CFC-12. The emissions of such kind of
refrigerants are very dangerous for the environment. Also the emissions by burning the non-
recyclable waste pollute the air and make the surrounding ugly and even seeps underneath
and pollute the soil while disposing such kind white waste. (Stoop and Lambert 1998)
In addition, environmental safety has been emerged as one of the major concerns for the
business organization nowadays. Due to which many national and international legal and
obligations, business organization, which operating in recycling industry are required to have
some new and effective recycling practices for the purpose of minimizing the impact over
environment. In this regard, the approach of sustainable recycling is regarded as one of the
important tool. In addition to this, the role of sustainable recycling also implies on the
changing behaviour of people, business organizations and processes regarding the dumping
of waste materials, which are having high degree of negative impact over environment, such
as white goods (Golinska and Kawa, 2015).
4. Methodology:
The project report is comprised of two major aspects or the parts, which can be broadly
classified as;
1. Literature Review:
The purpose of literature review is to collect data about white goods industry,
recycling techniques, attitude of the people and the government towards white goods
recycling, for to better understand the current status of recycling of different white
goods. The followed practice also helps in collecting the data on recycling in terms of
the number of appliances recycled per year as well as the concentration of the
recycled materials like metals, plastic and other which comes after the recycling by
followed the different methods of recycling.
2. Evaluation:
From all the collected information from the literature review, we can review the
current recycling methods indulge in recycling the white goods and what could be the
feasibility in terms of profit, sustainability and change in the behaviour among the
folks and the concerned authorities from the recycling perspective.
9. 3
5. Literature Review:
A broad literature review is conducted in this project as it is important to understand the
current status of white goods industry and technological advancements in the field of
recycling of such kind of appliances. As the project is based on reviewing recycling of white
goods globally as well as the people and government’s behaviour towards the recycling, so
the report should deliver a detailed description the current situation of the sector that is white
goods.
The literature review mainly concentrates on areas such as finding the different white enamel
manufactured appliances in the past time, attitude of the people towards the white goods,
government’s behaviour in terms of legislation among the white goods industry and its
recycling after the used, data in terms of number of goods manufactured and recycled as well
and the different recycling techniques which can be used for recycling these appliances when
discarded at that time. The next significant characteristic of the literature review is to provide
an introduction of white goods industry and more attention is given to recycling of white
goods. Also a detailed literature is given on the past or background and expansion in this
sector.
5.1. White Goods Industry Scenario:
The term white good is generally employed to label an extensive range of household
appliances which are mainly used for kitchen or laundry, and also which were traditionally
white enamel factory-finished. White goods comprises cooling appliances like freezers,
refrigerators and fridges, kitchen use appliances such as microwaves, ovens as well as for
domestic laundry purposes or dishwashing appliances like washing machines and dryers.
These kind of appliances are totally different from so called “brown goods” such as
Televisions, audio-visual recorders, stereo systems, phones, PCs and cameras, subsequently
white goods are reflected as the appliances which saves the time and that rises people’s
flexible time, however the brown goods are considered as the time utilizing appliances as
they rise the supposed value flexible time. (Baden‐Fuller, C. W., & Stopford, J. M. (1991)
10. 4
Sale of white goods:
Figure; Sales of domestic refrigerators and freezers, source: Energy Efficiency Strategies
(2010), personal communication with GfK (2014),
From the above figure it is clear that until 2002, the sale of white goods particularly of
refrigerators and freezers was stable however after that there was an upsurge in sale is seen
till 2006. This is because of the increase in the popularity of such kind of appliances with the
advancement in the designs and market as well as the high efficiencies attracts the
consumers. As depicted above by 2014 the refrigerators sale continue to increase with the
growth in household. The figure also reveals that the average sale of both the refrigerators
and the freezers was about 1.1 million appliances between the period of 2001 and 2010.
As it is indicated by the sale parameters of major white appliance that white goods are
generally viewed as the necessities which are consumed privately and the goods that are
owned almost by everyone nowadays. The sale of the white goods is deeply overseen by the
good’s characteristics instead of the inspirations exerted by the society. Some behaviour or
the qualities are mutual almost in all the white goods including coherence, product
consistency, low publicity to scientific progressions, narrow investigation and expansion, and
lengthy life expectation of these goods. (Paris, I. (2013).
Some of the characteristics are as follows;
Product consistency;
The advancement in the white goods sector is the result development or the other engineering
activities instead of the detailed official research. The innovation in this sector specifically
comes from the precise, understandable, inner abilities and knowledgeable practices. This
marks white goods difficult to distinguish or altered, and consequently these kinds of goods
seems to be alike among the users. Moreover, innovative advancements and raising
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200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1995
1996
1997
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2008
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2018
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2021
2022
2023
2024
Refrigerators Freezers Combinedsales
11. 5
competition results in lessening of the range of prices between yields in the white goods by
which altered perspectives has been reduced to a great extent for companies. (Bonaglia and
Colpan, 2008)
Low Exposure to Technological Advancement:
White good firms have much of their trust on core technological sources, like their R&D
branches which are for up keeping the product innovation. Modernization from other
branches basically takes place on the basis of purchase of transitional products. Moreover,
with the development in the complementary sectors like craft, lights, furniture and other
related materials also benefits the white goods. Hunger, J. D., (2003)Also the improvements
which are indulge for topmost products, followed rapidly by all the other manufacturers,
apart from the original features, new revolution for any product development does not exist
for more than one year for any company or firm.
Narrow investigation or Research;
From the research point of view, white goods industry made very less effort on the
development of the brand new products or the goods. But they mainly concentrates on the
advancements of the processes used for the sake of improved methods for the manufacturing
of the existing products or the goods as there is strong race between competing companies
from the cost aspect and for to fulfil the advanced consistency demand by the customers or
the buyers.(Nichols and Cam, 2005)
Long life expectation;
Long life expectation for the appliance which comes under white goods and very little
advancement in white goods industry are totally opposite as compared to the brown goods.
However the average life of most of the white goods expected to be more than 12 months
which on the other hand responsible for making very less replacements.
5.2 White Goods Waste:
White goods waste can be defined as the discarded refrigerators, washing machines, dryers
and many other small household appliances. This kind of wastes is always generated by the
consumers and at the inhabited or the marketable servicing plants where the white goods are
accumulated. In the 20th century the recycling of discarded white goods like the refrigerators,
washers and dryers were at the high rate. According to the estimation the MARMA, in 2001
there were 60 million white goods were retailed and sold and after that 41 million appliances
were discarded and out of them 35 million appliances recycled of almost 65 percent of the
total waste stream. (Yang, W., Park, J., Park, S., & Seo, Y. (2015)
Most of the white goods waste comes under the category of E-Waste as most of these
appliances depend upon the electronic current and the electromagnetic field like refrigerators
and washing machines. (Letcher, T. M., & Vallero, D. A. (2011)
12. 6
Quantity and Global White Waste Flow;
For measuring the generation of such kind of waste many methods employed, some of them
are as follows;
1) The market or the sale data of such kind of appliances as such products always
consider the average life span of such products so this can gives the appropriate data
2) The utilisation or the consumption method also used to estimate the average waste
generation by the process of extrapolation
3) The market saturation strategy can also be employed to estimate which means the new
product cannot be manufactured whilst the older ones end life span
The Electronic waste generated in European Union, Asia, and America in 2005 was estimated
by Bastian et al. according to which in the EU for every 457 individuals there would be 7
million Electronic waste on the basis of 15 kilogram per capita annually and out of which the
larger ratio, almost more than 50 percent are large white goods like refrigerators, washing
machines and even 10 percent are other small household goods like dryers, toasters. (Letcher,
T. M., & Vallero, D. A. (2011)
5.3. Consequences ofwhite waste dumping;
As such white goods waste is becoming the headache for all the nations. The white waste is
composed of large number of components or the parts which contains some harmful
substances that can cause the health hazards and environmental problems if not handle or
recycle with great care as it is very often to have such problems without proper recycling as
well as by improper disposal techniques. The trouble by such kind of waste is increasing day
by day not only because of the large production of such appliances but also because of the
dumping of white waste on large scale without recycling as in some developing
countries.(Pinto, V. N. (2008).
5.3.1. Environmental impacts;
All kinds of electronic waste always harm the environment if not handle with care. Many of
them like the refrigerators contain the toxic substances or the refrigerants like
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) i.e. CFC-11 or CFC-12. The emissions of such kind of
refrigerants are very dangerous for the environment. Also the emissions by burning the non-
recyclable waste pollute the air and make the surrounding ugly and even seeps underneath
and pollute the soil. Xing, G. H., Chan, J. K. Y., Leung, A. O. W., Wu, S. C., & Wong, M. H.
(2009).
13. 7
5.3.2. Health hazards;
The toxic or the hazardous substances without proper recycling or care can cause many health
problems includes circulatory or breathing problems, affect the reproductive system, mental
problems as well as kidney problems if injected indirectly. Refrigerants like CFC or
chlorofluorocarbons can cause the toxic damage to the cells and even affect the DNA. Even
the flames from the burning of plastic called the BFRs cause the lung cancer. (Chi, Streicher-
Porte, M., Wang, M. Y., & Reuter, M. A. (2011)
5.4. Characteristics of white goods waste;
Hazardous components in white waste;
As all the white appliances are composed of large ratio of different materials varies in shapes,
sizes and some of them contains the harmful components as well that needs a safe handling
while dismantling of such kind of appliances during recycling methods. As in refrigerators
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) i.e. CFC-11 or CFC-12 are used as the refrigerant and the
emission of such kind of refrigerants are very dangerous for the environment and health.
(Thomas, J. V., Thomas, D. J., & Ross, K. G. (1998). Even compressor oil too needs safe
handling while recycling.
Materials composition of waste;
If we consider the materials used in white goods appliances, we know that white goods
appliances are composed of different types of materials like metals, aluminium, copper, and
steel as well which combined with plastics or ceramics. Many platinum group metals as well
as the precious metals are widely used in manufacturing such kind of durable items so
recycling is must to retrieve such kind of materials from the white goods. (Letcher, T. M., &
Vallero, D. A. (2011)
5.4.1. Hierarchy in Treating Electronic Waste;
Nowadays Recycling, Remanufacturing, reuse as well as the Incineration and landfilling are
some of the processes indulge to treat the discarded or the waste household appliances.
Usually the appliances which sometimes are no longer in use by the first hand consumer can
also be used by the other people like when people upgraded their household goods or
sometimes such kind of goods are donated to the poor people or the institutions. (King,
Burgess, Ijomah, & McMahon, 2006)
Reuse of the appliances after the end of the life span is further used by the inferior market and
this helps in reducing the ratio of the waste stream. This has the major priority on waste
managements.
Remanufacturing on the other hand is the production-based strategy by which the discarded
household appliances are refurbished for to make them a new like item or the appliance in the
market. As remanufacturing is different from recycling in which discarded appliances re
dismantled and then processed to retrieve the materials from such used appliances.
14. 8
Waste hierarchy in treatment of appliances;
Figure source; http://images.slideplayer.com/5/1592072/slides/slide_15.jpg
As depicted from the figure as well that the order of treating such kind of household waste is
to reuse the appliances first after that is the remanufacturing and the last approach could be
the recycling techniques to retrieve the materials from discarded goods before the waste
disposed of to landfills.(King, Burgess, Ijomah, & McMahon, 2004)
However recycling of Electronic waste is very significant not only to treat the white goods
waste but also to retrieve the valuable materials.as when the scrap and the ferrous or non-
ferrous material are used instead of the virgin materials, large amount of energy is saved.
15. 9
5.5. Types of Recycling Processes or Methods:
The recycling methods for treating the used white goods are classified into three main
streams as;
1) Disassembly
2) Upgrading
3) Refining
1) Disassembly: This process is used to dismantle or separate the different components of the
discarded appliances by considering or analysing the shape, size or the structure of the waste
appliances. This is the initiative step, in case of recycling the durable goods like refrigerators,
washing machines for to separate their components like compressors, condensers, cabinets
etc. for further processing of such parts. However it is very important to consider the harmful
and the valuable components or the materials .(De Ron & Penev, 1995)
Common disassembly processes are mentioned below;
Standard
components
(ICs)
Cable
circuit
boards
Large metal
components
Metal
plastic
mixture
Glass Battery
OR
CFCs
Mercury Plastic
(PBB/PBDE
Fig; recycling methods developed by AB in Sweden
(Cui & Forssberg, 2003)
2) Upgrading: Up gradationprocessisusedto upgrade the concentrationof the specificmaterialsby
followingthe otherprocesseslike metallurgicalorthe mechanical methods,the purposebehind
these processesistoprepare the processedmaterialsforpurificationprocesses.
3) Refining process: Refining on the other hand is one of the significant techniques employed in
recyclingtopurifythe materialsafterthe pre-treatmentprocessestorefinesuchdesiredcontentsto
the satisfactory level so that they can be used for manufacturing the new products.
Special
landfillingFurther treatment
Reuse
Special
treatment
Refining
16. 10
5.5.1 Refining methods;
Magnetic separation;
This technique is used to separate the ferrous materials from other non-magnetic materials
Density based separation;
The force of gravitation is used in this process to separate the heavy materials from the light
ones as the different materials have the different specific gravity and density.(Veit et al.,
2005)
Pyro-metallurgical processes
From the last two decades pyro-metallurgical processes, which include melting process,
incineration, smelting process, and chemical reactions, burning in the plasma or the furnace
are used to retrieve the valuable materials from the discarded white goods.(Mabuchi, Kubota,
& Higashi, 1995)
Hydro-metallurgical process
This process is more precise, better and easily controlled as compared to the Pyro-
metallurgical processes. As this process involves the use of the acid solution for refining and
separation processes like solvent adsorption, extraction, concentration, precipitation
processes to retrieve the desired valuable materials (National Academy Press Staff, &
National Research Council (U.S.).
5.5.2. Innovative Recycling Technique;
From the last two decades, with the advancement in the technology or with increasing
demands by the customers for the efficient energy saving appliances, the white goods
industry generate the household appliances on large scale. Side by side recycling strategies
are developed to handle the discarded appliances after the use as otherwise their wastes can
cause serious problems like health related problems and environmental problems as well.
(Bansal, Vineyard, & Abdelaziz, 2011)
So in order to utilise the materials of the discarded appliances and make disposal harmless,
the recycling industry also innovated a lot as compared to the past. As in the past time there
was not an advanced technology or the equipment for recycling, but still there were small
plants which too built to earn the profit by recycling the durable goods by using simple
methods like burn the mixed materials to collect the particular material, washing or
garnishing the materials with acid or dump the others openly. But such kind of methods
causes the serious health or environment problems. (Wernick & Themelis, 1998)
However nowadays the federal government of every country recognised the hazardous aspect
of the discarded appliances and they impose many ordinances or the regulations to improve
the recycling strategies of such kind of goods in their countries. Moreover many small
projects or the plants are built nearby almost all the small and big towns to deal with such
problem. (He, Y., & Xu, Z, 2014)
17. 11
5.5.3. Disposal pathways of large household white goods;
The common disposal line for the major white goods or the domestic appliances like
refrigerators comprises of accumulating such appliances directly from the homes,
consolidation and dismantling processes. Mentioned below is the case of disposal of
refrigerators in Brisbane (Australia).
Fig; Disposal pathway of refrigerators in Brisbane (Australia) source: Department of
Environment, Australian Government, (2015)
The figure above shows the most important pathways for disposing the refrigerators which
includes Kerbside (Brisbane city council) collection (30%) by the local government
authorities or LGA or by the retailers (30%) as well as by the scavengers (30%) followed by
the scrap metal recyclers or the shredder. In this process high proportion of refrigerant gas is
recovered by the local government authorities and by the retailers. However, refrigerant
recovery is very unfortunate in case of the collection done by scavengers, contractors, or
scrap metal recyclers. After retrieving refrigerant or gas, units are then transferred to the
recyclers where they are shredded. Valuable parts like metals are separated and sold.
Shredder floc is landfilled at the end. (Fredenslund, A. M., Scheutz, C., & Kjeldsen, P. (2005)
Rate of disposal of white goods is predicts to be raise from 775,000 appliances annually in
2014 to 930000 appliances or units in 2019 and even after that period the rate is rising by
110000 appliances annually till 2024 as clear from the figure. This rapid increase would be
because of the end of life span of such goods which were purchased between the period of
2002 and 2006, all the data or the forecast is clearly understandable from the figure
mentioned below;
Metals soldMetal recyclers
Retail distribution
centres
Gas consolidation [2]
WTS / landfill
Collected refrigerant gas
Landfill
Degassing
Kerbside collection
Non-ferrous (2,300 t) [3]
Shredder floc (23,200 t) [3]
Degassing
Shredder metal
Ferrous (24,200 t) [3]
Scrap metal
companies
Recycled/stockpiled or
Destroyed by ToxFree
(~30 t) [4]
[4] Values are based on the estimated refrigerant gas per unit at end-of-life and number of
refrigerant units disposed of at-end-of-life (source: see Appendix D of the report).
RRA contractors
Consolidation
~30% [1]
Shredder floc
Consolidation
Household
Consolidation
[1] Retailer and kerbside collection pathways account for 90% of refrigerators and freezers
disposed. The other 10% relates to: householder DIY removal, builder removal and illegal dumping
(source: discussion with industry).
Local Government
Authority
Retailer
Scavenger and
contractor
[3] ~60% of ferrous metals are exported, values are based on the analysis in Section 4.5 for the
2014 calendar year and Table 15 in Appendix C.
Key
Recovered metals
Refrigerant gas
Leakages
Landfill
~30% [1]
~30% [1]
[2] 30 - 40% of refrigerant gas is collected, the remainder is uncollected (source: discussion
with industry).
Notes:
Other ~10% [1]
Uncollected refrigerant gas
(~48 t) [4]
18. 12
Fig; rate of disposal of refrigerators in Brisbane (Australia) by Department of Environment,
Australian Government, (2015)
Again the Sales and disposal rate of major household appliances like refrigerators, freezers
and other large white equipment are shown together from the figure mentioned below;
Fig; Sales and disposals of domestic refrigerators and freezers, source: Department of
Environment, Australian Government, (2015)
Many advanced sustainable recycling strategies to recycle the white goods exist nowadays
and even the same methods are followed by many nations to recycle the discarded appliances
or their parts like refrigerators cabinet, panels, batteries, washing machines, air conditioners
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Combineddisposals Refrigerators Freezers
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1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
Combinedsales Combineddisposals
19. 13
and many more. The common procedure for recycling the used refrigerators is mentioned
below;
5.5.4. Recycling procedure for used Refrigerators;
The following methods or the processes are used to recycle the refrigerators by most
recycling plants;
Fig; refrigerators and freezers disassembling and recycling line.
Retrieved from;
http://www.zygreenmachine.com/uploads/allimg/120721/1_120721150826_1.jpg
As clear from the above diagram, some processes which can take place while processing the
discarded refrigerators or the freezers. Some of the steps are mentioned below;
Step 1
The very first step in recycling the refrigerators and the freezers is the manual disassembling,
which means to dismantle the cabinets of refrigerators and other parts like the boards, wires,
glasses and plastic as well, discussed above. However while dismantling the discarded
refrigerators; manual dismantling and the crushing by the machines methods were used.
Currently manual dismantling technique is widely used to process the discarded refrigerator
as this method recover CFC-11 refrigerant from refrigerators which comprises of
vaporisation of R-11 vesicant, condensation and separation of air from -11 vesicant which is
fully recovered. But in case of machine crushing R-11 releases into the air when insulating
foam (PUR) stripped (He, Y., & Xu, Z. (2014)
Step 2
The next step is to retrieve the refrigerant with great care and keep it in safer place so that it
cannot harm the surrounding.
20. 14
Step 3
Third step in the initiative stage of recycling refrigerators is to strip the major parts like
compressors and condensers.
Step 4
In further step the shredder is used to draw the polyurethane from the air pump of
refrigerators bodies of refrigerators
Last step
Finally to process the other materials like iron, copper and aluminium are separated by
utilising the methods of eddy current separation, magnetic separation and gravitation methods
and are processed by the equipment like urethane foam separator, shredder, ferrous and
nonferrous separator, exhaust foam method, packing method as shown in the figure. At last
the blower is used to release the exhaust fumes and the dust. (Zhengyang Machinery
Equipment Co.Ltd, (2015)
6. Factors Affecting White goods recycling:
6.1. Lower Scrap price;
The retrieval of different kinds of white goods or hardware is essentially determined by the
business sector cost for scrap metal. Metal recyclers from some developed countries send out
the lion's share of scrap metal to developing countries like China and India.
As such the lower price of scrap metal is one of the obstacle in recycling of white goods is
the very cheap rate proposed by the waste scrap yards for the discarded white goods either
big or small. The reason behind this is the non-availability of the mills, which collect this
kind of scrap to recycle. As such the local scrap shredder has to cover long distances to
transport the scrap to such desired mills and they recover such expenses by giving small cost
to the consumers in return of the scrap.(Kaffine, D. T. (2014)
Moreover, nowadays the government of almost all the developed nations imposed many
regulations in recycling of electronic waste by considering the environment safety like the
legislation on removing the hazardous refrigerants from the white waste should be done by
the experienced individuals or authorized personnel only and they also impose the huge
penalty if someone like the local scrap yards breaks this rule. In addition to it the local
scarpers need the official document to be signed by the officials to carry such white waste. As
a result of these factors many local scrap yards closed their businesses. (Perrin, D. (2002).
6.2. Labor Intensive processes;
The initiative steps in recycling are often labor intensive like number of steps are required to
make the waste appliances ready for recycling even before the removal of refrigerant from
the white waste appliances. As also many recycling mills demands the stripped motors,
compressors and other parts of the discarded appliances instead of the whole waste so as to
21. 15
make more profit as the parts of discarded goods can be reuse and moreover can be
remanufacture easily.(Yi, Y. (1999).
6.3. Unawareness;
Unawareness among the consumers is the major barrier in recycling. As the majority of the
individuals do not know how to dispose the major household appliances like refrigerators
when they get old or out of use and even they do not know much about the white goods
recycling practices.( IAER, 2003) So if we consider the attitude of the people towards
recycling of the white goods even, it is almost insignificant. Manufacturers or the producers
are very less concerns about the environment. Profit is their main desire behind the
manufacturing and even the consumers are not much knowledgeable about the environment
issues raised without recycling. (Martin, Williams, & Clark, 2006)
In addition to it the people nowadays have very less time to participate in recycling and even
they don’t withstand or like the problems while participating in recycling practices to store
and then transport such waste to the desired organisations or the destination. (Yau, Y. (2012)
6.4. Lack of Infrastructure;
Waste management infrastructure is defined as the framework to convey waste administration
exercises properly. For instance, landfills, recycling plants, material recuperation offices,
asset recuperation offices and electronic-waste reprocessing offices comprises waste
management infrastructure. Lack of such proper infrastructure becomes the obstacle in the
path of recycling of white goods as the recycling of such kind of waste requires adequate
infrastructure like the better recycling facilities in form of effective recycling machines and
methods and many other equipment to process the waste streams. However many countries
still lack such kind system or infrastructure which results in improper behaviour among
recycling. (Martin, Williams et al. 2006)
7. Case Study; Some comparative factors regarding
recycling systems in regions of the Asia and Europe:
Recycling system in European countries;
E-waste is identified as the waste stream which is sprouting very fast in the European Union,
with approximate of about 20 kg per individual annually. A widespread range of such kind of
waste is thrown away by the users, depending on size of the appliances like small appliances
like toasters as such small goods are easy to dispose as compared to the bigger appliances like
the washing machines and the refrigerators. (Darby, L., & Obara, L. (2005)
22. 16
E-Waste Generation in Europe;
Country Total E-Waste
generation
(Tonnes/year)
category of appliances as E-Waste
Switzerland 66042 Refrigerators, small and large
household appliances
Germany 1100000 Refrigerators, small and large
household appliances
UK 915000 Refrigerators, small and large
household appliances
Denmark 118000 Refrigerators, small and large
household appliances
Reference; (Terazono, A., Murakami, S., Abe, N., Inanc, B., Moriguchi, Y., Sakai, S. I., &
Williams, E. (2006)
In the earlier period of 1990 some of the European Union member dictates especially the
member of Sweden, Germany, and Netherlands to establish their own programs nationally to
deal with the waste problems. But for the whole European Union there is a need to arrange
particular market so that the manufacturing and the actions related to trade were
synchronized. And these measures should be imposed to all the European countries. (Cooper
T.2000)
EU (European Union) declared the following directives;
Waste Incineration Directive(European council directive 2000/76/EC 2000)
End Of Life Vehicle Directive (European council directive 2000/53/EC 2000)
Electronic Waste Management Directive(Proposal COM 2000/0158/2000
Regulations on Extended Producer Responsibility(Williams, 2013)
Waste landfill directive (European council directive 1993/31/EC 1999)
The purpose behind these directives is to check and limit the production of electrical
appliances and also to inspire the individuals and the community to reuse and participate in
the recycling techniques of such kind of wastes. Moreover the regulations also demanding
from the different European countries, the design and the manufacturing methods that can be
used after dismantle the discarded appliances and recover into the new products. Also the EU
also put a restriction on using the hazardous substances to be used in manufacturing such
kind of things as a directive. (Kanari, N., Pineau, J. L., & Shallari, S. (2003)
Instead the different European countries independently made some laws impose on their
individual country like Switzerland which is the first country who organised the first ever
system to collect and recycle the electronic wastes. In spite of the collection of about 68000
tonnes of electronic waste in 2003, the Swiss government effectively gathered all the waste
just because of the good waste management techniques by two PROS (Producer
23. 17
Responsibility Organisations) that is SWICO and S.EN.S from which S.EN.S recycle white
goods waste such as washing machines, refrigerators, ovens and SWICO manages brown
goods wastes like computers, TVs, radios. Also the regulations on E-Waste were imposed in
1998 called ‘The Return, the Taking Back and the Disposal of Electrical and Electronic
Appliances’. Likewise Germany imposed EPR program when it directed the ordinance of
waste packaging called “Toepfer Decree”. The major purpose of this ordinance is to
implement on those who hosted packing facility in the market that to take it back after the
product retailed.
Also in Norway the recycling rates has been rising from the past few decades. In Norway the
recovery of the household waste stream increased from 8 percent in 1992 to 33 percent in
1998. (Statistics Norway, 2000) moreover the federal in Norway set an objective to recycle
or recover at least 75 out 100 discarded appliances till 2010.(Ministry of the Environment,
1999).
Inspired from the Decree law many other European firms formed a new ordinances like Duals
System Deutschland(DSD) which too have a authority to work with the local governments
to accumulate the reusable packaging items or the materials. Also DSD make agreements
with the companies to carefully accumulate the appliances and then successfully delivers
them to the appropriate recycling plants. Also the firms working in such DSD programs must
be permitted from the authorisers to put the sign of GREEN DOT on their wrapping
resources. The GREEN DOT sign which needs to put on the packaging resources indicates
that DSD is working for the later recycling and also it is the symbol which indicates that the
packaging is fully recyclable. In addition to it retailers are ordered to return the product
wrapping without GREEN DOT symbol to the producers or the manufacturers. In this way
they are trying to modify the industrial processes instead of imposing strict governmental
laws. As such the German government is continuously attaining the long period goals of
recycling and reusing. (Short 2004)
As a result of this, in 2001 almost 10 of the European countries follow the GREEN DOT
procedure like Austria, France, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, Sweden, Germany, Portugal,
Spain and Belgium.
Netherland follows the take-back as well as the recycling system to process the white and
brown goods waste and such regulation is still in operation in Netherland. As far Netherland
also build E-Waste recycling system like that of the Switzerland but basically based on the
EPR system. White goods manufacturers assign two PROS who take the responsibility of
recycling such goods. Customers and the purchasers have to give the processing fee for such
recovery and recycling. Two main organisations ion Netherlands who do recycle the metals
from the discarded white waste and electrical goods are the (PROS) NVMP and ICT.
Common procedure followed by these organisations is that when the customers bought white
or brown goods waste they should pay VRF which is the visible recycling fee which goes
directly to the establishments. (Stevels, A. (2001)
Recycling system in Asian countries;
In case of Asian countries, the term recycling is very significant as such nations falter under
the problems of electronic waste. The main reason behind this is that discarded appliances
from the developed countries are transported to these countries as they takes the benefit of the
weak laws regarding environment protection and moreover the cheap labour is easily
available in these countries like India and china. Krishna, M., & Kulshrestha, P. (2008)
24. 18
E-Waste Generation in Asia;
Country Total E-Waste generation
(Tonnes/year)
category of appliances as
E-Waste
China 51480000 TV sets, refrigerators,
washing machine and ACS
Taiwan 53800 TV sets, refrigerators,
washing machine and ACS
Japan 18625000 TV sets, refrigerators,
washing machine and ACS
Thailand 2400000 TV sets, refrigerators,
washing machine and ACS
Reference; (Terazono, A., Murakami, S., Abe, N., Inanc, B., Moriguchi, Y., Sakai, S. I., &
Williams, E. (2006)
So far nowadays many Asian countries are facing some other problems like poverty, illiteracy
and economic crisis which deviates their attention from recycling practices.
If we talk about recycling system India which is the second largest populated country in the
world, it is ineffective even it generates 400000 tonnes of electronic waste annually.
According to the ministry of environment and forest department, only 19000 tonnes of waste
is recycled. (Borthakur, A. (2015). Recycling system, and laws in India are not well
organised as compare to that of the European countries, which has effective systems for
gathering, monitoring, recycling and disposing the discarded household appliances. But on
the other hand many Asian countries are still seeking solutions for sustainably recycle the
household goods.
On comparing the directives with European countries India on the other hand has no such
inclusive national or state-run producer responsibility laws ,even the information technology
is the pacing sector of India. (Jain and Sareen 2006)
India as we know the second largest populated country with population more than 1 billion
(World Bank, 2004). Moreover, India is one of the developing markets of the world and the
local customer demand for goods in India has been rising steeply. Unluckily rising economy
and the sustainability pointers are opposite with one another. The ranks of India among
Environmental Sustainability Index are very poor, that is 101th in 2001. (Esty et al, 2005)
Even in china till 2009 there are no recycling ordinances to recycle or reuse the household
goods which results in long period standing disposal issues. Even there is no local or
domestic authority available in china to collect and recycle domestically. (Yang, Lu et al.
2008)
In case of Japan’s recycling system, their federal imposed first law of recycling in 2001
according to which the retailers should follow the take-back policy for some electronic goods.
However this ordinance was focussed on small household goods but their aim of recycling
goods was uncertain. In addition to it the take-back policy does not postulates the sustainable
25. 19
manufacturing by restricting some materials used in production or in design. (Krishna, M., &
Kulshrestha, 2008)
7.1. Comparative analysis on recycling systems in Asia and
Europe;
Attitude of People and federal towards recycling;
In case of Europe, the European directives prove to be very productive for waste
management. But still the problem of E-Waste recycling exists in some European countries,
the reason behind is that all the local authorities or the haulers and even the main
organisations deal with big or the major household wastes like refrigerators, washing
machine etc. and their parts as these are much profitable and as such they neglecting the
small white goods waste .
In addition to it, in some of the European countries wastes of the small electrical goods are
not considered as the waste stream of primacy as in the UK.WEEE Directive2 (CEC, 2003c).
They give more importance to the waste of the large appliances as for such bigger items there
is an existing system of collection, reuse, recycle and remanufacturing. ( Letsrecycle, 2003)
On the other hand, if we consider the attitude of the people and the federal government
towards recycling of the durables, it is almost insignificant. Manufacturers or the producers
are very less concerns about the environment. Profit is their main desire behind the
manufacturing and even the consumers are not much knowledgeable about the environment
issues raised without recycling. From the federal point of view in India, the government has
approved numerous environment conservation ordinances but their implementation leftovers
doubtful even the pressure put on both the manufacturers and the federal government by
some NGOs who considers about the environment
Moreover if we compare both the regions with respect to the waste management strategies, it
is clear from above case study that the most significant aim of the waste management systems
in such developed European countries is to protect the environment however in the
developing countries like India the waste management focus on all other factors like the
improvement in production, employment improvisation, and recovery of resources.
26. 20
Recycling information or awareness;
Moreover, merely all the recycling procedures and the system in the European countries want
the consumers to participate in the recycling practices. They should alter their current habit of
disposing the general waste and E-Waste or white goods waste together. They should make
some efforts to separate or split the E-Waste from the general household waste. Many of the
European communities do not consider the small electrical and white goods as the hazardous
waste. They see such small E-Waste in the same sense as they consider the other general
waste. That is why the disposal practices takes place very rarely by the consumers.(Martin, et
al., 2006)
Again on comparison with Asia, along with the unawareness other problems like cultural
issue as well as the economic problems exist as well. Majority of the people in India has the
mentality not to throw the durables and in India household goods or appliances are often
catch second and even third hand utiliser and chain goes on like this till the appliance stops
working .In addition to it, many developing countries stuck with some other problems like
unemployment, low economy crisis and many other, such nations gives less concerns to the
recycling industry as in India recycling industry is partially growing even it stuck with other
problems like poverty (Haque et al, 2000).poverty is also the root cause of weak recycling
strategies in developing nations though the cheap labour is available.as such cost of recycling
the parts of appliances is also much less and non-profitable. As such the developed nations
take the advantage of such conditions and make such nations their destination of dumping the
hazardous waste for recycling.(Krishna, M., & Kulshrestha, P. (2008)
Infrastructure;
As infrastructure plays a vital role in the recycling techniques. Also recycling schemes cannot
be achieved whilst proper market is available for recycling such appliances. (Belton, Crowe
et al. 1994) If we compare Asian and Europeans recycling systems on the behalf of the
recycling infrastructure, it depends upon the developing or underdeveloped countries as the
developed countries can spend much of their expenses on the recycling infrastructure like that
of the collection methods, sorting, pre-treatment processes, and ahead sale of such processed
materials or the appliances. Europe’s recycling system is much better than the developing
Asian countries
7.2. Summary of research;
As such the above case study reveals the current status of recycling in some Asian and
European countries and some of the barriers in the recycling as well. However it is very
difficult to retrieve the exact data on the quantity of the materials recycled or the unlawful
dumping of such waste.
However it is clear that in the past time many individuals involved in recycling because at
that time the scrap of such appliances has a good value. There were many scrappers available
at that time that were involve in gathering the discarded appliances and then transport such
waste to the appropriate destinations like scrap yards. Even the labour costs were very low
and even scrap price has a good value in the past time. But on comparison with the modern
times scrappers are hardly found and even many of the individuals left the business due to the
imposition of the strict regulations or the ordinances in the recycling system. Also the other
major barriers are the unawareness among the masses, lack of proper infrastructure and the
adequate or the productive laws of recycling
27. 21
7.3. Areas of improvement;
As it is clear from the above case study that both Asian and European nation making efforts
to reduce the volume of the wastes for the landfills and upsurge the reuse of the materials. In
both the regions the recycling system for the waste appliances has been expanded as the
quantity of such kind of wastes increasing day by day.
On comparing both the systems as in Asia and Europe, some possible areas of improvement
of the recycling systems recognized by improvement of which the problem can be sorted to a
great extent. Some of the potential areas are as follows;
7.3.1. Recycling Education or Awareness;
As for the easy flow recycling procedures, people’s cooperation is necessary. So the
individuals should be given the better information on recycling of white goods. The
authorities should encourage the people towards recycling also by providing rewards on
giving good recycling results or outcomes. As it is the fact that individuals can contribute
only if the processes are profitable from environment and economy point of view. So
individuals are encouraged or educated to cooperate with the recycling procedures, as such
awareness drives the recycling or the waste management processes easily. Hosoda, E. (2007)
in addition, the consumers are encouraged to ruse the old appliances. Moreover the repair
shops involvement with recycling strategies would also give the productive results.(Kojima,
M., Yoshida, A., & Sasaki, S. (2009)
In addition to it the retailers should give the recycling information of every particular white
good to the customers so that the consumers can have the best knowledge about the disposal
of that particular appliance after get used. Moreover the masses are educated enough about
the issues or the problems raised by white waste.
7.3.2. Productive Recycling infrastructure;
As mentioned above in some Asian countries like china, no local mills or infrastructure as
well as no local recycling authority is available to collect and recycle the goods. Also
recycling processes cannot be achieved whilst proper market available for recycling. (Belton,
Crowe et al. 1994)
The government should build or provide the recycling infrastructure to such places so that
scrappers can easily approach to such sites instead to transport the waste recyclable goods to
the long distances. As such the local markets would diminish the transportation expenses.
Moreover the government should provide grants or subsidizes so that more and more people
get indulge into the recycling system.
The authorities should organise the small collection programs which can be effective to
gather the white goods waste on large scale and they can install the better designed
equipment which can sorted the discarded appliances easily and effectively.
7.3.3. Proper Enforcement of laws;
So far there is a shortage of authorise bodies for the effective imposition of regulations or
ordinances, as a result of which the individuals don’t care about the existing recycling
techniques. The government should impose the heavy fines to the individuals who involved
in illegal dumping act. Also they should enrol some authorise people who will catch such
illegal dumpers. However the problem can be sorted only with the effective recycling laws
28. 22
like that in the developed countries. Proper incentives to the landfills should be provided for
proper sortation and recycling white goods. Landfills also provided with some productive
resources or the equipment to deal with the wastes from white goods. Because incentives are
always prove to be the better solution than that of the enforcement. Federal governments can
impose the comprehensive recycling laws along with the fines or compensation schemes
which can encourage the masses towards recycling.
8. Conclusion:
In conclusion, as it is depicted from the accumulated information that there is a strong need
for improvisation in system for white goods recycling. Governments impose recycling
ordinances, fines and recycling fee in this regard. But there are other barriers which should be
corrected like lower scrap prices, labour intensive tasks like the removal of refrigerants and
other parts from appliances, unwillingness to pay the recycling fee by the consumers, lack of
infrastructure and many more. All these factors need to be corrected or modified for to make
the recycling of white goods effective. Some effective recommendations are given based on
the accumulated information and understanding. These recommendations can be considered
as the productive steps towards the effective recycling strategies.
9. Recommendations:
Some possible recommendations that can be coined on the basis of the information collected
and understanding are as follows;
1) Provide adequate data or knowledge on white goods recycling;
As the large number of individuals is not aware much or they do not have information about
the disposal of white goods and its recycling, as the recycling of white goods came into
existence in the past few years when there was the realisation of threat from the electronic
waste to the humanity and environment as well. So the proper and up to date information
regarding the disposal of discarded appliances should be provided to the customers or the
consumers by the retailers or the dealers so that they can follow the right path while disposing
the white goods when they stop working and also the authorities should organise the white
waste management based programs to educate the people or make them aware about the
importance of recycling of white goods as well as make them realise some negative impacts
which can harm the environment and the human health without proper disposal of the
discarded appliances or without recycling. Such kind of small scale programs can helps a lot
to encourage the individuals towards recycling.
In addition, masses are not aware about the locations of small even large recycling plants as
well as they are not much knowledgeable about the free and the on call recycling or
collecting services. Here the possibilities can be to raise the awareness about recycling are the
advertisements through televisions, radios and even by the billboards or by the posters.
29. 23
2) Adequate Collection and Processing infrastructure
Lack of such proper infrastructure becomes the obstacle in the path of recycling of white
goods as the recycling of such kind of waste requires adequate infrastructure like the better
recycling facilities in form of effective recycling machines and methods and many other
equipment to process the waste streams moreover the problems of landfill arise from the
regional or far off places because at such kind of places lack proper infrastructure or the
recycling industry.
Moreover it is very difficult to find the contractors or the authorisers that can remove the
refrigerant or the other parts from the appliances and process further. So the government
should build the small recycling plants and encourage the market for scrap metal at such sites
that deal with the white goods waste and provide them the proper and adequate recycling
facilities like the collection system or install the small recycling equipment like the shredder
which is a kind of machine to cut the waste and reduce its weight and other kind of machines
like crushing machine to convert the large waste stream into the smaller foil along with the
proper collection methods.
Likewise, the State Government ought to give some level of subsidizing that gives discounts,
tax benefits and decreased premium advances to the private sector which indulge in
recycling. In addition, the individuals or many small enterprises that left their recycling
businesses due to the strict regulations imposed on recycling the electronic waste, they should
be encourage by providing the assistance like necessary permits, subsidizes, grants, helps the
small enterprises to collect the white goods waste and certification of refrigerant extraction.
Moreover if the government provide incentives on the basis of tons of waste they recycled or
on the basis of recycling the white goods per household basis, they can make more profit with
the upsurge in the recycling ratio. This is a decent move from past practices, as the scrappers
or the local recyclers can evaluate the profit they can anticipate from instalments per family
unit. Likewise they can sensibly extend the measure of income they can anticipate from
recycling tonnage.
The concerned state authorities can encourage the waste collection programs at district levels
they might be more costly but such programs assists in collecting the discarded goods on
large scale. Prices of the scrap metal can be improved as well as reduced the cost of
refrigerant dismantling or evacuated processes if all the individuals and the waste
management system work corporately.
30. 24
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