#1 INTRODUCTION-The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulphur. Plastics are macromolecules, formed by polymerization and having the ability to be shaped by the application of reasonable amount of heat and pressure or any other form of forces. It is one of the few new chemical materials which pose environmental problem. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in the manufacturing of plastics. ##2Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrial growth have led to severe problem of waste generation in urban centres. The waste quantities increased from 46 million tones in 2001 to 65 million tones in 2010. Report says that per capita per day production will increase to 0.7 kg in 2050. The characteristics of waste depends on various factors such as food habits, traditions, lifestyle, climate etc. for more contect

1. PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT
Submitted by:
Amarjeet Kaur
MBA 1st
Roll no.49077

2.  The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various
elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine,
and sulphur.
 Plastics are macromolecules, formed by polymerization and having
the ability to be shaped by the application of reasonable amount of
heat and pressure or any other form of forces.
 It is one of the few new chemical materials which pose
environmental problem.
 Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in the
manufacturing of plastics.

3.  Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrial growth have
led to severe problem of waste generation in urban centres.
 The waste quantities increased from 46 million tones in 2001 to
65 million tones in 2010.
 Report says that per capita per day production will increase to
0.7 kg in 2050.
 The characteristics of waste depends on various factors such as
food habits, traditions, lifestyle, climate etc.

4.  Polyethylene terephthalate
 high density polyethylene
 V (Vinyl) or PVC
 LDPE (low density polyethylene)
 PP (polypropylene)
 PS (polystyrene)
 Miscellaneous

7.  Plastic pollute beaches & oceans.
 Plastic bags litter the landscape.

8.  Plastic bags kill animals.
 During product manufacturing various types of gases are
released.
 Indiscriminate plastic waste disposal on land makes the land
infertile due to its impervious nature.
 Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon
Monoxide, Chlorine, Hydrochloric Acid, Dioxin, Furans, Amines,
Nitrides, Styrene, Benzene, 1, 3- butadiene, CCl4, and
Acetaldehyde.

9.  Sub-standard plastic bags, films etc. pose problem in collection
and recycling.
 Littered plastics give unaesthetic look and choke the drain.
 Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing
facilities and also cause problems in landfill operations.
 Lead and Cadmium pigments, commonly used in LDPE, HDPE and
PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach out.
 Non-recyclable plastic wastes poses disposal problem.
 BPA problem in humen urine.
 thyroid hormone axis

10.  Disposal of plastic waste is a serious concern in India. New
technologies have been developed to minimize their adverse
effect on the environment.
Figure 1: Co-processing of plastic waste plastic Waste Management

11.  Recycling of plastics through environmentally
sound manner
 Plastics recycling technologies have been historically divided into
four general types- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.
 Steps Involved in the Recycling Process:
 Selection: The recyclers/reprocessors have to select the waste
/scrap which are suitable for recycling/ reprocessing.
 Segregation: The plastics waste shall be segregated as per the
codes mentioned in the BiS guidelines.
 Processing: After selection and segregation of the preconsumer
waste (factory waste) shall be directly recycled. The post
consumer waste (used plastic waste) shall be washed, shredded,
agglomerated, extruded and granulated.

12.  Landfilling
 Landfill is the conventional approach to waste
management, but space for landfills is becoming scarce in
some countries.
 A well-managed landfill site results in limited immediate
environmental harm beyond the impacts of collection and
transport, although there are long-term risks of
contamination of soils and groundwater by some additives
and breakdown by products in plastics, which can become
persistent organic pollutants.
 A major drawback to landfills from a sustainability aspect
is that none of the material resources used to produce the
plastic is recovered.

13.  Incineration
 Incineration reduces the need for landfill of plastics waste,
however, there are concerns that hazardous substances
may be released into the atmosphere in the process.
 Incineration can be used with recovery of some of the
energy content in the plastic.
 The useful energy recovered can vary considerably
depending on whether it is used for electricity generation,
combined heat and power, or as solid refuse fuel for co-
fuelling of blast furnaces or cement kilns.

14.  Negative effects of incineration
 Exhaust Gases
 Contaminated Ashes’
 Waste to Energy

15.  Polymer Blended Bitumen Road
 A brief description of the technique used in laying road using
plastic waste is given in figure.

16.  The following types of waste plastic can be used in the
construction of rural roads:
 Films ( Carry Bags, Cups) thickness up to 60micron (PE, PP and
PS)
 Hard foams (PS) any thickness
 Soft Foams (PE and PP) any thickness.
 Laminated Plastics thickness up to 60 micron (Aluminum coated
also) packing materials used for biscuits, chocolates, etc.,
 Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) sheets or Flux sheets should not be used
in any case.

17.  Characteristics of the process:
 Easy process without any new machinery
 Simple process without any industry involvement
 In situ process
 Use of lesser % of bitumen and thus savings on bitumen resource
 Use of plastics waste for a safe and eco-friendly process
 Both Mini Hot Mix Pland and Central Mixing Plant can be used
 Only aggregate is polymer coated and bitumen is not modified
 No evolution of any toxic gases like dioxin
 Fly ash can also be used to give a better performance

18.  Merits of Polymer Blended Bitumen Roads
 Stripping and pothole formation
 Leaching
 Effect of Bleeding
 Effect of fly ash
 Demerits of Polymer Blended Bitumen Roads
There is no observable demerit either in this process or in the road
characteristics. For the last several years various roads have been
laid using waste plastics are functioning well.

19.  Plastic Road Laid in India by different Govt. Authorities:
 Tamil Nadu Government
 Kerala Government
 Pondichery Government- PWD
 Goa Government- Ponda municipality
 Maharashtra Government - Mumbai Corporation
 Andhra Pradesh Government- Hindpur - Private sector

20.  Co-processing of Plastic waste in Cement Kiln
 Co-processing of plastic waste as Alternative Fuel and
Raw Material (AFR).
 Co-processing indicate substitution of primary fuel and raw
material by waste.
 Waste material such as plastic waste used for co-processing are
referred to as alternative fuels and raw material (AFR).
 One of the advantage of recovery method used in existing facility
is eliminating the need to invest on other plastic waste practices
and to secure land filling.

21.  Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT)
 Pyrolysis is the thermal disintegration of carbonaceous material
in oxygen-starved atmosphere.
 The intense and versatile heat generation capabilities of Plasma
Pyrolysis technology enable it to dispose of all types of plastic
waste including polymeric, biomedical and hazardous waste in a
safe and reliable manner.
 When optimized, the most likely compounds formed are
methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen carbon dioxide and water
molecules.

22.  Conversion of Plastics Waste into liquid fuel
 The entire process is undertaken in closed reactor vessel
followed by condensation, if required.
 Waste plastics while heating upto 2700 to 3000 C convert into
liquid-vapour state, which is collected in condensation chamber
in the form of liquid fuel.
 The tarry liquid waste is topped-down from the heating reactor
vessel.
 The organic gas is generated which can be used in dual fuel
diesel generator set for generation of electricity.

23. Figure 2: Schematic flow diagram of process.

25.  The plastic carry bags used for the purpose of carrying or
dispensing commodities but don’t include these bags which are
integral part of packaged products. The thickness of bag shall not
be <40µ;
 Carry bags can also be made from compostable plastics
conforming IS/ISO:17088:2008;
 Multilayered pouches or sachets used for packaging of gutkha
etc. shall not use plastic material in any form;
 Every carry bags made from plastic shall bear a label or mark
“recycled” as per IS:14534:1998. Each carry bag made from
“Compostable Material” shall bear a label “Compostable” & shall
conform to IS/ISO:17088:2008;

26.  Each State Government shall for constitute a State Level Advisory
(SLA) Body to monitor implementation of Rules. This body shall
meet once in a year and may invite experts, if it considers
necessary.
 No carry bag shall be made available free of cost by retailers to
consumers. The concerned Municipal Authority may be
notification determine the minimum price for carry bags in order
to encourage re-use so as to minimize plastic waste generation;

27.  Plastic Waste Management has assumed great significance in view
of the urbanisation activities.
 Various strategies are being devised to mitigate the impact of
plastic waste in India.
 Some significant challenges still exist from both technological
factors and from economic or social behaviour issues relating to
the collection of recyclable wastes, and substitution for virgin
material.