Implementation of magnetized water to improve the properties of concrete

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43
IJCIET
©IAEME
IMPLEMENTATION OF MAGNETIZED WATER TO
IMPROVE THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Ali S. Faris1, Riadh Al-Mahaidi2, Awad Jadooe3
1Faculty of Education, Al-iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq.
2Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne Institute of Technology,
Melbourne, Australia.
3Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne Institute of Technology, Melbourne,
Australia.
Karbala University, Karbala, Iraq.
ABSTRACT
This research examines the properties of fresh and hardened concrete for different mixes
prepared with magnetized water (MW). MW is also used to investigate the reduction in the amount
of cement required to achieve specified compressive strengths. 149 cylinders were prepared for all
mixes to determine concrete properties. For the purpose of comparison, similar cylinders were
prepared using ordinary tap water. MW was prepared by passing the tap water through devices of
different magnetic strengths 6000 and 9000 Gauss at the same velocity.
The results showed that, in most cases, fresh concrete made with MW has higher slump
values than that made with tap water (up to 35%). The compressive and splitting strengths of the
concrete samples with MW were higher than those of the concrete samples with tap water, with the
highest increase (up to 20%) being at the magnetic intensity of 9000 Gauss. With the same slump
and compressive strength, cement content can be reduced by 7.5% by the use of MW.
Keywords: Magnetized Water, Workability, Compressive Strength, Splitting Strength.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is basically a mixture of aggregate, cement, and water. The paste, comprised of
cement and water, binds the aggregates (usually sand and gravel or crushed stone) into a rock-like
mass as the paste hardens because of the chemical reaction of the cement and water. Supplementary
cementation materials and chemical admixtures may also be included in the paste. The binding

2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 43-57 © IAEME
quality of cement paste is due to the chemical reaction between the cement and water, called
hydration. Almost any natural water that is drinkable and has no pronounced taste can be used as
mixing water for making concrete [1].
44
The strength at any particular age is both a function of the original water-cement ratio and the
degree to which the cement has hydrated. Hydration needs a specific quantity of water, and the water
used in the concrete mix is always much more than required. The additional water increases the
workability of the concrete [2, 3].
Water is commonly described either in terms of its nature, usage, or origin. These
descriptions range from being highly specific to so general as to be non-definitive. After passing
through a magnetic field of certain strength, water is called magnetized water (MW) [4].
The improvement of the characteristics of concrete by the molecular structure of MW has
been explained by [5]. Water molecules are a polar substance, which tends to be attracted to each
other by hydrogen bonding and forms clusters. The breakdown of water molecules clusters into small
clusters by using magnetic treatment of water which allow easily penetrate into cementatous grains
and that leads to effective hydration which gave improvement of concrete durability.[6] has provided
a complete review of the field of MW. Each cluster contains about 100 water molecules at room
temperature. In a magnetic field, magnetic force can break apart water clusters into a single
molecules or smaller clusters as shown in Fig. (1), thus improving the activity of water. The true
mechanism still remains to be solved, since many phenomena in liquid states have not been
satisfactorily explained.
(a) (b)
Fig. (1): Difference in size of water clusters (a) Clusters of molecules in regular water (b) Clusters of
molecules in magnetized water
Little research has been conducted to detect the properties of concrete produced with MW.
Using MW in concrete mixtures causes an improvement in workability, and the compressive and
splitting tensile strengths of concrete. This processed water also causes a reduction in the cement
content required for the specified compressive strength. The results of tests showed that concrete
made with MW, has higher slump values than those prepared with tap water (up to 45%). Also, the
compressive strength of the concrete prepared with magnetized water was higher than that of the tap
water concrete samples (up to 18%). In some cases, with the same slump and compressive strength,
cement content can be reduced by 28% in the case of magnetic concrete [7].

3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 43-57 © IAEME
45
The compressive strength and workability of mortar and concrete, which were mixed with
magnetized water and contained granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) was investigated. The test
variables included the magnetic strength of water, the content of GBFS in place of cement, and the
water-to-binder ratio (W/B). Test results showed that the compressive strength of the mortar samples
mixed with magnetically treated water of 0.8-1.35 T increased 9-19% more than those mixed with
tap water. Similarly, the compressive strength of concrete prepared with magnetically treated water
increased 10-23% more than that of the tap water samples. In particular, the best increase in
compressive strength of concrete is achieved when the magnetic strength between 0.8 and 1.2 T. It is
also found that magnetically treated water improved the fluidity of mortar, the slump, and the degree
of hydration of concrete [4].
[8] Studied the effect of MW on the engineering properties of concrete and concluded that the
strength of concrete prepared with MW increased by 10 to 20 %, when the magnetic flux density was
1.2 Tesla.
[7] Conducted tests to study the improvement of the mechanical properties of high strength
concrete by magnetized water technology and reported that the compressive strength of concrete
made with magnetized water was up to 18% higher than that made with tap water. The slump values
of the concrete made with magnetized water were up to 45% higher than the slump values of the
control mixes.
[9] Found increased cement dough durability when they treated it magnetically. They also
observed improvement in other properties of cement dough, including compressive strength 54%,
tension strength 39%, adhesion of dough 20% and decreases in initial and final setting times of about
39% and 31% respectively.
2. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
Magnetized water has a promising place in the production of concrete with good properties.
This paper reports on an experimental study that aims to give engineers more confidence in the use
of magnetized water in concrete production. Tests were conducted on three different types of mixes
to investigate the effect of magnetized water on the mechanical properties of fresh and hardened
concrete.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
This study investigates the workability, compressive strength and splitting strength of
different concrete mixes prepared using magnetized water. Moreover, the effect of magnetized water
of different field strengths on the engineering properties of fresh concrete is examined.
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Cement
The same type of Geelong general purpose cement (G.P), the product of Geelong Cement
(Australia) was used for all concrete mixes. It conforms to the Australian standard (AS 3972). The
physical properties of the cement used are presented in Table (1).
Table (1): Physical properties of Geelong cement
Surface area (m2/kg) 330-410
Specific gravity (kg/m3) 3150

4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
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3.1.2 Fine and coarse aggregate
Red sand and crushed gravel from local quarries in Victoria, Australia were used to prepare
the concrete mixes. The specific gravity of the sand and gravel were 2.55 and 2.60, respectively. The
maximum nominal sizes of the gravel were 7, 10 and 20 mm.
3.1.3 Water magnetization unit
For the magnetization of the water, two magnetic devices were designed and manufactured in
the workshop at Swinburne University of Technology. These devices create magnetic strengths of
6000 Gauss and 9000 gauss, each has more than three stages to confirm good efficiency, as shown in
Fig. (2).
Fig. (2): One of magnetic devices used in the present study
A pump was used for the circulation of water in the magnetizer. The water velocity value
through the magnetic devices was rated at 1000 mm/sec and the water circulation time was equal to 5
minutes. Drinking water from the Concrete laboratory at Swinburne University was used in this
research for both magnetized and tap water. It conforms to the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines
(2011). Reference number: EH52
3.1.4 Concrete mixes
In order to investigate the effect of using MW, three concrete mixes were prepared with
different mix proportions: 1: 1.87: 3.37 mix A; 1: 1.5: 3 mix B; and 1: 1.7: 2.54 mix C. The absolute
weight method of concrete mix design was employed to design all the concrete mixes. These three
mixes were prepared first with normal water and the same mixes were also prepared with magnetized
water at the same velocity, the same magnetization time and two different magnetic intensities. The
experimental variables were the type of the water (tap or magnetized), the magnetic strength, the
water-cement ratio, and the cement content. For the purpose of comparison, the concrete mixes were
produced with magnetized water and with the same slump test of tap water for the same mix. Also
for comparison purposes, the present paper investigates the method of improving the strength of a
given grade of concrete by reducing the amount of cement in a mix without affecting the other
properties of the concrete by replacing normal water with magnetized water for the mixing of
ingredients in concrete. Table (2) summarizes the details of these mixes and the samples were tested
at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days.

5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
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47
Table (2): Details of concrete mix proportions
Mix Type of
water
Magnetic
intensity
(Gauss)
Cement
(kg)
Aggregate (kg) w/c %
Sand (7+10) by weight
(mm)
20
(mm)
A NTa 0 380 711 500 782 0.55
A1 MTb 6000 380 711 500 782 0.55
A2 MT 9000 380 711 500 782 0.55
A3 MT 9000 380 711 500 782 0.53
B NT 0 400 600 240 960 0.43
B1 MT 6000 400 600 240 960 0.43
B2 MT 9000 400 600 240 960 0.43
B3 MT 9000 400 600 240 960 0.42
B4 NT 0 370 600 240 960 0.43
B5 MT 6000 370 600 240 960 0.43
B6 MT 9000 370 600 240 960 0.43
C NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.48
C1 MT 6000 420 714 715 352 0.48
C2 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.48
C3 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.47
C4 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.50
C5 NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.50
a = not treated.
b = magnetic treated.
3.1.5 Experimental Methods
Magnetized and tap water were used for the concrete mixing. The constituents were weighed
using an Oahu Defender 5000 series bench scale and then mixed in a rotating 120L pan (Bennett
Equipment), in accordance with ASTM C192-98. After mixing the concrete for two minutes, a slump
test according to ASTM C-143-90a was undertaken on the concrete mixture to ensure that it was
within the design value and to study the effect of magnetic water replacement on the workability of
concrete. The concrete was then poured into standard cylinders 100mm in diameter and 200mm long,
and compacted using a vibrating table (Treviolo, 100w, Italy). The specimens were demoulded after
24 hours, cured in water and then tested at room temperature at the required age to study the effect of
magnetic water replacement on the compressive and splitting strengths of concrete.
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Fresh and hardened concrete tests
3.2.1.1 Concrete workability
Slump tests were carried out to check the fresh concrete properties using magnetized or tap
water (see Fig. (3)). the slump is a good measure of the total water content in the mix. The slump of
all cases of concrete mixes was carried out according to ASTM C143. The results of the tests are
summarized in Table (3), and drawn in Fig. (7).

6. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
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3.2.1.2 Compressive and splitting
43-57 © IAEME
Fig. (3): slump test
All the samples were standard cylindrical specimens 100mm diameter
Fig. (4)), and were tested immediately after being removed from water using a servo compression
testing machine YAW-3000, China, as shown in
nine cylinders were cast for each mix, and three samples were tested a
curing. Three cylinders were prepared for each mix in order to determine the 28 day splitting
strength of concrete (see Fig. (6)). The compressive strength testing of all cylinders was carried out
according to ASTM C39, using a l
carried out according to ASTM C496
was taken as the average value of three specimens. The results for the tested specimens are
summarized in Table (7).
Fig. (4): standard cylindrical
sample
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The concrete sample prepared with MW achieved better performance, as shown by the
comparison of concrete properties of the specimens prepared with normal water and those prepared
with MW. The properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened states were compared to evaluate the
effect of using MW.
48
strength
Fig. (5). To determine the compressive strength,
after 7, 14, and 28 days of
loading rate of 2.36 kN/s, and the splitting strength testing was
C496-96 using a loading rate of 0.63 kN/s. The compressive strength
Fig. (5): compression testingFig. (6):
machine
– 6308 (Print),
and 200mm long, (see
fter oading Splitting strength test

7. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
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4.1.1 Slump of fresh concrete with magnetic field intensity

8. Concrete mixes
49
4.1 Slump of fresh concrete (Workability)
Slump tests were conducted on all concrete mixes prepared with either tap or magnetized
water, and the results are shown in Table (3). An increase between 40 to 90 % was achieved in slump
when magnetized water was used, as Fig. (7) Indicates. These results are consistent with those of
previous researchers [7, 10, 11, and 12].
Table (3): Slump of Fresh Concrete
Mix Type of
water
Magnetic
intensity
(Gauss)
Cement
(kg)
Aggregate (kg) w/c %
by weight
Slump
Sand (7+10) (mm)
(mm)
20
(mm)
A NTa 0 380 711 500 782 0.55 25
A1 MTb 6000 380 711 500 782 0.55 38
A2 MT 9000 380 711 500 782 0.55 45
A3 MT 9000 380 711 500 782 0.53 24
B NT 0 400 600 240 960 0.43 40
B1 MT 6000 400 600 240 960 0.43 56
B2 MT 9000 400 600 240 960 0.43 62
B3 MT 9000 400 600 240 960 0.42 38
B4 NT 0 370 600 240 960 0.43 35
B5 MT 6000 370 600 240 960 0.43 52
B6 MT 9000 370 600 240 960 0.43 55
C NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.48 21
C1 MT 6000 420 714 715 352 0.48 36
C2 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.48 40
C3 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.47 22
C4 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.50 70
C5 NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.50 30
Slump (mm)
Fig. (7): Slump values for the concrete mixes

9. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
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Mix Type of water Magnetic intensity
(Gauss)
A NTa 0 0.55 25
A1 MTb 6000 0.55 38
A2 MT 9000 0.55 45
B NT 0 0.43 40
B1 MT 6000 0.43 56
B2 MT 9000 0.43 62
C NT 0 0.48 21
C1 MT 6000 0.48 36
C2 MT 9000 0.48 40
Magnetic field intensity (Gauss)
50
As shown in Table (4) and Fig. (8), the slump values increase by using the magnetic field as
in, or when comparing between Mixes A, B, C produced with normal water and Mixes A1, B1, C1
produced with magnetized water, also these values increases by increasing the magnetic field
intensities, as in or between the Mixes A1, B1, C1 and Mixes A2, B2, C2.
Table (4): Slump of Fresh Concrete with Magnetic field intensity
w/c %
by weight
Slump (mm
Fig. (8): Effect of magnetic field intensity on the slump
Slump
(mm)
The reason for this phenomenon can be explained as follows. Magnetic devices include one
or more permanent magnets, which induce changes and effects on ions and water molecule clusters
passing through its magnetic field. A magnetic field has a considerable effect on clusters of water
molecules and causes the decrease of the number of water molecules in it (see Fig. (1)). Such a
decrease of molecules also happens with increasing magnetic field intensity, which causes more
participation of water molecules in the cement hydration reaction [13, 14]. Also, when water is
mixed with cement, cement particles are surrounded by water molecule clusters. In the case of
magnetized water, in which the clusters have a smaller size and lower density, the thickness of the
water layer around the cement particle is thinner than in the case of tap water.

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4.1.2 Slump of fresh concrete with different cement contents
Cement content (kg)
51
The slump values for the mixes B2 and B6 at the magnetic intensity 9000 Gauss, increases
with increasing the amount of cement, in spite of equal proportion of water-cement ratio, see Table
(5) and Fig. (9).
Table (5): Slump of fresh concrete with different cement contents
Mix Type of
water
Magnetic
intensity
(Gauss)
Cement
(kg)
Aggregate (kg) w/c %
by weight
Slump
Sand (7+10) (mm)
(mm)
20
(mm)
B NTa 0 400 600 240 960 0.43 40
B1 MTb 6000 400 600 240 960 0.43 56
B2 MT 9000 400 600 240 960 0.43 62
B4 NT 0 370 600 240 960 0.43 35
B5 MT 6000 370 600 240 960 0.43 52
B6 MT 9000 370 600 240 960 0.43 55
Slump (mm)
Fig. (9): Effect of cement content on the slumpat 9000 Gauss
Fig. (9), shows the slump variations in concrete samples with different cement contents. It
can be concluded that the effect of the magnetic field increases at higher cement content and w/c
ratio, and the slump of the samples improves. The reason for this phenomenon can be explained as
follows. In mixes with higher cement content, more water is required to surround the cement
particles, and, faced with the low gathering of molecules in magnetic water and, in this regard, in the
case of magnetic water, we need to lower the water volume for the surrounding cement particles and,
as a result, a high rate of water shall be applicable for more efficiency.
4.1.3 Slump of fresh concrete with higher water to cement ratios
The water -cement ratio was studied for both tap and magnetized water. As expected, the
values of slump were found to be highly affected by the water cement ratio (w/c). Increasing the w/c
ratio from 0.48 to 0.5 (mixes C, C5, C2 and C4) resulted in 45% and 110% increases in the slump
values for the tap and magnetized water, respectively, See Table (6) and Fig. (10), below.

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!!
#
#
#
#

12. Concrete mixes
52
Table (6): Slump of fresh concrete with higher water-cement ratios
Mix Type of
water
Magnetic
intensity
(Gauss)
Cement
(kg)
Aggregate (kg) w/c %
by weight
Slump
Sand (7+10) (mm)
(mm)
20
(mm)
C NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.48 21
C5 NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.50 30
C2 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.48 40
C4 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.50 70
Slump (mm)
Fig. (10): Slump of concrete mixes using higher water-cement ratios
4.2 Mechanical properties of hardened concrete
4.2.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete
For all concrete mixes, the compressive strengths at 7, 14 and 28 days are recorded in Table
(7) and depicted in Fig. 11, 12, 13 and 14 for mixes A, A1, A2; B, B1, B2; and C, C1, C2
respectively which were fabricated with magnetic water at different magnetic field intensities. Also
drawn in Fig. (15) the compressive strength at 28 days and 9000 Gauss for mixes (A, A2, A3), (B,
B2, B3) and (C, C2, C3) to compare between them, on the basis of;
1- type of water (magnetized or tap water) as in mixes A, A3; B, B3; and C, C3 when the mixes
A, B, C were fabricated with tap water and A3, B3, C3 fabricated with magnetized water, provided
that the slump is equal in both cases, this means the amount of magnetized water less than the
amount of tap water.
2- type of water (magnetized or tap water) as in mixes A, A2; B, B2; and C, C2 when the mixes
A2, B2, C2 fabricated with magnetized water, but does not require that the slump is equal in both
cases, this means the amount of magnetized water is equal than the amount of tap water.
Finally, the 7, 14, and 28 days compressive strengths of mix B6, which had a low cement content of
7.5 % and was fabricated with magnetic water at 9000 Gauss, are shown in Fig. (16), with the
corresponding results for tap water mix B. The values for the compressive strength of the concrete
mixes fabricated with magnetized water at 7, 14 and 28 days of age were higher than those for the
concrete mixes fabricated with tap water. The percentages of increase of compressive strength at all
ages ranged from 10% to 19%.
To date, the most accepted hypothesis is that under the action of magnetic field, the clusters
or molecules groups of tap water which have been linked together with hydrogen bonds will be cut
or damaged. Consequently, it will break into groups of small molecules or individual water
molecules. Changes in the connections between molecules of magnetic water can lead to physical
properties changes in magnetic water, such as surface tension. When water is magnetized, the surface

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tension is indeed decreased. When the hydration reaction between cement and water takes place on
the surface of the cement particles, a thin layer of hydration products is thus formed that hinders
further hydration of the cement particles. However, magnetic water molecules can easily penetrate
the cement particles, allowing a more complete hydration process to occur and enhancing the
mechanical strength of concrete [11].
53
Table (7): Hardened concrete test results
Mix Magnetic
intensity
(Gauss)
Splitting tensile
strength
(28-days)
(MPa)
Hardened concrete test results Slump
Compressive (mm)
strength
(7-days)
(MPa)
Compressive
strength
(14-days)
(MPa)
Compressive
strength
(28-days)
(MPa)
A 0 3.2 32.1 39.1 41.8 25
A1 6000 3.7 34.7 38.9 44.46 38
A2 9000 3.7 35.3 41.3 45.7 45
A3 9000 3.8 40.1 45.62 48.8 24
B 0 2.6 25.1 27.8 29.7 40
B1 6000 3 27 30.1 34.6 56
B2 9000 3 27.6 32.3 36.1 62
B3 9000 3.2 28.6 35.3 39.8 38
B4 0 2.6 24.8 25.9 27 35
B5 6000 2.8 26.5 30 32.8 52
B6 9000 3 27 31.9 34.5 55
C 0 3.3 38.55 42.3 47.4 21
C1 6000 3.5 40.34 43.7 49.1 36
C2 9000 3.6 39.23 44.1 50.2 40
C3 9000 4.0 43.2 49.5 54.3 22
4.2.2 Compressive strength of concrete with magnetic field intensity
$
$ !!
$ !!
Fig. (11): Compressive strength at different
magnetic field intensities for mixes A, A1, and
A2
$
$ !!
$ !!
Fig. (12): Compressive strength at different
magnetic field intensities for mixes B, B1, and
B2
Compressive strength (MPa)
Time (days)
Compressive strength (MPa)
Time (days)

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% '
!!

15. Compressive strength (MPa)
Concrete mixes

16. Concrete mixes
54

17. $

18. $ !!

19. $ !!
Time (days)
Fig. (13): Compressive strength at
Compressive strength (MPa)
different magnetic field intensities for mixes
C, C1, and C2
Fig. (14): Compressive strength (28 days)
results
4.2.3 Compressive strength of concrete at same slump with tap water
The results show that the concrete mixes A3, B3, and C3 prepared with magnetized water so
that we get the same slump for the same mix prepared with tap water A, B, and C, have a highest
compressive strength, as shown in Fig. (15).
Compressive strength (MPa)
Fig. (15): Compressive strength of concrete at same slump with tap water
4.2.4 Compressive strength of concrete with reducing amount of cement
Compared with mix B and B2, mix B6 was produced with magnetized water and with
approximately 7.5% lower cement content. The 28 days compressive strength of mix B6 was slightly
lower than the compressive strength of mix B2, although mix B6 had 7.5% reduction in the cement
content (see Fig. 16). Compared with the concrete prepared with tap water, the test results show that
the use of magnetized water may allow a reduction of the cement content (7.5%) without affecting
the resulting concrete compressive strength [7]. However, more experimental tests are required to
ascertain the exact permissible values of cement reduction.

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!!
55
Fig. (16): Effect of cement content on 28 days and 9000 Gauss concrete compressive strength
4.2.5 Splitting tensile strength
The values of the 28 days splitting tensile strength for all concrete mixes are recorded in
Table (7) and depicted in Fig. (17). Generally, higher values of splitting tensile strength were
recorded for the concrete mixes produced with magnetized water when compared with the concrete
mixes prepared with tap water, which may be attributed to the better hydration process between
magnetized water and cement [4, 5]. The percentages of increase were in the range of 9% to 18%.
Fig. (17): Splitting tensile strength at 28 days
5. CONCLUSION
From the results, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The treatment of water with 9000 Gauss magnetic field intensity in this study is the best
treatment of water for preparing fresh concrete.
2. It is possible to increase the workability of concrete without adding access water or any other
materials.
Compressive strength at 28
days (MPa)
Concrete mixes

21. Splitting tensile strength
(MPa)
Concrete mixes

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3. Magnetic water has lower surface tension which can increase the activity of the cement.
Therefore, magnetic water can make the cement hydration more complete and the structure more
compact.
4. Magnetic water molecules can easily enter the cement grains. Therefore, magnetic water can
increase the workability of concrete mixtures.
5. The use of magnetic water increases workability and strength. These are advantages, since
conventional method of increasing concrete workability by adding water leads to a decrease in
the strength of the concrete.
6. With the same mixture proportions, the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of concrete
samples prepared with magnetic water increased by about 20% compared to those prepared with
tap water.
7. May allow a reduction of the cement content of concrete mixes about 7.5% without affecting the
concrete compressive strength. However, more experimental tests are required to ensure the
exact permissible values of cement reduction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The contributions and assistance of the technical staff in the Smart Structures Laboratory at
Swinburne University of Technology is gratefully acknowledged. The first author wishes to thank
Al-Iraqia University for supporting him while on sabbatical leave.
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