1 ESSAY TITLE Magazine, online edition Online jour.docx

1
ESSAY TITLE
Magazine, online edition
Online journal article, with DOI
Entry from edited anthology, print
YouTube video
Photograph, no date, no photographer
Photograph, with photographer
References
Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost
girl caught on Video Tape 14
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848
Batchelder, A. (2010, July 6). Students brains are being
digitally rewired [Web
log post]. Retrieved from
http://literacyispriceless.wordpress.com/
Cayman Islands. (2008). The world factbook. Retrieved from

http://www.bartleby.com/br/151.html
Cendrowicz, L. (2010, July). Will Europe's bank stress tests
bring calm or spread more fear?
Time. Retrieved from
http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2005557,00.h
tml
Diaz-Rico, L. T. (2008). A course for teaching English learners.
Boston, MA: Pearson.
Florian, R. V. (2010). Challenges for interactivist-constructivist
robotics. New Ideas in
Psychology, 28(3), 350–353.
doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2009.09.009
Guthrie, W. (2007). This land is your land. In R. DiYanni (Ed.),
Literature: Reading fiction,
poetry, and drama (6th ed.) (pp. 897–898). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
Kulbis, M. (Photographer). (2006). Men pray [Photograph].
Retrieved April 12, 2006, from:
http://accuweather.ap.org/cgi-bin/aplaunch.pl
Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972).
Mawson, C. O. S. (Ed.). (n.d.). Roget's international thesaurus
of English words and phrases.
Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/br/110.html

McLaren, M., Thomas, J. (Producers), & Linklater, R.
(Director). (2006). Fast food nation
[Motion picture]. United States: Fox Searchlight.
Nelson Mandela [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10,
2014, from:
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/m
andela-bio.html
Web log / Blog
Online encyclopedia
Book, print
Online dictionary
Film
Court decision
2
ESSAY TITLE
Online journal article, without DOI
Magazine, print
Newspaper, online edition
Website entry, corporate/government author

Santovec, M. (2008). Easing the transition improves grad
retention at Trinity U. Women in
Higher Education, 17(10), 32. Retrieved from
http://www.wihe.com/
Sloan, C., Booth, S., & Tate, A. (2010, July). Why I became an
American. Real Simple, 186–
192.
Tobin Ramos, R. (2010, July 22). UPS profit nearly doubles in
second quarter. The Atlanta
Journal-Constitution. Retrieved from http://www.ajc.com
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008).
Police and detectives. Retrieved
from http://www.bls.gov/oco/pdf/ocos160.pdf
Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult development.
Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu/books/4
Ashford textbook, online
Reflective Paper – Additional Instructions
The Reflective Paper should demonstrate understanding of the
reading assignments as well as the implications of new
knowledge. The eight-page paper should integrate readings and
class discussions into work and life experience. It may include
explanation and examples from previous experience as well as

implications for future application.
The purpose of the Reflective Paper is for you to culminate the
learning achieved in the course by describing your
understanding and application of knowledge in the field of
human resource management.
Focus of the Reflective Paper
1. The primary function of human resource management is to
increase the effectiveness and contribution of employees in the
attainment of organizational goals and objectives. Consider all
the areas of HRM that have been discussed in class (I expect to
see a section heading for each of these sections in your paper
where you discuss each one in detail):
· EEO and Affirmative Action,
· Human resources planning, recruitment, and selection,
· Human resources development,
· Compensation and benefits,
· Safety and Health, and
· Employee and labor relations.
2. After discussing each of those sections in detail, in a separate
section, explain how these aspects work together to perform that
primary function.
3. Then in a separate section explain, in your opinion, which of
these aspects are more important than the others. There is no
wrong or right answer, but you must defend your answer in
detail.
4. In a final section, discuss how the HRM role can be
optimized for shaping organizational and employee behavior.
5. Throughout the paper, or in a separate section all
together, (a) identify the main issues in the chosen area, (b)
demonstrate new learning that has occurred, (c) include class
activities or incidents that facilitated learning and
understanding, (d) identify specific current and/or future
applications and relevance to your workplace, and (e) reflect the
potential impact to your future career plans or even in your
personal life at home. The emphasis of the Reflective Paper
should be on parts 'd' and 'e,' and on the application of new

learning. Explore, in depth, the benefits of the new learning and
understanding that has taken place.
Writing the Reflective Paper
The Reflective Paper:
· Must be eight double-spaced pages in length, excluding the
cover page and reference page, and formatted according to APA
style as outlined in your approved style guide.
· Must include a cover page that includes:
· Name of paper
· Student's name
· Course number and name
· Instructor's name
· Date submitted
· Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis
statement.
· Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
· Must conclude with a restatement of the thesis and a
conclusion paragraph.
· Must use APA style as outlined in your approved style guide
to document all sources.
· Must include, on the final page, a Reference List that is
completed according to APA style as outlined in your approved
style guide.
Reflective Paper
PLEASE DO NOT SUBMIT A BID FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT
IF YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND EDUCATION TERMS AND
CONCEPTS. ALL DIRECTIONS MUST BE FOLLOWED AND
NO PLAGARIASM. MY SCHOOL USES SOFTWARE TO
DETECT COPIED MATERIAL.
Please read these assignment instructions before writing your
paper, and re-read them often during and after the writing
process to make sure that you are fulfilling all of the
instructions. Please also utilize the assignment guidance
below and the template provided.

The primary function of human resource management is to
increase the effectiveness and contribution of employees in the
attainment of organizational goals and objectives. Consider all
the areas of HRM that have been discussed in class:
· EEO and Affirmative Action,
· Human resources planning, recruitment, and selection,
· Human resources development,
· Compensation and benefits,
· Safety and Health, and
· Employee and labor relations.
Submit a Reflective Paper in which you explain how these
aspects work together to perform that primary function. Are
any aspects more important than the others? Why or why not?
How do you believe the HRM role can be optimized for shaping
organizational and employee behavior?
The Reflective Paper must:
(a) Identify the main issues in the chosen area
(b) Demonstrate new learning that has occurred
(c) Include class activities or incidents that facilitated learning
and understanding
(d) Identify specific current and/or future applications and
relevance to your workplace
(e) Reflect the potential impact to your future career plans or
even in your personal life at home.
The emphasis of the Reflective Paper should be on parts ‘d’ and
‘e,’ and on the application of new learning. Explore, in depth,
the benefits of the new learning and understanding that has
taken place.
Writing the Reflective Paper

The Reflective Paper:
Must be seven double-spaced pages in length, excluding the
cover page and reference page, and formatted according to APA
style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a title page with the following:
· Title of paper
· Student’s name
· Course number and name
· Instructor’s name
· Date submitted
Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct
thesis statement.
Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
Must use at least one scholarly source, in addition to the text.
Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center.
Must include, on the final page, a Reference List that is
completed according to APA style as outlined in your approved
style guide and has at least one reference in addition to the text.

APA Made Easy:
A Student’s Guide to APA Formatting
Ashford Writing Center
June 2014*
*Revised bi-annually for clarity and modification.
Adapted by the AWC from original, created by Dr. Stephanie
Lassitter, College of Education,
and Jennifer Richardson, Curriculum and Innovation Division
2
Table of Contents
The Mechanics of APA Style
...............................................................................................
.......... 4

In-Text Citations
...............................................................................................
.......................... 4
Citing Page or Paragraph Numbers
.............................................................................................
5
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
...................................................................................... 6
Quotation
...............................................................................................
...................................... 6
Block Quotation
...............................................................................................
........................... 6
Signal Phrases
...............................................................................................
.............................. 7
Paraphrase
...............................................................................................
.................................... 7
Secondary Sources: Citing a Source Within a Source
.................................................................... 8
Author Citations
...............................................................................................
............................... 8
One Author

...............................................................................................
................................... 8
Two Authors
...............................................................................................
................................. 9
Citing Three to Five Authors
...............................................................................................
....... 9
Six or More Authors
...............................................................................................
..................... 9
Heading Levels
...............................................................................................
.............................. 10
Tables and Figures
...............................................................................................
......................... 11
Tables
...............................................................................................
......................................... 11
Figure
...............................................................................................
......................................... 11
Appendices
...............................................................................................
..................................... 12
Seriation (Using Lists in a Paper)

...............................................................................................
133
Numerical List
...............................................................................................
............................ 13
3
Bulleted List
...............................................................................................
............................... 13
A Seriated List Within a
Paragraph................................................................................
......... 134
General Formatting Guidelines
...............................................................................................
.... 144
Peer-Reviewed Articles
...............................................................................................
................. 16
What Are Peer-Reviewed Articles?
.......................................................................................... 16
What Are Non Peer-Reviewed Publications?

......................................................................... 166
Annotated Bibliography
...............................................................................................
............... 177
Books: Hard Copy and
Digital....................................................................................
................ 177
Digital Copy: Vital Source
...............................................................................................
.......... 188
ConstellationTM Textbook
.................................................................................... ...........
............ 188
Online Sources
...............................................................................................
............................... 19
Online Scholarly Journal Article with
DOI............................................................................... 19
Online Scholarly Journal Article Without
DOI......................................................................... 19
Online Newspapers or Magazines
.............................................................................................
19
Web Article, No Author
...............................................................................................
............. 20

Citing an Entity or Organization
...............................................................................................
20
Citing All Other Online, Unauthored Articles
.......................................................................... 20
Instructor Guidance in an Ashford Online Course
.................................................................... 20
Reports
...............................................................................................
........................................... 21
Federal Government Agency
...............................................................................................
..... 21
Blogs…………………………………………………………………
…………………………21
Audiovisual Materials
...............................................................................................
.................... 22
4
Personal Communication
...............................................................................................

............... 22
Personal Communications: Interviews, Personal
Correspondences, Emails ........................... 22
Please cite this document as follows:
........................................................................................ 23
The Mechanics of APA Style
The American Psychological Association (APA) is one of the
largest scientific and professional
associations in the United States. APA style is a set of rules
and guidelines provided by this
association to ensure a professional standard of scholarly
writing.
APA Style is the required citation style in all Ashford
University courses.
As students and researchers, it is important that we give credit
to those whose ideas have
contributed to our own work. As academic writers, we draw
from and build on the work of
previous scholars and professionals. When we present our
writing, we want to show our readers
that we are knowledgeable about our topics and that we have
become informed by seeking out
works written by others who are experts on these topics. When
we document our sources, we
share with our readers the research we have done to develop the
balanced and reasoned positions
that we present in our writing. To demonstrate our credibility
as writers and professionals, we
use APA style—an agreed upon set of rules and guidelines—to

lead our readers to the original
source material that we have used in preparing our work. These
rules and guidelines comprise
the formal conventions for writing that are respected in our
professional fields and help us to
communicate professionally with colleagues and peers.
APA citation style focuses on both the author and the date the
article or study was published.
This focus on the date is important since things change rapidly
in our fields of study.
In-Text Citations
In-text citations are also referred to as parenthetical citations.
In-text citations are citations used
within the body of the paper, whereas the term reference refers
to the complete citation, which is
typically listed on the references page.
Why use in-text citations? In-text citations are considered trails
on a map to
show sources you consulted and used in your journey during the
research
phase of the writing process.
5

Citations signal for the reader whose ideas belong to the writer
and whose ideas belong to an
outside source. For example, the in-text citation for a reading
from Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan
(2010) would be cited as follows:
"Certain groups of students are routinely found to be
overrepresented (compared to their share in
the school-aged population) in special education classrooms"
(Hibel, Farkas, & Morgan, 2010, p.
313).
The same quotation could also be presented as follows:
According to Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan (2010), “Certain
groups of students are routinely found
to be overrepresented (compared to their share in the school-
aged population) in special
education classrooms” (p. 313).
Citing Page or Paragraph Numbers
The APA prefers that writers include page numbers in citations
for direct quotes. If page
numbers are not available or are inconsistent, cite paragraph
numbers.
Citation for a text with page numbers: (Zirkel, 2011, p. 262).
6

Citation for a range of pages within a text: (Zirkel, 2011, pp.
262–263).
Citation for a text without page numbers: (Zirkel, 2011, para.
4).
Writing tip: Using a variety of citation techniques will enhance
the flow and readability of your
paper. For example:
“Teachers must create a learning environment that is
emotionally and psychologically safe
because English Language Learners are very sensitive to the
classroom setting” (Allison &
Rehm, 2011, p. 23).
Allison and Rehm (2011) noted, “Teachers must create a
learning environment that is
emotionally and psychologically safe because English Language
Learners are very sensitive to
the classroom setting” (p. 23).
Note: The author’s last name and date of publication always
remain together. The paragraph or
page number in parentheses indicates when you leave the ideas
of an outside source and return to
your own.
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
Quotation
A quotation is made by using the original wording from an
outside source and incorporating

those words into your own writing. The words from the outside
source will be clearly marked as
belonging to another and enclosed in quotation marks.
When quoting fewer than 40 words, place quotation marks
around the entire passage, followed
by the citation, such as:
“Technology can take on several roles in education, such as role
of resources, role of delivery
system, or productivity” (Lee et al., 2013, p. 134).
Block Quotation
Quotations that are more than 40 words in length should be
indented a half inch (the same length
as a paragraph’s indentation). Quotation marks are not placed
around the cited material; rather,
the indentation signifies that the material is a direct quote.
Lastly, the period is placed at the end
of the quoted material (not at the end of the citation) as shown
here:
7
Signal Phrases
In order to give your reader a signal that you will be integrating

information borrowed from
another source, use a signal phrase. A signal phrase introduces
the passage and tells something
about the source and author. Think of this signal as a way to
lead into the quote by preparing
readers for what they're about to read. Here are some examples:
• Lee, Waxman, Wu, Wichko, and Lin (2013) explained the
multi-layered dynamic of
technology in education:
• Tess (2013) discussed social media trends…
• According to Johnson (2009), there are various studies
dedicated to issues in education…
• Phillips and Lyons (2011) argued for the need for yearly peer
reviews among faculty…
Without a signal phrase and clear citation, the reader might
assume that your excellent ideas all
came from an outside source.
Paraphrase
A paraphrase is taking the ideas of an outside source and
putting those ideas into your own
words. Paraphrases do not need quotation marks, but they do
need to be cited similarly to a
8

direct quotation by placing the author's last name, year of
publication, and paragraph or page
number at the end of the paraphrased passage (strongly
preferred by APA style guide).
The table below shows a side-by-side comparison of a quote,
paraphrase, and summary using the
same scholarly source:
Original Quotation Paraphrase Summary
Tess (2013) noted that
“Researchers have been examining
the role that social media plays in
the higher education classroom.
Some of the work has highlighted
the affective outcomes of SNS
integration. A few studies
investigated learning outcomes and
student achievement in relationship
to the educational use of social
media in college courses. While the
majority of studies reported
positive affordances, there was
evidence of drawbacks as well” (p.
A62).
Tess (2013) discussed the
popularity of social media
within higher education, noting
that studies have investigated
and reported both positive and
drawbacks (p. A62).

Tess (2013) analyzed the
usage and impact of social
media in the college
classroom.
Note: When summarizing, you do not need to include the page
or paragraph number—just the
author's name and date of publication.
Secondary Sources: Citing a Source Within a Source
If you find a quote in a source (secondary source) that cites
content or ideas presented in another
source (primary source), consider locating the original source.
The use of secondary sources in
your paper should be kept to a minimum. For example, if you
found a quote by Eijkman (2008)
in Tess’s (2013) publication, but could not find Eijkman’s
original piece, here is how you would
cite Eijkman (2008) as a secondary source:
Eijkman (2008) argued that social media allows for “’non-
foundational network-centric learning
spaces’” (as cited in Tess, 2013, p. A62).
Author Citations
One Author
9

When citing a work written by a single author, refer to the last
name, year of publication, and
page number, and separate each element with a comma. For
example:
“Textbooks are rapidly becoming a thing of the past” (Williams,
2012, p. 34).
Or
Williams (2012) noted, “Textbooks are rapidly becoming a
thing of the past” (p.34).
As a reminder, if page numbers are not available, use paragraph
numbers.
Two Authors
When providing a parenthetical citation for a work by two
authors, use an ampersand (&)
between the authors’ last names, followed by date of
publication, and page number:
“Part of the reason that business educators may be hesitant to
interject discussions of the public
policies and how they came about into their lectures and class
discussions is a long-standing
hesitancy to bring politics into the classroom” (Cornwall &
Dennis, 2012, p. 13).
As illustrated below, an ampersand would not be used in the
signal phrase.

Cornwall and Dennis (2012) argued, “Part of the reason that
business educators may be hesitant
to interject discussions of the public policies and how they
came about into their lectures and
class discussions is a long-standing hesitancy to bring politics
into the classroom” (p. 13).
Citing Three to Five Authors
When providing in-text citations for works by three to five
authors, cite all authors in the first
citation. However, in subsequent citations, simply cite the first
author’s last name followed by
the Latin abbreviation et al (not italicized and with a period
after al), which means “and others.”
First citation in your paper: Hay, Hodgkinson, Peltier, and
Drago (2004)
Subsequent citations in your paper: (Hay et al., 2004)
Six or More Authors
When citing a source written by six or more authors, reference
the first author’s last name,
followed by et al. For example, an article written by Strongin,
Cole, Bullock, Banthia, Craypo,
Sivasubramanian, Samuels, Garcia, and Lafleur (2004) would be
cited as follows:
10

First and subsequent citations as part of a signal phrase:
Strongin et al. (2004)
First and subsequent parenthetical citations: (Strongin et al.,
2004)
If you secure a source that does not have an author’s name or
organization listed, determine the
entity responsible for the content. Don’t guess! For example,
if citing a definition from an
electronic version of the dictionary, cite as follows: (Merriam-
Webster's Collegiate Dictionary,
2013). The dictionary entry will be listed on the references
page beginning with the term in the
author position:
Pollinate. (2013). In Merriam-Webster’s online
dictionary.Retrieved from http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/pollinate
Heading Levels
Students sometimes confuse the terms running head with
heading level. The running head, as
previously discussed, is placed within the top margin of your
paper. Heading levels, however,
can be placed anywhere in your paper as a way to classify or
organize your paper into sections.
There are five levels: the first three levels are more commonly
used in Ashford University
assignments, whereas levels four and five may be used in longer
papers (e.g., a master’s thesis).
As a general rule, check with your instructor about formatting

expectations.
Please note: Headings are not used for Introductions, and
Conclusion heading formats depend
entirely on your instructor or college preference.
Heading
Level Template Example
1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Choosing the Right University
2 Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Program Offerings
3 Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending
with a period. Reputation of programs.
4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading
ending with a period. Virtual programs.
5 Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending
with a period. Hybrid courses.
11
Tables and Figures

When used correctly, tables and figures offer visual illustrations
of your paper’s findings. Make
sure to incorporate tables and figures into your paper if they
were requested by your professor
and if they support the main point(s) in your paper. If you
determine that they serve as more of a
supplement to your paper, insert these elements as appendices
(see the next topic on organizing
appendices).
Tables
Data presented in rows or columns is considered a table, and
should be referred to as such. Refer
to a table placed within your paper by number: (see Table 2).
Include a general overview (not a
specific, point-by-point analysis of the table) as illustrated
below.
Note: The words Adapted from should be used only if you have
modified the table in some way.
If you are simply reproducing a table from another source, use
the words Reprinted from.
Figure
Data provided as an illustration (e.g., a chart or photo) is
referred to as a figure. Refer to a figure
placed within your paper by number: (see Figure 1).
12

Appendices
Appendices are “inserts” with additional information that add to
the paper without disrupting the
“flow” of the paper; for example, tables, graphs, or other
information that support or supplement
your paper’s focus. Appendices are placed after the references
page in order of mention within
the paper. If the paper includes one appendix, label it Appendix
(without italics), centered.
Then, include the title of the appendix underneath, centered and
boldfaced.
When including more than one appendix, organize each
appendix after the references page in
order mentioned in the paper: Appendix A, Appendix B, and so
on. Under the title “Appendix,”
center and bold the descriptive title for the material. The
appendix is inserted after the references
page. The above example illustrates Appendix E, assuming that
the student included Appendix
A, Appendix B, and so on.
13

Seriation (Using Lists in a Paper)
Seriated lists are often used in a paper for the purpose of
organization and clarity. However, as a
writing tip, avoid the overuse of seriated lists in a paper. Here
are the three types of seriated
lists:
Numerical List
Numerical lists are used to establish a process, a hierarchy, or a
chronological order of events, as
illustrated below.
Students were asked to complete the following steps:
1. Register online using their student identification number.
2. Log into the site with their new usernames and passwords.
3. Complete the survey.
Note: The seriated list should include a period when a complete
sentence, or semicolon when
considered part of the signal sentence above; if so, the last point
on the list should include a
period to conclude the list and the preceding sentence.
Bulleted List
Bulleted lists do not have a specific order, as illustrated below.
Dillon’s (2012) research concluded that successful leadership of

virtual teams is achieved by:
• establishing positive immediacy behaviors when replying to
emails from virtual
colleagues;
• creating a listserv group to share relevant news; and
• hosting weekly meetings via Skype, Google Meet, or other
web-friendly programs.
A Seriated List Within a Paragraph
Brief seriated lists may also be used within a paragraph
organized by (a), (b), and so on, as
illustrated below.
Dillon’s (2012) research concluded that successful leadership of
virtual teams is achieved by: (a)
establishing positive immediacy behaviors when replying to
emails from virtual colleagues; (b)
14
creating a group listserve to share relevant news; and, (c)
hosting weekly meetings via Skype,
Google Meet, or other web-friendly programs.
Note: When using seriation within a paragraph, remember to
separate elements with a semicolon

(not a period).
General Formatting Guidelines
• The title, “References” should be centered (no bold).
• Double space the references page just like the rest of your
paper.
• Do not use underlining, no bold.
• Italics should be used for journal, book, and film titles.
• Leave out professional credentials (i.e. EdD, PhD).
• Personal communications (i.e., emails, interviews) are not
listed on the references page.
• The first line of each citation should be left aligned, but the
subsequent lines in the
citation are indented (choose “hanging indent” in paragraph
formatting in Microsoft
Word), as shown in this example:
To access an example of a completed References page, click
here. A partial example is available
on the next page.
https://awc.ashford.edu/PDFHandouts/APA_References_List_Sa
mple.pdf
15

16
Peer-Reviewed Articles
What Are Peer-Reviewed Articles?
Peer-reviewed or scholarly articles are sources that have been
evaluated by the author’s peers
(members of the discipline) before being published. When
doing research on a topic, writers
should be able to trust these sources and the information given.
Peer-reviewed publications are
first closely scrutinized by other experts in the field, meaning
that if a researcher publishes an
article on Alzheimer's disease treatment in a journal, for
example, other scholars would have
reviewed the article closely before the article would be
recommended for publication.
What Are Non Peer-Reviewed Publications?
Newspaper articles, wikis (such as Wikipedia), blogs, editorials,
and trade magazine articles are
not peer-reviewed or scholarly. We refer to these sources as
"popular" sources. They may offer
correct and useful information; however, writers in these genres
are not required to cite their
sources and are not held to the same standards of research as
those who write for scholarly
and/or peer-reviewed publications.

Whenever outside sources are borrowed and used in your paper,
you must include in-text
citations and a references page. The in-text citations should
appear in the main body of your
paper, and the references page is inserted at the end of your
paper.
When asked to provide peer-reviewed sources in your
assignment, begin your search using the
Ashford Online Library. Depending on the database used, you
will see that there is an option to
limit your search to peer-reviewed articles and full-text
offerings only. Limiting your search will
provide you with only those articles that are peer-reviewed and
fully available through our
library (see below). Keep in mind that limiting your search to
"full-text articles only" saves time
by filtering out dozens of articles that may not be available via
the Ashford University Library.
For example, if you wish to search for peer-reviewed, full-text
articles via the EBSCOhost
database, limit your search for both, as shown below:
17
Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a list of works that you may use to
research a topic. It is similar to
a references page; however, the main difference is you will
include a brief summary of each
source beneath each citation entry, which means that you will
summarize the source in your own
words rather than directly quoting the source.
Depending on what your instructor asks of you, a summary may
include just an overview of the
source, and/or an evaluation of the source’s worth and
reliability. Click here for a sample
Annotated Bibliography.
Books: Hard Copy and Digital
Hard Copy
Template: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication).
Title of book: Not capitalized. City,
State (with abbreviated initials): Publisher.
Example: Brown, A., & Green, T. (2011). The essentials of
instructional design: Connecting
https://awc.ashford.edu/PDFHandouts%5CA%202_Sample_Ann
otated_Bibliography_final.pdf
18

fundamental principles with process and practice (2nd ed.).
Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Pearson.
Sample
Quote:
Brown and Green (2011) noted: “…people represent information
in their minds as single
or aggregated sets of symbols” (p. 30).
Digital Copy: Vital Source
Template: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of book:
Not capitalized [e-delivery platform].
City, State abbreviation: Publisher.
Example: Armstrong, D., Henson, K., & Savage, T. (2009).
Teaching today: An introduction to
education (8th ed.) [Vital Source digital version]. Upper Saddle
River, NJ:
Pearson.
Sample
Quote:
“Your professional development as a teacher did not begin when
you entered your
teacher-preparation program” (Armstrong, Henson, & Savage,
2009, p. 30).
ConstellationTM Textbook
Print Copy: Author, A. (Year of publication). Title of book.
City, State: Publisher.

Example: Lefrancois, G.R. (2012). Children’s journeys:
Exploring early childhood. San
Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Sample “In practice, research methods are determined by the
questions researchers want
Quote: to answer” (Lefrancois, 2012, p. 28).
Electronic Copy: Author, A. (Year of publication). Title of
book: Subtitle of book [Electronic
version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/
Example: Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult
development and life assessment
[Electronic version]. Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu/
In-Text Citation: “Quote” (Witt & Mossler, 2010, Section 0.0,
“Section Title,” para. #).
Reprinted Material in an Anthology or Collection
When using an article or story from a collection of works (such
as an anthology), look to see if
the article is a reprint. This information is usually found in the
table of contents, and/or at the
beginning of the paper, article, or story. If the year is listed,
cite both the original publication
year and the year of the published collection within the citation,
and in the in-text citation, as
shown:

19
Template: Author, A. (Anthology Publication Date). Title of
article, not capitalized. In A. Editor &
B. Editor (Eds.), The title of anthology (pp. xx–xx). City, State
Abbreviation:
Publisher. (Original work published in YEAR).
Example: King, S. (2010). Why we crave horror movies. In J.
Nadell, J. Langan, & E. A.
Comodromos (Eds.), The Longman reader: Rhetoric, reader,
research guide &
handbook (12th ed.) (pp. 402-403). Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin. (Original
work published 1982)
Sample
Quote:
“I think that we’re all mentally ill: those of us outside the
asylums only hide it a little
better—and maybe not all that much better, after all” (King,
1982/2010, p. 402).
Online Sources
Online Scholarly Journal Article with DOI
DOI stands for digital object identifier, which is a unique alpha-

numeric code (usually starting
with the number 10 and containing a suffix and a prefix
assigned to a published article). When a
DOI is available, use this code instead of the URL. This
information is important to consider as
you cite sources retrieved from the Ashford University Library.
Template: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article.
Title of Periodical, Volume (issue
number if available), page range/number. doi: xx.xxxx/x.xxx-
xxxx.xxxx.xxx.x
Example: Sanderson, C., Lobb, E. A., Mowll, J., Butow, P. N.,
McGowan, N., & Price, M. A.
(2013). Signs of post-traumatic stress disorder in caregivers
following an expected
death: A qualitative study. Palliative Medicine, 27(7), 625–31.
doi:
10.1177/0269216313483663
Sample
Quote:
“The power of the experience is suggested by frequent use of
words connoting physical
impact, and sometimes associated expressions of pain”
(Sanderson et al., 2013, p. 627).
Online Scholarly Journal Article Without DOI
Template: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article.
Title of Periodical, Volume (issue
number if available), xx–xx. Retrieved from URL (no end
punctuation)
Example: Eggerton, J. (2013). Chris Dodd takes his battle to the

people. Broadcasting & Cable,
143(23), 8–9. Retrieved from http://heathnet.org
Sample
Quote:
“We need to frame the debate more about the positive things we
do and why piracy really
hurts [consumers], in addition to whatever damage it does to our
industry, to independent
http://heathnet.org/
20
filmmakers maybe more so than even the studios, as rough as it
is on them” (Eggerton,
2013, p. 8).
Online Newspapers or Magazines
When using an online article from the Internet that is accessible
to the general public, include the
direct URL.
Template: Author, A. (Year, Month and Day of publication).
Title of internet article. Title of
Newspaper or Magazine. Retrieved from URL
Example: Egan, S. (2009, July 8). Using a robot to ease a

child’s pain. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/using-
a-robot-to-ease-a-
childs-pain/?hp
Sample
Quote:
Egan (2009) noted, “Health care workers have a new tool to
ease needle anxiety in
children: a talking robot” (para. 1).
Web Article, No Author
This section is important because you may be asked to research
articles related to current events,
using a general web search (non-library based). To understand
how to cite articles without
authors listed, consider both examples:
Citing an Entity or Organization
If an author is not listed, cite the organization or entity that
authored the article. In some cases,
the author and entity cannot be determined, therefore, place the
organization or entity in the
author position. For example, organizations can include the
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, the American Cancer Society, American Heart
Association, etc.
Template: Entity or Organization. (Year of publication). Title of
article. Retrieved from URL
Example: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013).
Prescription painkiller epidemic

among women. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/2013/dpk-
Prescription%20drug%20overdose.html
Sample
Quote:
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(2013), “Women are dying
from prescription painkiller overdoses at rates never seen
before, according to a new
CDC Vital Signs” (para. 1).
Citing All Other Online, Unauthored Articles
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/using-a-robot-to-
ease-a-childs-pain/?hp
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/using-a-robot-to-
ease-a-childs-pain/?hp
21
As noted, if the author and entity cannot be determined, place
the title of the article in the author
position.

Template: Title of article. (Year of publication). Retrieved
from URL
Example:
Egypt gets new prime minister. (2013). Retrieved from
http://news.msn.com/world/egypt-
gets-a-new-prime-minister-billions-in-aid
Sample
Quote:
“Egypt named an interim prime minister on Tuesday and rich
Gulf states poured in $8
billion in aid, as the biggest Arab nation sought ways out of a
crisis a day after troops
killed dozens of Islamists” (“Eygpt gets new prime minister,”
2013, para. 1).
Instructor Guidance in an Ashford Online Course
Template: Instructor, A. A. (Year of upload). Course ID: Week
X Title of module. Retrieved from
URL
Example: Lienau, M. (2013). EDU 623: Introduction to teaching
and learning: Week 1 instructor
guidance. Retrieved from myeclassonline.com
Sample
Quote:
“NCLB sets forth a framework of accountability for all schools
in four areas. Schools
must meet the required accountability level in each of the four

areas to ‘meet the
criteria’ for the year” (Lienau, 2013, para. 22).
Note: Provide the general URL “myeclassonline.com” because
AUO’s eCollege courses are
password protected, and therefore not available to the general
public.
Reports
Federal Government Agency
Template: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year).
Title of report (Report number, if
applicable). Retrieved from [website information and URL or
database].
Example: Lingenfelter, P. E., Wright, D. L., & Bisel, T. M.
(2005). State higher education finance,
FY 2004 (SHEF Report). Retrieved from http://www.sheeo.org
Sample
Quote:
“The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U)
in the Chicago-Gary-
Kenosha area increased 0.5 percent in May, the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics reported”
(Bureau of Labor and Statistics, 2013, para. 1).
http://news.msn.com/world/egypt-gets-a-new-prime-minister-
billions-in-aid
http://news.msn.com/world/egypt-gets-a-new-prime-minister-

billions-in-aid
http://www.sheeo.org/
22
Blogs
Blogs are not considered scholarly sources, but on occasion,
you may find a blog written by an
expert who contributes to your research. If the author’s name is
not listed (a practice common in
blogs) include the screen name, as illustrated below:
Template: Blog Title (Year, Month and Day of publication).
Title of article [Blog post]. Retrieved
from URL
Example: Internet Time Blog (2013, July 08). I wouldn’t call it
informal learning [Blog post].
Retrieved from http://www.internettime.com/
Sample
Quote:
“Better I should have talked about Experiential Learning, for
that’s the informal learning
with the most impact. People learn by doing” (Internet Time
Blog, 2013, para. 4).

23
Audiovisual Materials
If the video is embedded in the course and is retrieved from an
outside resource that AU has an
account for but students cannot directly access (e.g., Intelecom
videos), include the name of the
database or video library in the retrieval element and provide
context for students on the line
below the reference that states “This video is available [can be
accessed] through your online
course.”
Personal Communication
Personal Communications: Interviews, Personal
Correspondences, Emails
Personal communications such as interviews, personal
correspondences (phone call, meetings),
and emails are considered non-published sources because the
material cannot be retrieved;
therefore, do not list personal communication on the references
page. List the individual
providing the quote (i.e., interviewee), the words personal
communication, and the date the
discussion took place, as shown here:
Example: (D. Williams, personal communication, August 1,

2012).
Please cite this document as follows:
Lassitter, S., & Richardson, J. (2013). APA made easy.
Unpublished manuscript, College of
Education, Ashford University, Clinton, IA.
Template: Producer, A. (Producer). (Year). Title of video
[Description]. Retrieved from
[URL or database].
Examples: American Psychological Association. (Producer).
(2000). Behaviorism [Video
file]. Retrieved from http://www.xxx
Bodrova, E. (Writer) & Davidson, F. W. (Producer). (2000).
Building literacy
competencies in early childhood [Video file]. Retrieved
from the Films On
Demand database.
Note: If students can readily access the material online, the
URL would appear in the retrieval
element of the reference. If they cannot readily access online,
the database information would be
stated in the retrieval element of the reference (e.g., Films On
Demand).
APA Made Easy:A Student’s Guide to APA FormattingAshford
Writing CenterJune 2014**Revised bi-annually for clarity and
modification.Adapted by the AWC from original, created by Dr.
Stephanie Lassitter, College of Education, and Jennifer

Richardson, Curriculum and Innovation DivisionCenters for
Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Prescription painkiller
epidemic among women. Retrieved from
Prescription%20drug%20overdose.htmlLingenfelter, P. E.,
Wright, D. L., & Bisel, T. M. (2005). State higher education
finance, FY 2004 (SHEF Report). Retrieved from
http://www.sheeo.org
Running head: TITLE 1
TITLE 3
Title
Name
Course
Instructor
Title

References
Article Title: _____________________
Author’s Name: ___________________ Name:
_____________________
Reading an Article
This worksheet is intended to serve as a guide for reading a
scholarly article. Completing this sheet as you read an article
will help you understand the point the author is making and how
he or she has gone about doing so. It also provides an
opportunity to evaluate the clarity and effectiveness of the

article.
1) Identify what kind of article it is. Check all that apply and be
ready to explain why.
a. ____ New Research. Does it present research on an important
topic that has not yet been studied to any real extent? Articles
of this type may present new research or the analysis and
translation of a significant primary source.
b. ____ Old View/New View. Is the author presenting new
research and/or analysis to show how previous analysis of the
question under consideration is inaccurate or incorrect?
c. ____ Review Article. Is the author presenting summaries of
past research on a topic (usually one that has a long history of
study) by a variety of different scholars, in order to show the
state of research on the topic?
d. ____ Standard Textbook or Encyclopedia Entry. Does the
author seem to be presenting information in a way that suggests
it is generally accepted in the field as correct? Articles of this
type usually lack references to other published work and are
relatively general and brief.
2) Identify unknown vocabulary and technical terms.
Read through the article, and at the arrow below, list all the
unknown words and phrases you encounter. Look up the words
you find and add the definition next to each. If you can’t find
the meaning of a word (often the case with foreign words), offer
a tentative definition for it based on context clues or any other
means you can. Bring these to class for discussion.
3) Identify the author’s point.
Study the introduction and conclusion of the article and
determine what the author’s point is. Authors should state this
clearly, but sometimes they make their readers work for it.
a. If it is New Research (a. above), make note of how the author
states the question or questions she or he examined and what his
answer to the question is.
b. If it is an Old View/New View article (b. above), identify the
other scholars the author is responding to, what the old view is,

and what the new view is that he or she is offering.
c. If it is a review article, identify the purpose for the author
gives for presenting the review, and note if he proposes
directions for further research.
d. If it is a Standard Entry (d. above), you need only summarize
the material presented, unless a clear point can be determined.
State the author’s point and other information requested above
after the arrow below. Be as detailed as you need to be.
4) Determine the organization of the article.
First, if the article has subheadings, identify each subheading
with its page number. If there are no subheadings, work through
the article paragraph by paragraph and divide the article into
subsections that you assign subheadings to, based on what you
see the author doing in each subsection. Give the page number
on which each of your subsections begins. Then, sketch out a
rough outline of the article using the subheadings you have, and
briefly describe the sub-point the author is making under each
subheading and what evidence the author uses to make each
point. Be sure to distinguish between what the author is saying
and what the other scholars he is quoting are saying. Also note,
if you can, why the author has chosen to organize the article the
way he or she has. Provide the information requested above at
the arrow below. Give as much detail as you need.
5) Give an evaluation of the article.
At the arrow below, answer the following questions in as much
detail as you need:
a. How effective has the author been in making his or her point
(as determined in 2) above)?
b. Does the article make the point the author intended, and why
or why not?
c. Was the article logically organized and clearly presented? If
so, what was effective about it, and if not, what problems were
there? If you found the article confusing, explain why, giving
specific examples with page numbers in your explanation.

d. State what you learned from the article. What do you know
now that you didn’t before? This may include information that
was not part of the author’s point.
e. Finally, what questions does the article leave in your mind?
What more do you think you need to know to have a fuller
understanding of the subject of the article?
William Londo ©2012
2 of 2

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