chapt 11.ppt

HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
CLASS GUIDE
1. Be on time
2. Have all material ready
3. Copy everything (no excuses)
4. Before speaking, think if it has not been said,
then raise your hand
5. No sleeping in class nor laying on desk

HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
World War I and
the Russian Revolution
Section 1: Setting the Stage for War
Section 2: World War I: A New Kind of War
Section 3: The Russian Revolution
Section 4: The Terms of Peace
Section 5: Creating a “New” Europe
CHAPTER 11

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Objectives:
 Explain why rivalries increased among
European nations.
 Identify the military alliances that existed at the
beginning of World War I and explain how they
changed by late 1915.
 Explain why the Balkans were a “powder keg.”
Section 1:
Setting the Stage for War

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Nationalism, Imperialism, and Militarism
 Europeans leaders thought their goals could only
be achieved by force
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The System of Alliances
 The Triple Alliance – Italy, Germany, and
Austria-Hungary
 The Triple Entente – France, Russia, and
Great Britain
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The Balkan “Powder Keg”
 Provided outlet to the sea
 Pan-Slavism
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Mobilization of Europe
 Serbia was presented with ultimatums
- The Serbian Gov. would condemn all propaganda
- From school, books and teachers who did not favor A/H
- Serbia would dismiss any official who had
promoted propaganda against A/H
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 Serbia was presented with ultimatums
- A/H officials would participate in the proceedings against the
accused
This fourth ultimatum was rejected but suggested to be taken to “The
Huge”
Knowing that A/H would not accept, Serbia order troops to mobilze
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Mobilization of Europe War is declared
A/H moved its troops
 Russia supported Serbia
- Russia mobilized its troops to A/H and German border
- Germany declared war August 1 1914
(two days later on France)
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 Germany disregarded Belgian neutrality
Belgian neutrality had
been declared in 1839
by the great powers
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- The flat terrain was of great importance for Germany
- Wanted to attack and get France out of the way before Russia
made a move
- After war was declared on France, Germany sent Belgium an
ultimatum to allow the crossing of their land to attack France
- Great Britain protested
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Great Britain Enters the War
- Belgium was guaranteed neutrality
- The belief that GB would not fight for “a scrap of paper”
(agreement signed in 1839)
- August 4 1914 German troops march through Belgium
- The Kaiser promised his troops “You will be home before the
leaves have fallen from the trees”
- Due to the move through Belgium, Great Britain declared war
on Germany later on August 4 1914
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 Russia supported Serbia
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The War Expands
 Japan joined Great Britain and France
- Hoping to get German possessions in China and the Pacific
- Japan sent Germany an ultimatum on 14 August 1914, formally
declared war on Germany on 23 August 1914
- Japan declared war on Austria-Hungary, too, on 25 August 1914
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The War Expands
 Italy signed secret treaty with Great Britain, France and
Russia (London Pact) for share of spoils
- Italy believe A/H had acted as an aggressor
- May 1915 it enter war against former allies
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The War Expands
 Italy signed secret treaty with Great Britain, France and
Russia for share of spoils
- Italy believe A/H had acted as an aggressor
- May 1915 it enter war against former allies
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The War Expands
 Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Austria-
Hungary and Germany
- November 1914 Ottoman Empire entered on the side of Germany
- signing of the August 1914 Turco-German Alliance
- Ottoman empire was a strategic to the war
- Bulgaria was persuaded October 1915
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Section review
 List and explain the factors which contributed to World War I?
 What events can be said to have “lit the fuse” in 1914?
 What made the area involved so important?
 How did the events that took place on June 28, 1914, develop
into full-scale war, and how did the nations involved in these
events align themselves?
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Section review
 List the factors which contributed to World War I?
Nationalism and Imperialism caused rivalries in Europe (colonial
power)
Militarism glorified armed strength, encouraged use of force in
conflicts and created arms race in Europe
Alliance system divided Europe and created small minor conflict
into major war
The Assassination Arch Duke Ferdinand
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Section review
The Assassination Arch Duke Ferdinand
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Section review
 What made the area involved so important?
Bosnia- Herzegovina was a target for Serbian nationalism and
Pan-Slavism
The Great powers competed for Balkan control
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Section review
 How did the events that took place on June 28, 1914,
develop into full-scale war, and how did the nations
involved in these events align themselves?
When Serbia was protected by Russia when threatened by A/H, the other
major powers into conflict. Britain and France were pledged to support
Russia, and Germany Italy to support A/H,
Germany’s aggression in Belgium cause Italy to switch sides
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Objectives:
 Identify the advantages that each side had in
World War I.
 Explain how new technology affected the way in
which World War I was fought.
 Explain what led the United States to join the
Allied Powers.
Section 2:
World War I: A New Kind of War

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Objectives:
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The Belligerents
 Central Powers had more rapid communications and
movement, and better trained army
Germany, A/H, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
U-Boat Blockade: from the North Sea to the Middle east
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The Belligerents
 Central Powers had more rapid communications and
movement, and better army
Germany, A/H, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
 Allied Powers had more soldiers, better industry, and better
navy
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The Belligerents
 Allied Powers had more soldiers, better industry, and
better navy
Great Britain, France, Russia
Worlds largest navy
Greece and Romania 1916 as a strategy in an
attempt to block and starve the central powers
32 Allies
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Innovations in Warfare
 Machine gun
 U-boat
 Poison gas
 airplane
 Tank
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 Machine gun
- Sweeping, rapid fire
- Enemy advances difficult
- System of trenches
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 U-boat (Unterseebooten)
- Cause losses to Allied shipping
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 Airplane
- Observation
- Engaged in dogfights
- Dropped bombs
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- Trenches
To protect themselves soldiers
dug a system of trenches
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Early Years of the War
 The Battle of the Marne
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Early Years of the War from 1914 to 1916
 Fighting on Gallipoli
 Naval warfare
 The stalemate – a war of attrition
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Fighting on Gallipoli peninsula
- The need to arm Russia since it lack firepower but had a
huge army
- 1915 there was an attempt by Great Britain and France to
go through the Dardanelles
- The attempt to get the Ottoman empire did not go well
- heavy artillery from ships did not work as planned
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 Fighting on Gallipoli
- Allied suffered heavy casualties
The decision to land troops in Gallipoli Peninsula
- Major land invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula on April 25;
British and French and the Australian and New Zealand
Army Corps (ANZAC
- Evacuation began in December 1915
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 Naval warfare
- Blockade the North sea to keep merchant ships from reaching
Germany
- Germany counter attacked by blockading using U-Boats sinking ships
- May 1915 German submarine sank a liner Boat Lusitania off the
coast of Ireland
- Passengers and war material onboard
- 1200 people killed and about 120 Americans
- USA sent a warning (Germany did not want to fight them)
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Section 2:
 The battle at Jutland,
Denmark
Who won if both battling
nations retired?

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The stalemate
- By 1916 the war on the west a
stalemate
- a war of attrition (a slow wearing-
down process in which each side tries
to outlast the other)
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The United States and World War I
Through most of the war the USA had remained neutral
Trade was accepted: food, raw material, and munition to both
sides
The right of business and travel
 Contraband
War materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent
one
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Banks could do business
Corporations and private citizens to
buy bonds
Due to the blockade on Germany
tightened Americans trade became
more one-sided toward the allies
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 Propaganda about German
atrocities
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German foreign minister, Arthur
Zimmermann
- Telegram to Mexico
- Promised lost 1848 territory
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 Democratic ideals
- By 1917 Russia pulled out of the war due to the
revolution
- All Allied countries had democratic Govs
- Fight between democratic and non-democratic countries
- April 2:Woodrow Wilson “the world must be made safe
for democracy”
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4. Analyzing Ideas:
What countries belonged to the central powers and the allied powers by
the beginning of 1916?
5. Understanding ideas:
Name some important new weapons ad military techniques introduce in
WWI?
6. Summarizing Ideas
Describe the progress of the war from 1914 through 1916
7. Analyzing Ideas
A) How was the USA as a neutral power affected by WWI?
B) What factors led to the USA entry into the war?
Section 2:
Section Review

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4. Analyzing Ideas:
What countries belonged to the central powers and the allied
powers by the beginning of 1916?
Central powers: Germany, A/H, Bulgaria, Ottoman Emp
Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Greece, Romania
5. Understanding ideas:
Name some important new weapons and military techniques
introduce in WWI?
Tank, Machine gun, Armed Aircraft, submarine, poison gas, trench
warfare
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Section Review

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6. Summarizing Ideas
Describe the progress of the war from 1914 through 1916.
German troops advanced into France and were stopped near
Paris, after which the western front settled into a stalemate
and trench warfare. On the eastern front , German forces
defeated a Russian attack and invaded Russian Poland. The
Turks turned back an Allied attack on Constantinople at
Gallipoli. Both Britain and Germany set up naval blockades
against each other
Section 2:
Section Review

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7. Analyzing Ideas
A) How was the USA as a neutral power affected by WWI?
American extended credit and supplied contraband and other materials
to both sides, but increasingly to Britain due to its blockade of
Germany
A) What factors led to the USA entry into the war?
British propaganda, Zimmermann telegram, German resumption of
unrestricted submarine warfare, Russian revolution
Section 2:
Section Review

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Objectives:
 Identify the events that led to the
Russian Revolution.
 Explain how the Communists came to
power.
 Explain how Russia’s revolution
affected its participation in World War I.
Section 3:
The Russian Revolution

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Russia in World War I
 Poverty
Continued revolutions
Backward country even up until
the 1900
Russian peasants kept in poverty
due to debt, rent and taxes
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 Suppression of democracy
No civil liberties
No change after 1905 revolution
secret societies formed and
committed assassinations
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 Weak Duma
Czar Nicholas II agreed on 18
February to the creation of a
State Duma of the Russian
Empire but with consultative
powers only.
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Russia in WWI
Russian men power
Not enough railroads
The industry could not supply the army
- Allies counted on the Russian Army
No leadership
Russian losses were about 1.7 million soldiers killed
2 million civilian killed
5 million wounded
March 1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicated
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Lenin and the Bolsheviks
No real change with the provisional Gov set up
No reforms
Did not pulled out of the war
 Appealed to the poor Russian masses
Petrograd Soviet of Workers ad Soldiers Deputies (soviet = council)
Mensheviks and Bolsheviks
 Formed basis of communism
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 World War I caused a revolution in Russia.
can this statement be consider true or false? Explain
It Should be acknowledged that the war was merely a
catalyst for the underlying political, economic and social
problems that have been created through the previous years
under the Romanov monarchy
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 (World War I exposed Russia’s weaknesses because: its industries
could not adequately equip or supply its army, its troops were poorly
equipped and badly led, and its inefficient and corrupt government
was unfit to deal with the problems of modern warfare.)
Section 3:
 how and why the war brought Russia’s problems to a head, resulting in
the overthrow of the Czar and the establishment of a provisional
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 Explain how the ideas of Lenin appealed to the people of
Russia, resulting in the Bolshevik Revolution and Russia’s
exit from the war.
Work in groups to create flow charts of the Russian Revolution.
Diagrams should show not only the changes in Russia’s government,
but also the internal divisions and foreign involvements that were part
of the revolution.
After, each group will explain their flow chart to the class.
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Peace and Civil War
 Lenin signed peace treaty with Central Powers
 Communists fought socialist opposition
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Section 3 Review
 3. How did internal problems in Russia during WWI affected the
course of the Revolution in Russia in 1917?
 4. How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks come to power in Russia?
 5. A)How did the signing of the peace treaty by the communist in
1918 help the new regime maintain power?
 5. B)Why did it anger the Allied Powers?
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Section 3 Review
 3. How did internal problems in Russia during WWI
affected the course of the revolution in Russia in 1917?
Russia’s social and economic problems were made worse by the
hardships of the war. When a moderate government came to power,
Russia's continue suffering enabled the Bolsheviks to gather the support
to overthrow it.
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Section 3 Review
 4. How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks come to power in
Russia?
Lenin's calls for “peace, land and bread” gained popular support and the
Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government and prevailed I the
long civil war that followed
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Section 3 Review
 5. A)How did the signing of the peace treaty by the
communist in 1918 help the new regime maintain
power?
The treaty ended Russian involvement in the war and allowed
the Bolsheviks to concentrate on domestic problems
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Section 3 Review
 5. B)Why did it anger the Allied Powers?
They feared that aid they had provided to Russia would fall into the
hands of the Turks and that if the Bolsheviks maintained power in
Russia, the revolution might spread to other countries, including
their own
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Objectives:
Define the Fourteen Points.
Explain how the war ended.
Identify the disagreements that the peacemakers
faced, the Paris Peace Conference.
Section 4:
The Terms of Peace

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The War to End all Wars
 The idea to end the war had quick was damped by
the fact the Russia had signed a separate agreement
with the central powers, Brest-Litovsk treaty
 Woodrow Wilson’s aim in entering the war – to
make the world “safe for Democracy” establish an
idealistic reason
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The Terms of Peace

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The Fourteen Points
Ideas set forth 10 months before war ended
Jan 1918
 Six general points to ensure a just and safer world
1. No secret treaties
2. Freedom of the seas
3. Removal of all economic barriers or tariffs
4. Reduction of national armaments
5. Fair adjustment of all colonial claims with equal consideration to the interest of
the colonial powers and the people of the colonies
14. Establishment of “a general association of the nations” to guarantee political
independence and protection to large and small states alike
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The Terms of Peace

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The Fourteen Points
Ideas set forth 10 months before war ended
Jan 1918
Eight dealt with specific nations and region
Russia
Belgium
Alsace-Lorraine
Balkans
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The Terms of Peace

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The Fourteen Points
Express in your own words the six
general points of the Fourteen Points
referenced on page 374. List responses
on the chalkboard.
President Wilson’s two goals were to
make the world safe for democracy” and
to secure a “just peace.”
Section 4:
The Terms of Peace
Discuss how each of these points would contribute to the goals.
Identify any of the Fourteen Points that still seem to be a basis for
American foreign policy today.

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Defeat of the Central Powers
 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk allow Germany to pull troops from
eastern front
 Fighting continue during spring and summer of 1918 with
the attempt to capture Paris
 Germans reach the Marne River (May 1918) 37 miles from
Paris
 Arrival of American troops
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 French marshal Ferdinand Foch
 Germans stopped in June at
Chateau-Thierry
 September Germans backed to
their border
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The Terms of Peace

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 September 30 1918
Bulgaria surrendered
 Soon after the Turks asked
for peace
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The Terms of Peace

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 Revolution in Austria-Hungary
- October 1918 revolution led to create separate governments and
stopped fighting
 German monarchy collapsed
President Wilson would only
Deal with a representative Gov
November 9 1918, Kaiser William II
Abdicated: German Republic
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 Armistice signed the fighting stopped
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The Terms of Peace

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Defeat of the
Central Powers
 Armistice signed the fighting stopped
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cancelled
- Surrender submarines
- War ships
- Free war prisoners
- Turn over munition
- Allies occupied land west of the Rhine River (German territory)
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The Terms of Peace

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Cost of The War
 10 million soldiers dead
 20 million wounded
Germany = 1.8
Russia = 1.7
France (and its colonies) = 1.4
A/H = 1 million
GB = 1 mill
USA = 50 thou
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The Terms of Peace
An estimated $300 Billion

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The Paris Peace Conference
 Problems facing the peacemakers
- some countries were excluded (Russia in civil war)
- USA President suggested terms
- January 1919 Versailles Conference
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The Paris Peace Conference
 Reparations and peacekeeping
- Allies wanted Germany to pay
- League of Nations
- Representatives from the Central powers had no say
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Problems Facing the peacemakers
 Monarchies had been replaced
- A/H - Russia – Germany
- Ottoman Empire collapsing
- Independence sought by many ethnic groups
- Overseas colonies wanted self-governments
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The Terms of Peace

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 Territorial Claims
- Victorious Nations
- French security against German attack
- France border to reach the Rhine River
and claim of the Saar (coal deposits)
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- Italy = Tirol and Trieste (not Fiume)
- Belgium = German territory along its border
- GB = German African colonies
- Germany with no navy and prohibit from building
- Japan = Marshall, Caroline and Mariana Islands
After the war Japan wanted to keep
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The Terms of Peace

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- Italy = Tirol and Trieste (not Fiume)
- Belgium = German territory along its border
- GB = German African colonies
- Germany with no navy and prohibit from building
- Japan = Marshall, Caroline and Mariana Islands
After the war Japan wanted to keep
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The Terms of Peace

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Reparations and Peacekeeping
- Who will pay and how much
- A world organization = League of Nations
- How functional would it be
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The Terms of Peace

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The Peace: Justice or Vengeance
- Division of territories among European nations
- Peace of Justice = Peace of vengeance
- The Defeated should be taught a lesson
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The Terms of Peace

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Section 4 review
Section 4:
The Terms of Peace
4. a) what were the six general proposals of Wilson's
fourteen points?
No secrete treaties
Freedom of the seas
Removal of economic barriers
Reduction of arms
Fair adjustment of colonial claim
A world organization

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Section 4 review
Section 4:
The Terms of Peace
4. b) What effect did the fourteen points have?
Caught imagination of people everywhere interested
in fair treatment after the devastation the war had
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Section 4 review
Section 4:
The Terms of Peace
5. What events led to the end of World War I?
Defeat of German offensive on western front
Surrender of Bulgaria and Turks
Revolution in and withdrawal of A-H
Overthrow of Kaiser and surrender of Germany

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Section 4 review
Section 4:
The Terms of Peace
6. a) why did Wilson believe in a “peace of Justice”?
He believe this so that the settlement would not cause
bitterness and be the basis for new wars
b) Why did other oppose this belief?
The other Allies wanted the Central Powers to be punished
wanted their territory and colonies and wanted protection
against future German Attacks

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Focus questions
 What were the specific provision of the Treaty of
Versailles?
 What issues emerged as the victors dealt with various
nations and national minorities?
 What were the aims of the League of Nations (LoN)
Section 5:
Creating a “New” Europe

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The Treaty of Versailles
 No draft
 Maximum of 100,000 men
 No heavy artillery, military planes,
or submarines
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Fates of Former Territories
 Former A/H territories:
Austria; Lost territories and it could not produce sufficient
food nor the industry could maintain
Hungary: Czechoslovakia created
Yugoslavia was created from Serbia and Montenegro
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 Bulgaria: lost territory and outlet to the Aegean Sea to
Greece
 The Ottoman Empire: unfortified territories
(Dardanelles and Bosporus)
Many states formed
 Russia: Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declared
independence
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 Ethnic populations
- Mostly dissatisfied due to the improbability of being under
the same ethnic governance
- Armenians were treated badly
- Sudeten Germans lived in Czechoslovakia
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THE HUMAN JOURNEY
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The League of Nations
 Organization – assembly, council, secretariat,
World Court
 Mandates – colonies of defeated powers ruled by
“advanced” governments
 The start of the League – 42 member nations grew
to 59 by the 1940s
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Section 5 review questions
 Explain the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles concerning:
A) Reparations
B) Germany’s colonies
C) German military power
 How did the Treaty of Versailles create problems with regard to
national minorities?
 What was the league of nations and what were its aims?
 Do you consider WWI a major turning point in World History?
Explain why
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 Explain the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles
concerning:
A) Reparations: the treaty did not specify total amount of reparations
but did make Germany solely responsible for payment
B) Germany’s colonies: lost overseas colonies
C) German military power: conscription outlawed; army limited to 100,
000; warships limited and no tanks, planes heavy, artillery, poison
gas, or submarines
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 What was the league of nations and what were its aims?
In redrawing the map of Europe, it placed people o on nationality
under government of another nationality, these national minorities
were unhappy and some were brutally repressed
 Do you consider WWI a major turning point in World History?
Explain why
Opinion supported by evidence from text
Section 5:

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