Ο κ. Νικήτας Νικητάκος, Καθηγητής Πανεπιστημίου Αιγαίου, στην Ομιλία «Επαναστατικές Τεχνολογίες στις Ε.Δ. και Νέες Μορφές Στρατιωτικής Ηγεσίας» στις 8/11/2018, στο ΕΛΙΣΜΕ. https://www.facebook.com/events/2098992030122707/

1. Prof. Nikitas Nikitakos
Captain H.N. (ret)
University of the Aegean,
Νew Τechnologies and Leadership

2. Outline
 Introduction
 Fourth Industrial Revolution
 New Military Technologies
 Leadership Principles
 Leadership and New Technologies
 Conclusions

3. Fourth Industrial revolution

7. 4th Industrial Revolution
The Fourth Industrial Revolution
by Prof Klaus Schwab World Economic Forum;
EXTREME automation,
connectivity
Cyber-physical
systems
driven by AI and
robots

8. CPS – the next evolution
• Cyber-physical systems: integration of computation with
physical processes.
• Interaction with the physical environment is promoted to a
“first class citizen”.
• Promotes interaction and integration of subsystems
• Main goals:
– Co-design the cyber and physical part of the system
– Engineer a “system of systems”
8

9. CPS Requirements
1. Safety
– All such systems interact with the environment.
– System failure can have catastrophic consequences.
– System correctness depends on both logical results and the
time at which results are produced (real-time).
2. Performance
– Safety is number #1 requirement, but we still need to achieve
sufficient performance.
– Many systems are resource constrained (in either weight,
power, cost, etc.)
3. Interoperability
– Individual subsystems connected by open protocols.
– Security can be an issue. 9

10. Enabling Technologies (Computing)
n Recent Advances in Machine Learning
– Deep learning and
convolutional neural networks
– Reinforcement learning (AlphaGo)
Event-Based Computation
– New sensors and computing paradigms based upon temporal events (spikes).
– Using time to encode information rather than levels or multiple bits.
Probabilistic Algorithms and Programming
– Bayesian inference in hardware
– Exploiting noise and variability in computation
Neuromorphic Computing
– How to use limited precision and analog hardware
– Mimic SWAP benefits of biological computation in silicon and other computing
fabrics
Page 11

11. Need to explore new materials, device circuit concepts/
architectures that address ‘desirements’ and enable next generation
autonomous systems

12. Autonomy and Intelligent Systems
n Description: Systems that are aware and interact with their environment. DARPA defines
intelligent systems as "systems that know what they're doing" and exhibit the following
abilities:
– will be able to infer and reason, using substantial amounts of appropriately represented knowledge
– will learn from their experiences and improve their performance over time
– will be capable of explaining themselves and taking naturally expressed direction from humans
– will be aware of themselves and able to reflect on their own behavior
– will be able to respond robustly to surprises and explore in a very general way
– will be able to interact/interface with humans, if in the loop, using the same language as the human
nervous system
n Attributes of Autonomy and Intelligent Systems include, but not limited to:
– Energy efficiency (esp. for untethered and energy constrained systems)
– Decision Making
l Perception and awareness, Recognition, Learning,
Planning, Knowledge representation, Reasoning
– Speed/Latency
– Trust
– Minimum number of sensors
What research is required today to enable future autonomous
systems with these characteristics?

13. Types of Autonomous Systems
UXVs
– Unmanned X Vehicles where X = undersea
(UUVs), on sea, on land (driverless cars),
in air (UAV), in space
l Emphasis on mobility in various environments
l Need for energy efficient locomotion and
navigation
Robots
– perception, planning and decision
making
– mobile manipulation
– enhance human capabilities

14. Future Autonomous Systems
Missions
– Replace humans (in certain tasks)
• l Unattended exploration (e.g., space, undersea, hazardous environment)
• l Unattended monitoring (situationalawareness)
– Assist humans
l Overcomehandicaps
l Repetitivetasks
l Requires robust human-machineinterface
– Augment/Enhance human capabilities
l Requires robust human-machineinterface
Inspiration
– Biology/nature inspired (biological organisms)
– Science fiction inspired
l Example: book called Lock In: Humans have robots that interact for
them

15. Big Data
• Managing and using data have always been
challenging; But when is data no longer just
data, but “big data”?
• The most common definition is the 3 (+ 1)
Vs of big data: Volume, Velocity, and
Variety.
• IBM has introduced the important fourth
dimension: Veracity.

16. What is BIG DATA?
• ‘Big Data’ is similar to ‘small data’, but bigger in size
• but having data bigger it requires different approaches:
– Techniques, tools and architecture
• Αn aim to solve new problems or old problems in a better
way
• Big Data generates value from the storage and processing
of very large quantities of digital information that cannot
be analyzed with traditional computing techniques.

17. Three Characteristics of Big Data V3s
Volume
• Data
quantity
Velocity
• Data
Speed
Variety
• Data
Types

18. Defense and Technology
• Critical the role of technology in Defense
• Appropriate integration
• Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA)
• Transformation

19. Strategic Concepts and
Technology
• Minimize losses
• Information access
• Integrated, netwoked field of battle
• Unified and secure network
• Interoperability

20. New strategic perceptions
• Information
superiority
• Minimization of
losses, saving time and
resources

21. New Technologies in Military
Doctrines
• Network Centric Warfare (NCW)
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
• Precision Weapons
• HF RADARS
• STEALTH Technologies

22. Network Centric Organizations
• Focus from the single unit to the network
• Change of the concept of active elements
from autonomy to participation in an
ecosystem
• Strategic movements are focused in the
adaptation and survival in a continuous
changing ecosystem

23. Value Chain and Information
Technologies

24. Metcalfe’s Law
For every n
node there
are n-1
interactions
in the
network
For large
networks
the
potential of
the network
is n².

25. Military operations
Historical Evolution
Historical Period Weapons systems Energy
Nomadic Manual Human
Agricultural Cold Mechanical
Industrial Hot Thermal
Information Information Information

26. Military Operations Elements
HUMMANS NUMBERS
PLATFORMS MOBILITY
WEAPONS SPEED/RANGE
ROBOTS PRECISION
INCREASE OF
INDEPENDANCE
INCREASE SPEED
OF INFORMATION
CONTENT

27. “Modern’’ Operations
Characterized from…
• Combined causes
• More limited objectives
• Rich in content
• Shorter duration
• Limited losses
• Increased integration
of operations in all fields

28. Network Centric Warfare
An operational concept
Allowing in a Centric Networked Force
(Networked Sensors, Decision Support Units and Battle Units)
to increase in maximum level their fighting capabilities achieving
•Increase common operational picture
•Increase the speed of commands
•Better operational synchronization
•Better effectiveness
•Greater Survivability
•Better combat support
•Effective Synchronization
28

29. • The «network» is consisted of :
1. Information grid
2. Sensor grid
3. Engagement grid
• Inclusion of sensors , C4I systems and weapons
in a common network assuring full
interoperability, speed and reliability αξιοπιστία
Network Centric Warfare

30. Includes information
processing and trasmission
system in centric-networked
grid such as : communication
links and nodes, operating
systems for information
processing.
Network Centric Warfare
Information Grid

31. Network Centric Warfare
Sensor Grid
Includes all sensors systems responsible for
the tactical picture of the field of fight
(radars, E/O, sonars etc)

32. Engagement grid Πicludes all weapons
assigned the network. Any weapon could
theorically connected and operated by any
sensor or/and any related systems connected
to the network
Network Centric Warfare

33. Unmanned Arial Vehicles
(UAV)
 Developed for substituting U2
 Extensively deployed for first time in
Vietnam War
 It was a debate due to technical problems
and big number of losses
 After Dessert Storm their operationa value
is continually increasing

34. Operational value of UAVs
 Provide high valued strategic and tactical
information in real time and 24 hours basis
 Flexible and economic
 Their loss is not considered significant
 Could carry on weapons

35. Operational & tactical
characteristics
• Flight duration
• Speed
• Endurance range
• Maximum attitude
• Maximum take off
load
• Surveillance
identification
• Target lock in
• Electronic Warfare
• Deception
• Offensive operations

36. Category Attitude
(ft)
Range
(Km)
Speed
(Knots)
Fligh
time
(hours)
Repres
model
Tier I 15000 250 60-100 5-24 Pioneer
Searcher
Tier II 3000-
-25000
900 70 >24 Predator
Tier III
Plus
65000 5000 350 42 Global
Hawk
Tier III
Minus
45000-
-65000
800 300 12 Darkstar
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
UAV
TACTICAL

37. PREDATOR
ΜΗΚΟΣ (FT) 26.7
ΒΑΡΟΣ (LBS) 2100
ΕΜΒΕΛΕΙΑ (KM) 925
ΤΑΧΥΤΗΤΑ (KNOTS) 110
ΟΡΟΦΗ (FT) 25000
ΑΙΣΘΗΤΗΡΕΣ Ε-Ο & ΡΑΝΤΑΡ
SAR

38. High Precision weapons
Weapons that have the capability with one
shot to attack with high precision and from
long distances hostile targets limitimg the
necessity of human intervention in the
whole procedure .

39. High Precision weapons
 High effectiveness in any operational
environment
 Robustness in any countermeasures from
hostile platforms
 STEALTH Design
 Man in the loop
 IIR Seekers

40. High Precision weapons
Length 440 cm
Load 635 kg
Endurance >150 nm
Propulsion turbojet
Speed High under
sound
Direction IIR-man in the
Loop
(terminal)
GPS
(midcourse)

41. STEALTH Technology
Attempt to reduce all ‘energy signatures’ of
the platforms (RCS, acoustic, infrared,
magnetic, optical etc) resulting in the
reduction of detection distance from several
platform .

42. STEALTH Technology
Advantages :
 Reduction of the range for detection- lock in
and response by the enemy .
 Rducing the enemy’s wepons performance
 Better jammers and countermeasure
systems are required

43. STEALTH Technology
ΚΟΡΒΕΤΤΑ VISBY

44. STEALTH Technology
F-117 (RCS of a bird)

45. Radar for long distance detection

47. From the digital design to manufacture
https://www.3dsupplyguys.com
Digital design Physical object

48. Spare parts manufacturing
=+
http://www.windindustrial.com/38-metal-powder.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEfdO4p4SFc
The Introduction of 3-D Printing
Instead of inventory

49. Additive manufacturing
U.S. Armed Forces
The Introduction of 3-D Printing

50. Additive manufacturing
Biological products

51. Leadership
• Leadership is the ability to develop a vision that
motivates others to move with a passion toward a
common goal. So leadership is a process by which a
person influences others to accomplish an objective and
directs the organization in a way that makes it more
cohesive and coherent.

52. Definition
• Leadership is the “process of social influence
in which one person can enlist the aid and
support of others in the accomplishment of a
common task”.
M Chemers.
• "Leadership is ultimately about creating a
way for people to contribute to making
something extraordinary happen."
Alan Keith.

53. Four factors of leadership

54. • Leader - You must have an honest
understanding of who you are, what you
know and what you can do. To be successful
you have to convince your followers not your
superiors, that you are worthy of being
followed.
• Follower -You must know your people. The
fundamental starting point is having a good
understanding of human nature, such as
needs, emotions and motivation.

55. • Communication-The nonverbal
communication is leading. E.g.- when you
set example that communicates to your
people that you would not ask them to
perform anything that you would not be
willing to do. Bad communication harm the
relation between leader and employee.
• Situation-We must use our judgment to
decide the best course of action and the
leadership style needed for each situation.
What we do in one situation will not always
work in another.

56. 4.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MANAGERS AND LEADERS
Concerns Managers Leaders
Creation of Purpose Focus on plans and budgets;
creates steps, timetables for
achieving results and looks
for resources to support
goals.
Establishes direction; creates
a vision and the strategies
needed to achieve it.
Developing a Network for
Achieving the Agenda
Organizes and staffs; creates
structure for achieving the
plans; delegates
responsibility and authority;
develops procedures to
guide behavior; creates
monitoring systems.
Aligns people with the
target; communicates
direction by word and deed
to those whose cooperation
is needed; creates teams that
understand and share the
project’s vision.
Execution Controls and solves
problems; monitors results
and applies corrective
action.
Motivates and inspires;
energizes people overcome
obstacles and show personal
initiative.
Outcomes Produces a degree of
predictability and order;
seeks to maintain the status
quo.
Produces change; challenges
the status quo.
Focus Efficiency of operations Effectiveness of outcomes
Time-Frame Short-term, avoiding risks,
maintaining and imitating.
Long-term; taking risks,
innovating and originating.

57. Styles of leadership
The three major styles of leadership are (U.S. Army Handbook, 1973)
:
Authoritarian or autocratic
Participative or democratic
Delegative or Free Reign

58. Theories of leadership
TRAIT
THEORY
CONTINGENCY
THEORY
BEHAVIORAL
THEORY
SITUATIONAL
THEORY

59. Leadership
• Planning and organizing multifunctional programs
• Attracting and holding quality people
• Estimating and negotiating resources
• Working with other organizations
• Measuring work status, progress, and performance
• Scheduling multidisciplinary activities
• Understanding policies and operating procedures
• Delegating effectively
• Communicating effectively, orally and written
• Minimizing change.

60. Soft Skills of Leadership
Communication skills
Interpersonal skills
Coordination skills
Team-building and delegation skills
Problem-finding, analyzing, and solving skills

62. Planning and organizing
multifunctional programs
• Network Centric Warfare
• Cyber Physical Systems
• Big Data for Decision Support

63. Estimating and negotiating
resources
• Virtual Teams
• 3D printing
• UAV’s and Cyber Physical systems

64. Working with other organizations
• Connectivity, Cyber Security
• Remote control systems
• Modern real time Decision Systems

65. Attracting and holding quality
people
• New elite
• Looking for talents
• New ways for Human resources

66. Measuring work status, progress,
and performance
• Big Data and Business Analytics
• Real Time, Cyber Security
• Access to the information resources
• Security

67. Scheduling multidisciplinary
activities
.• Distributed
• Cooperative
• Time important Factor

68. Understanding policies and
operating procedures
• Network Centric Warfare
• Decisions based on Rules
• Synchronized
• Virtual Teams

69. Delegating effectively
• New organizations based on Information
Systems
• Real Time Decision and Control
• Remote Operations (Unmanned Platforms)

70. Communicating effectively,
orally and written
• New tools for communication (i.e. skype,
teleconferences etc)
• Information Sharing
• Man Machine Interface
• Man in the loop systems

71. Minimizing change
• Changes in Education and Training
• Managing Change
• New organization
• New resources distribution

72. Conclusions
• New Technologies influence on Military
Operations
• New Reality
• Significant advantages for small forces
armed forces
• New leadership styles based on Humans
behavior and new Technologies

73. Thank you
for your attention
nnik@aegean.gr