1. 1. GENERAL CONVENTIONS
• The actual point in space is annotated as an upper case letter.
• The front view is annotated as a lower case letter with a prime and the top
view as a lower case letter without a prime, e.g., if the actual point is ‘A’ then
its Front View is marked as a´ and its Top view is marked with a.
• The intersection of the two principal planes, i.e., the Horizontal Plane (H.P.)
and the Vertical Plane (V.P.), is a straight line known as the reference line
and shall be annotated as the xy line.
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
2. 2. PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
• A point can be situated anywhere in the three dimensional space relative to
the two planes of projection.
• The point can be either above, below or within the H.P.
• The point can be either in front of, behind or within the V.P.
With Reference to H.P. With Reference to V.P.
Above In Front
Below Behind
Within Within
3. With Reference to H.P. With Reference to V.P.
Above In Front
Below Behind
Within Within
• Nine possible positions with respect to the two reference planes.
Above the H.P. & In Front of the V.P. (1st
Angle)
Above the H.P. & Behind the V.P. (2nd
Angle)
Above the H.P. & Within the V.P. (Boundary of 1st
and 2nd
Angle)
Below the H.P. & In Front of the V.P. (4th
Angle)
Below the H.P. & Behind the V.P. (3rd
Angle)
Below the H.P. & Within the V.P. (Boundary of 3rd
and 4th
Angle)
Within the H.P. & In Front of the V.P. (Boundary of 1st
and 4th
Angle)
Within the H.P. & Behind the V.P. (Boundary of 2nd
and 4th
Angle)
Within the H.P. & Within the V.P. (In the Reference Line)
4. Point Above the H.P. and In Front of the V.P.
• Front View is drawn Above the xy.
5. Point Above the H.P. and Behind the V.P.
• Front View is drawn Above the xy.
6. Point Above the H.P. and Within the V.P.
• Front View is drawn Above the xy.
7. If a point is ABOVE the H.P.;
Its Front View is always ABOVE xy.
8. Point Below the H.P. and In Front of the V.P.
• Front View is drawn Below the xy.
9. Point Below the H.P. and Behind the V.P.
• Front View is drawn Below the xy.
10. Point Below the H.P. and Within the V.P.
• Front View is drawn Below the xy.
11. If a point is BELOW the H.P.;
Its Front View is always BELOW xy.
12. Point Within the H.P. and In Front of the V.P.
• Front View is drawn In the xy.
13. Point Within the H.P. and Behind the V.P.
• Front View is drawn In the xy.
14. Point Within the H.P. and Within the V.P.
• Front View is drawn In the xy.
15. If a point is WITHIN the H.P.;
Its Front View is always IN xy.
16. • The position of the Front View of a point with respect to the xy line is dependent on
its position with respect to the H.P.
• The distance of the Front View of the point from the xy line is the same as the
distance of the point from the H.P.
17. Point In front of the V.P. and Above the H.P.
• Top View is drawn Below the xy.
18. Point In front of the V.P. and Below the H.P.
• Top View is drawn Below the xy.
19. Point In front of the V.P. and Within the H.P.
• Top View is drawn Below the xy.
20. If a point is IN FRONT of the V.P.;
Its Top View is always BELOW xy.
21. Point Behind the V.P. and Above the H.P.
• Top View is drawn Above the xy.
22. Point Behind the V.P. and Below the H.P.
• Top View is drawn Above the xy.
23. Point Behind the V.P. and Within the H.P.
• Top View is drawn Above the xy.
24. If a point is BEHIND the V.P.;
Its Top View is always ABOVE xy.
25. Point Within the V.P. and Above the H.P.
• Top View is drawn In the xy.
26. Point Within the V.P. and Below the H.P.
• Top View is drawn In the xy.
27. Point Within the V.P. and Within the H.P.
• Top View is drawn In the xy.
28. If a point is WITHIN the V.P.;
Its Top View is always IN xy.
29. • The position of the Top View of a point with respect to the xy line is dependent on its
position with respect to the V.P. only.
• The distance of the Top View of the point from the xy line is the same as the
distance of the point from the V.P.
30. Position w.r.t. HP Position w.r.t. VP F.V. w.r.t. xy T.V. w.r.t. xy
Above In Front Above Below
Above Behind Above Above
Above Within Above In
Below In Front Below Below
Below Behind Below Above
Below Within Below In
Within In Front In Below
Within Behind In Above
Within Within In In
37. 1. POSSIBLE POSITIONS
A. With Respect to H.P.
• Parallel to the H.P.
• Perpendicular to the H.P.
• Inclined to the H.P.
B. With Respect to V.P.
• Parallel to the V.P.
• Perpendicular to the V.P.
• Inclined to the V.P.
PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES
50. POSITIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE WITH RESPECT TO THE TWO PLANES
1. Parallel to both planes
2. Perpendicular to one plane (must be parallel to the other plane)
i. Perpendicular to the H.P. (must be parallel to the V.P.)
ii. Perpendicular to the V.P. (must be parallel to the H.P.)
3. Inclined to one plane and parallel to the other plane
i. Inclined to the H.P. and parallel to the V.P.
ii. Inclined to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P.
4. Inclined to both planes
51. PROJECTION RULE OF PARALLELISM
• If a straight line is parallel to a principal plane, its projection on the same
principal plane must be equal to its True Length (T.L.), whereas its projection on
the other principal plane must be parallel to the xy line.
• Line is parallel to the H.P., therefore its
T.V. is T.L. and F.V. parallel to xy.
• Line is parallel to the V.P., therefore its
F.V. is T.L. and T.V. parallel to xy.
52. • Line is parallel to the H.P., therefore its
T.V. is T.L. and F.V. parallel to xy.
53. • Line is parallel to the H.P., therefore its
T.V. is T.L. and F.V. parallel to xy.
54. • Line is parallel to the V.P., therefore its
F.V. is T.L. and T.V. parallel to xy.
55. • Line is parallel to the V.P., therefore its
F.V. is T.L. and T.V. parallel to xy.
56. • If the F.V. is T.L., then the T.V. is parallel to xy line.
• If the T.V. is T.L., then the F.V. is parallel to xy line.
• If the T.V. is parallel to xy line, then the F.V. is T.L.
• If the F.V. is parallel to xy line, then the T.V. is T.L.
• If one view is T.L., the other must be parallel to xy.
• If one view is parallel to xy, the other must be T.L.
57.
58. • Straight line AB
• End A is 40 mm above the H.P. and 50 mm
in front of the V.P.
• Line is parallel to the V.P. and inclined to
the H.P., therefore F.V. (a’b’) is T.L.
• End B is also above the H.P. and in front of
the V.P.
