paving block made from plastic waste and paving block made from concrete

1. 2.3 concrete paving block and Sand-plastic paving block
Paving block, sometimes known as paving brick, is a popular decorative method for laying down
a pavement or hard surface. Individual bricks may be pulled up and changed afterwards, which is
a major advantage of brick over other materials. Once the paving bricks have been changed, this
allows for corrective work to be done beneath the surface of the paving without leaving a
permanent mark. Driveways, pavement, patios, town centers, precincts, and, more often, road
surfing are examples of common uses. (Dikshita Erande, 2020)
Nowadays, concrete paver blocks are used more frequently in road pavements. In comparison to
the traditional road, which is built of bitumen and gravel, concrete paver blocks are a better
option for building roads. Building and road construction are essential because India is a
developing nation. (Mukesh Chavan, 2019)
Concrete blocks are mass manufactured to standard sizes. This block has excellent interlocking
characteristics, durability and has great aesthetics. Brick pavers, concrete paver, granite paver,
rubber paver and stone pavers are various types of pavers widely used. But for manufacturing
plastic paver blocks, cement, quarry dust, crushed aggregates, coarse aggregates and plastic waste
are essential. Both ordinary and plastic paver blocks are design for same grade and compared by
its water absorption, melting point and compressive strength. The study by typical concrete paving
blocks has one smooth face and one rough, although some paving blocks so come with reversible
surfaces (can be used both sides). The performance characteristics of concrete paving blocks make
it suitable for the heaviest duty applications, able to support substantial loads and resist shearing
and braking forces. These blocks come in different colors. The colors typically come from metallic
oxides. Paving blocks are the most preferred choice for laying of pavements, driveways as it can
be immediately open to the traffic after fixing up. (eevan Ghuge, 2019)
Although concrete pavers are a relatively new product, paving stones have long been used as a
surface covering. Assyria has the earliest evidence of stone pavement, which dates to 4000 BC.
By 2000 BC, flagstones were being used to pave village roadways. Cobblestones, which are
uncut and frequently water-worn stones or huge pebbles about 150mm in size, were the original
type of stone paving. Stone blocks that had been hand-cut were afterwards used. Clay brick
pavement was used in India about 300 BC, while brick roads were constructed often in

2. Mesopotamia in 2000 BC. The idea of shaped, rather than rectangular blocks, is not new; the
Romans were the ones to adopt hexagonal-shaped flagstones as a surface course. The Appian
Way was constructed by Roman engineers in 312 BC and is arguably the most well-known of all
Roman roadways. Between Rome and Brindisi, an Italian port in the country's southeast, lies a
377-kilometer route that was paved with tightly-fitting paving stones.
Concrete paving blocks were first manufactured in the Netherlands in 1924. It was probably World
War II that led to the growth of concrete blocks as a paving material. Large areas of the Netherlands
were destroyed during the War and, because clay bricks were in short supply and what was
available was being used to rebuild housing), concrete blocks were introduced as an alternative.
Subsequently, concrete block paving became recognized as a paving material in its own right.
The need for plastic materials and other necessities is growing along with the population. Brick is
the most common material used in the building industry and makes up a significant portion of
project materials, particularly for residential projects. To create different sorts of bricks, we
combine different types of plastic in different ways. By performing various experiments on bricks,
we can determine their varied qualities. The most frequent tests on bricks that are carried out by
various studies include the compression and water absorption tests. However, the industry uses
these kinds of bricks relatively infrequently. We must make it easier for individuals to use these
kinds of block and expand their use.
The environmental and ecological issues brought on by the use of plastics can be
partially resolved by incorporating discarded plastic into concrete pavement blocks. The
purpose of this research is to lower block costs, unit weights, and environmental pollution. Due
to its limited biodegradability and widespread use, plastic disposal is seen as a major issue in
the environment. As a partial replacement for cement, HDPE plastic is employed in powder
form Using197x167x61mm bone shaped paver block molds and M30 grade of concrete mix
are used. The compression and water absorption tests are carried out.
In this project we can use a waste plastic as cement, and we will do instead of plastic disposal we
can use the plastic in pavement block, then it is economical as well as easily available .as
compare to concrete pavement block the plastic pavement block is light in weight. Also, it has a
small procedure to making a block. The use of plastic waste which is non-biodegradable is

3. rapidly growing in the surrounding and becoming a threat to the environment in many aspects.
(Sahil Sanjeev Salvi, 2021)
Also this study High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene (PE) bags are cleaned and
added with sand and aggregate at various percentages to obtain high strength bricks that possess
thermal and sound insulation properties to control pollution and to reduce the overall cost of
construction, this is one of the best ways to avoid the accumulation of plastic waste which is an
on-degradable pollutant. The plastic waste is naturally available in surplus quantity and hence the
cost factor comes down.
The current work will be done to create bricks or building blocks out of discarded plastic and
sand. After heating 180 ° c to 200 ° c, waste plastic is combined with sand to create the bricks.
Two brick samples—one made of fine aggregate and used water bottles, the other of course
aggregate and used water bottles—are made and put to the test for various mechanical and
physical characteristics. The sand-plastic bricks have a waxy surface and are lightweight. Results
of local bricks in the market and sand-plastic bricks are compared.
The project's goal is to replace the cement in paver blocks with plastic in order to reduce the
plastics waste and the price of paver blocks compared to traditional concrete paver blocks.

4. Reference
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 04 | Apr 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET Page 5814-
5816 ‘‘Manufacturing of Paver Block by using Waste Plastic’’ Dikshita Erande, Tejashree
Mohite, Aafreen Sayyed, Kiran Patil4, Chaitanya Khaire, Prof. Chaitanya Khaire. Maharashtra-
India
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET Page 1967-
1967 ‘‘Utilization of Waste Plastic in Manufacturing of Paver Blocks’’ Jeevan Ghuge, Saurabh
Surale, Dr. B.M. Patil, S B Bhutekar Maharashtra-India
R. Mahadevi1 et.al, “An experimental investigation on concrete paver block by using PVC
plastic material”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET),
Volume: 5, Issue: 03, [March– 2018] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161
Koli Nishikant, Aiwale Nachiket, et.al, June 2016, “Manufacturing of pavement block by using
waste glass material”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6,
Issue 6, June 2016 61 ISSN 2250-3153
Dinesh.A, Kirubakaran.K et.al, (2016), “Utilization of waste plastic in manufacturing of bricks
and paver blocks”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research Vol. 11 No3, ISSN
0973-4562