Spelling rules of English Composition and Comprehension Book

1. Assignment No ( )
Assignment on English Spelling Rules
Subject : Tech & Bussiness Writting
Program : BBA (Hons) 2nd
Section : (A)
ID# : 7397
Submitted To: Sir Irshad
Submitted By : Adnan Khan
QURTUBA UNIVERSITY
Of Science And Information Technology

2. SPELLING RULES
Final consonant
1: One-syllable words ending in single vowel + single consonant double the consonant
before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
beg + ed = begged -- rob + er = robber
run + ing = running -- sad + est = saddest
but:
wish + ed = wished (two consonants)
fear + ing = fearing (two vowels)
2: Words of two or three syllables ending in single vowel + single consonant double
the final consonant if the last syllable is stressed.
begin + ing = beginning -- occur + ed = occurred
permit + ed = permitted -- control + er = controller
The consonant is not doubled if the last syllable is not stressed.
benefit + ed = benefited -- suffer + ing = suffering
These words are exceptions: worship, kidnap, handicap.
worship + ed = worshipped -- handicap + ed = handicapped
kidnap + er = kidnapper
3: In British English the consonant l is doubled, even if the stress does not fall on the
last syllabi
quarrel + ed = quarreled -- signal + ing = signalling
travel + er = traveler -- distil + er = distiller
Note the exception:-
parallel + ed = paralleled
4: If the word to which the suffix ful is added ends in ll, the second l is dropped.
skill + ful = skilful -- will + ful = wilful
Final E
5: Words ending in silent e drop the e before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
live + ing = living -- move + ed = moved
home + ing = homing -- drive + er = driver
The e remains before a suffix beginning with a consonant,
hope + ful = hopeful
engage + ment = engagement

3. Note the exceptions:-
true + ly = truly
whole + ly = wholly
due + ly = duly
nine + th = ninth
argue + ment = argument
awe + ful = awful
6: Notice the special case of words ending in ce and ge which keep the e when adding
able and ous.
notice + able = noticeable
peace + able = peaceable
change + able = changeable
courage + ous = courageous
In such words the c and g are pronounced soft before e. Sometimes the e is retained to
avoid confusion with a similar word.
singe + ing = singeing (avoids confusion with singing)
swinge + ing = swingeing (avoids confusion with swinging)
7: Words ending in ee do not drop an e before a suffix.
see + ing = seeing
agree + ment = agreement
8: Words ending in ie change the ie to y when ing is added.
die, dying
tie, tying,
lie, lying
Final y
9: A final y following a consonant changes to i before a suffix except ing.
happy + ly = happily
carry + ed = carried
beauty + ful = beautiful
marry + age = marriage
But:
carry + ing = carrying
marry + ing = marrying
But y following a vowel does not change.
pray + ed = prayed

4. play + er = player
Notice a few exceptions:-
pay + ed = paid
day + ly = daily
say + ed = said
gay + ly = gaily
lay + ed = laid
ie or ei
10: When ie or ei is pronounced like ee in 'jeep', i comes before e except after c.
believe -- receive
relieve -- receipt
achieve -- deceive
grieve -- deceit,
yield -- conceive
field -- conceit
Some exceptions :
Seize -- protein -- counterfeit
Weird -- surfeit -- plabeian