The document discusses the use of SQL for modeling data, particularly focusing on incorporating calculations and dimensions similar to Excel functionalities. It provides numerous SQL query examples demonstrating how to create measures, define rules, and handle idiosyncrasies in relational data queries. The emphasis is on the flexibility of SQL capabilities while comparing its advantages with traditional tools like Excel.

1. 1

2. 2
22
2

3. 3

4. 4

5. centralised
backed up
secure
5

6. job done ?
6

7. 6 months later
7

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10

11. 11

12. 12

14. McDonald's Conjecture
on Large Corporations:
14

15. "you cannot kill Excel"
15

16. 16

17. custom queries
adhoc reports
17

18. 18

19. 19

20. 20

21. you cannot kill Excel
21

22. "why?"
22

23. 23

24. 24

25. formulas
inter-row calculations
familiar excel expressions
25

26. compare traditional
26

27. design,
document,
signoff,
PLSQL,
develop,
test,
implement
27

28. 28

29. you
cannot
kill
Excel
29

30. 30

31. formulas
inter-row calculations
familiar excel expressions
...all in SQL
31

32. "end user metaphor"
32

33. 33

34. model clause replicates this
34

35. my first MODEL query
35

36. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win';
YEAR VER BUGS
---------- --------------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100
1998 Windows98 130
2000 WindowsME 170
2002 WindowsXP 140
36

37. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win';
YEAR VER BUGS
---------- --------------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100
1998 Windows98 130
2000 WindowsME 170
2002 WindowsXP 140
37

38. excel = MODEL
38

39. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules
10 ()
11 /
YEAR VER BUGS
---------- --------------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100
1998 Windows98 130
2000 WindowsME 170
2002 WindowsXP 140
39

40. paid by line of code ...
40

41. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules
10 ()
11 /
41

42. dimensions
42

43. dimension
43

44. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules
10 ()
11 /
44

45. measures
45

46. dimension
measures
46

47. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules
10 ()
11 /
47

48. rules
defined by dimension,
impact measures
48

49. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules
10 ( ver[2009]='Windows7',
11 bugs[2009]=150 );
49

50. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules
10 ( ver[2009]='Windows7',
11 bugs[2009]=150 );
50

51. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules
10 ( ver[2009]='Windows7',
11 bugs[2009]=150 );
51

52. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules
10 ( ver[2009]='Windows7',
11 bugs[2009]=150
12 )
13 /
YEAR VER BUGS
---------- --------------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100
1998 Windows98 130
2000 WindowsME 170
2002 WindowsXP 140
2009 Windows7 150
52

53. relational data
dimensioned array
relational data
53

54. you'll still need "Excel"
Discoverer
APEX
Crystal Reports
54

55. a closer look
55

56. too very flexible
56

57. 57

58. create measures
58

59. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules sequential order
11 ( est_bugs[1995]=100 )
12 order by year;
YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 100
1998 Windows98 130 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
59

60. 60

61. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules sequential order
11 (
12 est_bugs[1995]=100 ,
13 est_bugs[1998]=100 ,
14 est_bugs[2000]=100 ,
15 est_bugs[2002]=100
16 ...
61

62. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules sequential order
11 (
12 est_bugs[ANY]=100
13 );
YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 100
1998 Windows98 130 100
2000 WindowsME 170 100
2002 WindowsXP 140 100
62

63. 63

64. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules sequential order
11 ( est_bugs[1995]=bugs[1995]*1.1 )
12 order by year;
YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 110
1998 Windows98 130 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
64

65. 65

66. back reference
66

67. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 ( est_bugs[ANY]=bugs[CV()]*1.1
12 )
13 /
YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 110
1998 Windows98 130 143
2000 WindowsME 170 187
2002 WindowsXP 140 154
67

68. multiple dimensions
68

69. 69

70. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (department, year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 ( est_bugs['HR', ANY]=bugs['HR', CV()]*1.1
12 ( est_bugs['Sales', ANY]=bugs['Sales', CV()]*1.2
13 ( est_bugs['Payroll', ANY]=bugs['Payroll', CV()]*1.5
14 )
15 /
not just numeric
70

71. 71

72. dimensions define a cell
72

73. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
9 rules
10 (
11 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
1996 RedHat 50 0
2006 Oracle 80 0
2001 SUSE 65 0
2003 CentOS 90 0
73

74. SQL> insert into versions
2 values ('Linux',2001,'Fedora',70);
1 row created.
SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 model
7 dimension by (year as yr)
8 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
9 rules
10 (
11 );
from versions
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-32638: Non unique addressing in MODEL dimensions
74

75. 75

76. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 model UNIQUE SINGLE REFERENCE
7 dimension by (year as yr)
8 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
9 rules ( );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
1996 RedHat 50 0
2006 Oracle 80 0
2001 SUSE 65 0
2003 CentOS 90 0
2001 Fedora 70 0
76

77. unique single reference
rules cannot cross dimensions
77

78. dimensions can be null
78

79. SQL> select yr,ver,bugs,est_bugs
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year as yr)
6 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
7 rules
8 (
9 est_bugs[null]=140
10 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
(null) 140
79

80. idiosyncracies # 1
80

81. SQL> select year as yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 model
7 dimension by (yr)
8 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
9 rules
10 (
11 );
dimension by (yr)
*
ERROR at line 7:
ORA-00904: "YR": invalid identifier
81

82. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 model
7 dimension by (year as yr)
8 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
9 rules
10 (
11 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
1996 RedHat 50 0
2006 Oracle 80 0
2001 SUSE 65 0
2003 CentOS 90 0
82

83. more on measures
83

84. any standard expression
84

85. SQL> select ...
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,
10 bugs,
11 bugs*0.5 half_bugs,
12 avg(bugs) over (
13 order by year rows
14 between 1 preceding
15 and 1 following ) est_bugs)
16 rules
17 (
18 );
YEAR VER BUGS HALF_BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 50 115
1998 Windows98 130 65 133.333333
2000 WindowsME 170 85 146.666667
2002 WindowsXP 140 70 155
85

86. aggregates
86

87. SQL> select platform, tot_bugs
2 from versions
3 group by platform
4 model
5 dimension by (platform)
6 measures (sum(bugs) as tot_bugs)
7 rules
8 (
9 );
PLATFORM TOT_BUGS
---------- ----------
Linux 285
Win 540
87

88. idiosyncracy # 2
88

89. SQL> select platform, sum(bugs) as tot_bugs
2 from versions
3 group by platform
4 model
5 dimension by (platform)
6 measures (tot_bugs)
7 rules
8 (
9 );
measures (tot_bugs)
*
ERROR at line 6:
ORA-00904: "TOT_BUGS": invalid identifier
89

90. idiosyncracies # 3
90

91. SQL> select platform, year, ver, bugs
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year)
6 measures (ver,bugs)
7 rules
8 ( ver[2009]='Windows7',
9 bugs[2009]=150
10 );
select platform, year, ver, bugs
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-32614: illegal MODEL SELECT expression
91

92. SQL> select platform, year, ver, bugs
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year)
6 measures (ver,bugs,platform)
7 rules
8 ( ver[2009]='Windows7',
9 bugs[2009]=150
10 );
PLATFORM YEAR VER BUGS
---------- ---------- --------------- ----------
Win 1995 Windows95 100
Win 1998 Windows98 130
Win 2000 WindowsME 170
Win 2002 WindowsXP 140
2009 Windows7 150
92

93. idiosyncracies # 4
93

94. SQL> select year, ver, bugs
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year)
6 measures (ver,bugs,year)
7 rules
8 ( ver[2009]='Windows7',
9 bugs[2009]=150,
10 year[2009]=2010
11 );
select year, ver, bugs
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00957: duplicate column name
94

95. SQL> select year, ver, bugs
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year)
6 measures (ver,bugs,year next_year)
7 rules
8 ( ver[2009]='Windows7',
9 bugs[2009]=150,
10 next_year[2009]=2010
11 );
YEAR VER BUGS
---------- --------------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100
1998 Windows98 130
2000 WindowsME 170
2002 WindowsXP 140
2009 Windows7 150
95

96. SQL> select year, ver, bugs, next_year
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year)
6 measures (ver,bugs,year next_year)
7 rules
8 ( ver[2009]='Windows7',
9 bugs[2009]=150,
10 next_year[2009]=2010
11 );
YEAR VER BUGS NEXT_YEAR
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 1995
1998 Windows98 130 1998
2000 WindowsME 170 2000
2002 WindowsXP 140 2002
2009 Windows7 150 2010
96

97. idiosyncracies # 5
97

98. SQL> select year, ver, bugs
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year)
6 measures (ver,bugs,null est_sales)
7 rules
8 (
9 est_sales[ANY]=0
10 );
measures (ver,bugs,null est_sales)
*
ERROR at line 6:
ORA-01723: zero-length columns are not allowed
98

99. SQL> select year, ver, bugs
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year)
6 measures (ver,bugs,to_number(null) est_sales)
7 rules
8 (
9 est_sales[ANY]=0
10 );
YEAR VER BUGS
---------- --------------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100
1998 Windows98 130
2000 WindowsME 170
2002 WindowsXP 140
99

100. SQL> select year, ver, bugs, sales_rep
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year)
6 measures (ver,bugs,
7 cast(null as varchar2(20)) sales_rep)
8 rules
9 (
10 sales_rep[2000]='Mike'
11 );
YEAR VER BUGS SALES_REP
---------- --------------- ---------- --------------------
1995 Windows95 100
1998 Windows98 130
2002 WindowsXP 140
2000 WindowsME 170 Mike
100

101. SQL> select year, ver, bugs, sales_rep
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year)
6 measures (ver,bugs,'Unknown' sales_rep)
7 rules
8 (
9 sales_rep[2000]='Mike Jones'
10 );
ERROR:
ORA-25137: Data value out of range
101

102. SQL> select year, ver, bugs, sales_rep
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by (year)
6 measures (ver,bugs,
7 cast('Unknown' as varchar2(20)) sales_rep)
8 rules
9 (
10 sales_rep[2000]='Mike Jones'
11 );
YEAR VER BUGS SALES_REP
---------- --------------- ---------- --------------------
1995 Windows95 100 Unknown
1998 Windows98 130 Unknown
2002 WindowsXP 140 Unknown
2000 WindowsME 170 Mike Jones
102

103. partitions
103

104. 104

105. SQL> select platform
...
6 from versions
7 model
8 partition by ( platform )
9 dimension by (year)
10 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
11 rules
12 ( est_bugs[1995]=bugs[1995],
13 est_bugs[year > 1995]=bugs[CV()]*1.1
14 );
PLATFORM YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
Linux 1996 RedHat 50 55
Linux 2006 Oracle 80 88
Linux 2001 SUSE 65 71.5
Linux 2003 CentOS 90 99
Linux 1995
Win 1995 Windows95 100 100
Win 1998 Windows98 130 143
Win 2000 WindowsME 170 187
Win 2002 WindowsXP 140 154
105

106. rules applied per partition
106

107. rules
107

108. standard expressions
108

109. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs[1998]=100,
13 bugs[2000]= :bindvar,
14 est_bugs[2009]= dbms_random.value(80,100)
15 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
1998 Windows98 130 100
2000 WindowsME <:bv> 0
2009 90.1501647
109

110. "no" subqueries
110

111. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs[2009]=
13 ( select max(bugs) from versions )
14 );
select yr
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-32620: illegal subquery within MODEL rules
111

112. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs,
10 ( select max(bugs) from versions ) x)
11 rules
12 (
13 est_bugs[2009]= x[2000]
14 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2009 170
112

113. CV( )
113

114. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 ( est_bugs[ANY]=bugs[CV()]*1.1
12 )
13 /
YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 110
1998 Windows98 130 143
2000 WindowsME 170 187
2002 WindowsXP 140 154
114

115. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs, 0 zero_bug)
10 rules
11 ( zero_bug[ANY]=CV()+10
12 );
( zero_bug[ANY]=CV()+10
*
ERROR at line 11:
ORA-32611: incorrect use of MODEL CV operator
115

116. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 ,zero_bug
6 from versions
7 where platform = 'Win'
8 model
9 dimension by (year)
10 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs, 0 zero_bug)
11 rules
12 ( zero_bug[ANY]=CV(YEAR)+10
13 );
YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS ZERO_BUG
---------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0 2005
1998 Windows98 130 0 2008
2000 WindowsME 170 0 2010
2002 WindowsXP 140 0 2012
116

117. cross-row rules
117

118. SQL> select fib
2 from ( select rownum r from dual
3 connect by level <= 10 )
4 model
5 dimension by (r)
6 measures (0 fib)
7 rules
8 ( fib[1]=1,
9 fib[2]=1,
10 fib[r>2]=fib[CV()-1]+fib[CV()-2] );
FIB
----------
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
118

119. key point
119

120. symbolic versus positional
120

121. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs[2009]=100,
13 ver[2009]='Windows7'
14 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
2009 Windows7 100
update or create a
dimension value of '2009'
121

122. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs[yr=2009]=100,
13 ver[yr=2009]='Windows7'
14 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
update if exists a
dimension value of '2009'
122

123. FOR
123

124. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs[yr IN (2000,2009)]=100
13 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
2000 WindowsME 170 100
124

125. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs[FOR yr IN (2000,2009)]=100
13 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
2000 WindowsME 170 100
2009 100
125

126. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs[FOR yr FROM 2002 TO 2005 INCREMENT 1]=100
13 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 100
2003 100
2004 100
2005 100
126

127. SQL> select ...
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs[FOR yr IN
13 ( select year
14 from versions
15 where platform = 'Linux') ]=100
16 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
1996 100
2006 100
2001 100
2003 100
127

128. update vs upsert
128

129. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs[FOR yr IN (2000,2009)]=100,
13 ver[2009]='Windows7' );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
2000 WindowsME 170 100
2009 Windows7 100
UPSERT
129

130. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules UPDATE
11 (
12 est_bugs[FOR yr IN (2000,2009)]=100,
13 ver[2009]='Windows7' );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
2000 WindowsME 170 100
2009 Windows7 100
2009 gone
130

131. idiosyncracies # 2
the "sert" in upsert
131

132. SQL> select *
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'z/OS';
no rows selected
SQL> select *
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'z/OS'
4 model
5 dimension by (year as yr)
6 measures (ver, 0 est_bugs)
7 rules
8 ( est_bugs[FOR yr IN (2000,2002,2009)]=100,
9 ver[ANY]='IBM' );
YR VER EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ----------
2000 IBM 100
2002 IBM 100
2009 IBM 100
132

133. note: simplification
upsert
upsert all
update
133

134. nested references
134

135. SQL> select yr
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs, year as yr2)
10 rules
11 (
12 yr2[ANY]=yr2[CV()]-2,
13 est_bugs[yr2[2000]]=100
14 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 0
1998 Windows98 130 100
2000 WindowsME 170 0
2002 WindowsXP 140 0
yr2[2000]=2000-2=1998
est_bugs[1998]=100
135

136. most typical SQL applies
136

137. SQL> select ...
7 model
8 dimension by (year as yr)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs[yr is null]=100,
13 est_bugs[yr is not null]=110,
14 est_bugs[yr > 0]=120,
15 est_bugs[yr between 2000 and 2010]=130,
16 est_bugs[null]=140
17 );
YR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 120
1998 Windows98 130 120
2000 WindowsME 170 130
2002 WindowsXP 140 130
(null) 140
137

138. idiosyncracies # 3
138

139. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 model
7 dimension by (platform,year)
8 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
9 rules
10 (
11 est_bugs[2009]=100
12 );
est_bugs[2009]=100
*
ERROR at line 11:
ORA-00947: not enough values
139

140. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 (
12 est_bugs['Win',2009]=100
13 );
est_bugs['Win',2009]=100
*
ERROR at line 12:
ORA-00947: not enough values
140

141. rule aggregates
141

142. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,cumtot
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 cumtot)
10 rules
11 ( cumtot[ANY]=SUM(bugs)[year <= CV(year)]
12 );
YEAR VER BUGS CUMTOT
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 100
1998 Windows98 130 230
2000 WindowsME 170 400
2002 WindowsXP 140 540
142

143. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,wt
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 wt)
10 rules
11 ( wt[ANY]=bugs[CV()]*
12 row_number() over ( order by year )
13 );
YEAR VER BUGS WT
---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100 100
1998 Windows98 130 260
2000 WindowsME 170 510
2002 WindowsXP 140 560
143

144. rule conflict
144

145. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules automatic order
10 ( bugs[2000]=150,
11 bugs[ANY]=bugs[CV()]*1.1
12 )
13 /
bugs[ANY]=bugs[CV()]*1.1
*
ERROR at line 11:
ORA-32630: multiple assignment in automatic
order MODEL
145

146. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules sequential order
10 ( bugs[2000]=150,
11 bugs[ANY]=bugs[CV()]*1.1
12 )
13 /
YEAR VER BUGS
---------- --------------- ----------
1995 Windows95 110
1998 Windows98 143
2000 WindowsME 165
2002 WindowsXP 154
146

147. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules sequential order
10 ( bugs[ANY]=bugs[CV()]*1.1,
11 bugs[2000]=150
12 )
13 /
YEAR VER BUGS
---------- --------------- ----------
1995 Windows95 110
1998 Windows98 143
2000 WindowsME 150
2002 WindowsXP 154
110
143
165
154
147

148. rule affected rows only
148

149. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 from versions
5 where platform = 'Win'
6 model return updated rows
7 dimension by (year)
8 measures (ver,bugs)
9 rules
10 ( ver[2009]='Windows7',
11 bugs[2009]=150
12 )
13 /
YEAR VER BUGS
---------- --------------- ----------
2009 Windows7 150
149

150. inter-row measures
150

151. 151

152. SQL> select year
2 ,ver
3 ,bugs
4 ,est_bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 model
8 dimension by (year)
9 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs)
10 rules
11 ( est_bugs[ANY]=bugs[CV()-1]*1.1
12 )
13 /
YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1995 Windows95 100
1998 Windows98 130
2000 WindowsME 170
2002 WindowsXP 140
est_bugs[1995]=bugs[1994]
est_bugs[1998]=bugs[1997]
est_bugs[2000]=bugs[1999]
est_bugs[2002]=bugs[2001]
152

153. non-existent dimensions = null
153

154. SQL> select rank() over ( order by year) as year_rank
2 ,year
3 ,ver
4 ,bugs
5 from versions
6 where platform = 'Win'
7 /
YEAR_RANK YEAR VER BUGS
---------- ---------- --------------- ----------
1 1995 Windows95 100
2 1998 Windows98 130
3 2000 WindowsME 170
4 2002 WindowsXP 140
154

155. SQL> select year_rank,year
2 ,ver,bugs,est_bugs
3 from versions
4 where platform = 'Win'
5 model
6 dimension by (
7 rank() over ( order by year) as year_rank)
8 measures (ver,bugs,year,0 est_bugs)
9 rules
10 ( est_bugs[1]=bugs[1],
11 est_bugs[year_rank > 1]=bugs[CV()-1]*1.1
12 );
YEAR_RANK YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1 1995 Windows95 100 100
2 1998 Windows98 130 110
3 2000 WindowsME 170 143
4 2002 WindowsXP 140 187
155

156. non-existent dimensions
in excel
156

157. 157

158. 158

159. SQL> select year_rank,year
2 ,ver,bugs,est_bugs
3 from versions
4 where platform = 'Win'
5 model
6 dimension by (
7 rank() over ( order by year) as year_rank)
8 measures (ver,bugs,year,0 est_bugs)
9 rules
10 ( est_bugs[1]=bugs[1],
11 est_bugs[year_rank > 1]=bugs[CV()-1]*1.1
12 );
YEAR_RANK YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1 1995 Windows95 100 100
2 1998 Windows98 130 110
3 2000 WindowsME 170 143
4 2002 WindowsXP 140 187
159

160. SQL> select year_rank,year
2 ,ver,bugs,est_bugs
3 from versions
4 where platform = 'Win'
5 model
6 dimension by (
7 rank() over ( order by year) as year_rank)
8 measures (ver,bugs,year,0 est_bugs)
9 rules
10 ( est_bugs[ANY]=bugs[CV()-1]*1.1
11 );
YEAR_RANK YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1 1995 Windows95 100
2 1998 Windows98 130 110
3 2000 WindowsME 170 143
4 2002 WindowsXP 140 187
160

161. but can be overridden
161

162. SQL> select year_rank,year
2 ,ver,bugs,est_bugs
3 from versions
4 where platform = 'Win'
5 model IGNORE NAV
6 dimension by (
7 rank() over ( order by year) as year_rank)
8 measures (ver,bugs,year,0 est_bugs)
9 rules
10 ( est_bugs[ANY]=bugs[CV()-1]*1.1
11 );
YEAR_RANK YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1 1995 Windows95 100 0
2 1998 Windows98 130 110
3 2000 WindowsME 170 143
4 2002 WindowsXP 140 187
162

163. SQL> select *
2 from dual
3 where 1=0
4 model ignore nav
5 dimension by (0 tag)
6 measures (to_date(null) d,
7 to_number(null) n,
8 cast(null as varchar2(10)) v)
9 rules
10 ( d[0] = d[1],
11 n[0] = n[1],
12 v[0] = v[1]
13 );
TAG D N V
---------- ------------------- ---------- ------
0 01/01/2000 00:00:00 0
dimension 1 does not exist
beware documentation !
163

164. useful for cascading measures
164

165. SQL> select year_rank,year
2 ,ver,bugs,cum_bugs
3 from versions
4 where platform = 'Win'
5 model
6 dimension by (
7 rank() over ( order by year) as year_rank)
8 measures (ver,bugs,year,to_number(null) cum_bugs)
9 rules
10 ( cum_bugs[ANY]=cum_bugs[CV()-1]+bugs[CV()-1]
11 );
YEAR_RANK YEAR VER BUGS CUM_BUGS
---------- ---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1 1995 Windows95 100
2 1998 Windows98 130
3 2000 WindowsME 170
4 2002 WindowsXP 140
165

166. SQL> select year_rank,year
2 ,ver,bugs,cum_bugs
3 from versions
4 where platform = 'Win'
5 model IGNORE NAV
6 dimension by (
7 rank() over ( order by year) as year_rank)
8 measures (ver,bugs,year,to_number(null) cum_bugs)
9 rules
10 ( cum_bugs[ANY]=cum_bugs[CV()-1]+bugs[CV()-1]
11 );
YEAR_RANK YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1 1995 Windows95 100 0
2 1998 Windows98 130 100
3 2000 WindowsME 170 230
4 2002 WindowsXP 140 400
166

167. rule ordering
167

168. SQL> select ...
6 from versions
7 where platform = 'Win'
8 model
9 dimension by (rank() over ( order by year) as year_rank)
10 measures (ver,bugs,year,bugs est_bugs)
11 rules
12 (
13 est_bugs[ANY]=est_bugs[CV()-1]*1.1
14 );
YEAR_RANK YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1 1995 Windows95 100
2 1998 Windows98 130
3 2000 WindowsME 170
4 2002 WindowsXP 140
168

169. SQL> select ...
6 from versions
7 where platform = 'Win'
8 model
9 dimension by (rank() over ( order by year) as year_rank)
10 measures (ver,bugs,year,bugs est_bugs)
11 rules
12 (
13 est_bugs[ANY] order by year_rank desc =
14 est_bugs[CV()-1]*1.1
15 );
YEAR_RANK YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS
---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
1 1995 Windows95 100
2 1998 Windows98 130 110
3 2000 WindowsME 170 143
4 2002 WindowsXP 140 187
169

170. lots of null "variations"
column is null
dimension does not exist
ignore nav / keep nav
170

171. SQL> select year, ver, bugs, patches
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win';
YEAR VER BUGS PATCHES
---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1994 Windows3.1.1 140
1995 Windows95 100
1998 Windows98 130
2000 WindowsME 170
2002 WindowsXP 140 3
2003 Windows2003 140 1
FCAST
----------
(null)
(null)
(null)
(null)
(null)
110
"forecast = bugs(year-1) – 10*patches(year-1)"
171

172. SQL> select year, ver, patches, fcast, pv, pnv
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by ( year )
6 measures (ver, bugs, 0 fcast, patches, 'X' pv, 'X' pnv)
7 rules
8 (
9 fcast[ANY]=bugs[CV()]-10*patches[CV()-1],
10 pv[ANY]=PRESENTV( patches[CV()-1], 'Y','N'),
11 pnv[ANY]=PRESENTNNV( patches[CV()-1], 'Y','N')
12 );
YEAR VER PATCHES FCAST PV PNV
---------- --------------- ---------- ---------- ---- ----
1994 Windows3.1.1 N N
1995 Windows95 Y N
1998 Windows98 N N
2000 WindowsME N N
2002 WindowsXP 3 N N
2003 Windows2003 1 110 Y Y
172

173. "duh...I know about NVL"
resultset time
rule execution time
173

174. iteration
174

175. "if the number of bugs drops by
4% each year, what is the 5 year
forecast for each product"
Windows XP 140
Windows XP 134
Windows XP 129
Windows XP 123
Windows XP 118
Windows XP 113
175

176. SQL> select year, ver, bugs, bugs5yr
2 from versions
3 where platform = 'Win'
4 model
5 dimension by ( year )
6 measures (ver, bugs, bugs bugs5yr)
7 rules ITERATE(5)
8 (
9 bugs5yr[ANY]=bugs5yr[CV()] * 0.96
10 );
YEAR VER BUGS BUGS5YR
---------- --------------- ---------- -------
1995 Windows95 100 81.54
1998 Windows98 130 106.00
2000 WindowsME 170 138.61
2002 WindowsXP 140 114.15
176

177. 5 iterations per partition
177

178. iteration_number
178

179. SQL> select num
2 from dual
3 model
4 dimension by ( 0 x)
5 measures ( 0 num)
6 rules iterate (20)
7 (
8 num[ITERATION_NUMBER]=ITERATION_NUMBER
9 );
NUM
----------
0
1
2
3
4
...
17
18
19
20 rows selected.
starts from zero
179

180. iterate UNTIL
180

181. loan payments
181

182. SQL> select *
2 from loans;
DESCR YEAR BAL RATE PMT
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Car 2000 25000 1.13 350
House 2010 300000 1.04 2200
182

183. SQL> select descr, bal final_bal, yrs
2 from loans
3 model
4 partition by ( year)
5 dimension by (0 idx)
6 measures (descr, bal, rate, pmt, 0 yrs)
7 rules iterate (50) until bal[0]*rate[0]-12*pmt[0]<0
8 (
9 bal[0]=bal[0]*rate[0]-12*pmt[0]
10 ,yrs[0]=iteration_number
11 );
DESCR FINAL_BAL YRS
---------- ----------- ----------
House 11660.34 14
Car 632.33 11
183

184. PREVIOUS
184

185. "how many years will it take for my
house to appreciate in value more
than my annual mortgage payments"
185

186. SQL> select year, bal, apprec, yrs
2 from loans
3 where descr = 'House'
4 model
5 partition by ( year )
6 dimension by ( 0 idx)
7 measures ( year y, bal, 12*pmt mort, apprec, 0 yrs)
8 rules iterate (20)
9 until bal[0]- previous( bal[0] ) > mort[0]
10 (
11 bal[0]=bal[0]*(1+apprec[0]/100),
12 yrs[0]=iteration_number+1
13 );
YEAR BAL APPREC YRS
---------- ---------- --------- ----------
2010 437742.689 6.5 6
186

187. reference models
187

188. SQL> select * from VERSIONS;
PLATFORM YEAR VER BUGS
---------- ---------- --------------- ----------
Win 1995 Windows95 100
Win 1998 Windows98 130
Win 2000 WindowsME 170
Win 2002 WindowsXP 140
Linux 1996 RedHat 50
Linux 2006 Oracle 80
Linux 2001 SUSE 65
Linux 2003 CentOS 90
SQL> select * from PLATFORM_TYPE;
PLATFORM OWNERSHIP
-------------------- --------------------
Win Private
Linux Open Source
188

189. SQL> select year, ver, bugs, est_bugs, own_ship
2 from versions
3 model
4 reference pt on
5 ( select platform p, ownership own
6 from platform_type )
7 dimension by (p)
8 measures (own)
9 dimension by (year)
10 measures (ver,bugs, 0 est_bugs,
11 platform, cast(null as varchar2(20)) own_ship)
12 rules
13 ( est_bugs[1995]=bugs[1995],
14 est_bugs[year > 1995]=bugs[cv()]*1.1,
15 own_ship[any]=pt.own[platform[cv()]]
16 );
YEAR VER BUGS EST_BUGS OWN_SHIP
---------- --------------- ---------- ---------- -----------
1995 Windows95 100 100 Private
1998 Windows98 130 143 Private
2000 WindowsME 170 187 Private
2002 WindowsXP 140 154 Private
1996 RedHat 50 55 Open Source
2006 Oracle 80 88 Open Source
2001 SUSE 65 71.5 Open Source
2003 CentOS 90 99 Open Source189

190. why not just a join ?
190

191. “imagination is more
important than knowledge”
- Albert Einstein
191

192. bit strings
192

193. SQL> create table DEC as
2 select rownum r
3 from dual connect by level < 1000;
Table created.
SQL> select * from DEC;
R
----------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
193

194. SQL> select r, ltrim(str,'0')
2 from DEC
3 model
4 dimension by (r)
5 measures (
6 cast('' as varchar2(64)) str,
7 r as runtot,
8 power(2,32) as chk)
9 rules iterate(33)
10 ( str[ANY] =
11 str[CV()] ||
12 case
13 when bitand(runtot[CV()],chk[CV()]) > 0
14 then '1' else '0'
15 end,
16 runtot[ANY] =
17 runtot[CV()] -
18 bitand(runtot[CV()],chk[CV()]),
19 chk[ANY] = chk[CV()] / 2
20 );
194

195. R BITSTR
-------- -----------------
1 1
2 10
3 11
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
11 1011
12 1100
13 1101
14 1110
15 1111
16 10000
17 10001
18 10010
195

196. or ...
196

197. select r, ltrim(str,'0')
from DEC
model
partition by (r)
dimension by (1 blah)
measures (
cast('' as varchar2(64)) str,
r as runtot,
power(2,32) as chk)
rules iterate(33)
( str[1] =
str[1] ||
case
when bitand(runtot[1],chk[1]) > 0
then '1' else '0'
end,
runtot[1] =
runtot[1] -
bitand(runtot[1],chk[1]),
chk[1] = chk[1] / 2
);
197

198. avoid self join
198

199. SQL> select e1.ename, e2.ename manager, e1.sal, e1.comm
2 from emp e1, emp e2
3 where e1.mgr= e2.empno;
ENAME MANAGER SAL COMM
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
JONES KING 2975
CLARK KING 2450
BLAKE KING 2850
WARD BLAKE 1250 500
JAMES BLAKE 950
TURNER BLAKE 1500 0
ALLEN BLAKE 1600 300
MARTIN BLAKE 1250 1400
199

200. SQL> select ename, manager, sal, comm
2 from emp
3 model
4 dimension by (empno)
5 measures (ename, mgr, sal, comm,
6 cast (null as varchar2(10)) as manager)
7 rules (
8 manager[any] = ename[mgr[cv()]]
9 );
ENAME MANAGER SAL COMM
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
KING ALLEN 5000
BLAKE KING 2850
CLARK KING 2450
JONES KING 2975
MARTIN BLAKE 1250 1400
ALLEN BLAKE 1600 300
...
200

201. string concatenation
pre 11.2
201

202. SQL> select deptno, ltrim(str,',') str
2 from emp
3 model return updated rows
4 partition by (deptno)
5 dimension by (
6 rank() over ( partition by deptno order by empno) x )
7 measures ( ename, cast('' as varchar2(4000)) str)
8 rules iterate (20)
9 until presentv(ename[iteration_number+1],1,2)=2
10 (
11 str[1] = str[1] || ','|| ename[iteration_number+1]
12 );
DEPTNO STR
---------- -------------------------------------------------
20 SMITH,JONES,SCOTT,ADAMS,FORD,
10 CLARK,KING,MILLER,
30 ALLEN,WARD,MARTIN,BLAKE,TURNER,JAMES,
202

203. obvious targets
203

204. SQL> select
2 col1,
3 col2,
4 my_function(...)
5 from EMP;
204

205. wrapup
205

206. why model ?
206

207. (largish) learning curve
207

208. SELECT c, p, m, pp, ip FROM MORTGAGE
MODEL
REFERENCE R ON
(SELECT customer, fact, amt FROM mortgage_facts
MODEL DIMENSION BY (customer, fact) MEASURES (amount amt)
RULES
(amt[any, 'PaymentAmt']= (amt[CV(),'Loan']*
Power(1+ (amt[CV(),'Annual_Interest']/100/12),
amt[CV(),'Payments']) *
(amt[CV(),'Annual_Interest']/100/12)) /
(Power(1+(amt[CV(),'Annual_Interest']/100/12),
amt[CV(),'Payments']) - 1)))
DIMENSION BY (customer cust, fact) measures (amt)
MAIN amortization
PARTITION BY (customer c)
DIMENSION BY (0 p)
MEASURES (principalp pp, interestp ip, mort_balance m, customer mc)
RULES
ITERATE(1000) UNTIL (ITERATION_NUMBER+1 =r.amt[mc[0],'Payments'])
(ip[ITERATION_NUMBER+1] = m[CV()-1] *
r.amt[mc[0], 'Annual_Interest']/1200,
pp[ITERATION_NUMBER+1] = r.amt[mc[0], 'PaymentAmt'] - ip[CV()],
m[ITERATION_NUMBER+1] = m[CV()-1] - pp[CV()] )
208

209. 209

210. McDonald's Conjecture
210

211. you cannot kill Excel
211

212. let them !
212

213. all the work
formulas
layout rules
lookups
213

214. model equivalent
214

215. sharable
scalability
secure
flexible
215

216. accessible
216

217. ora-3113
217
Connor McDonald, www.oracledba.co.uk