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Can you please help me answer this question? Thank you. Review the abstract from the provided Nummela et al. 2004 reading. Which of the following is the best description of the topic given in the abstract? (copy of the abstract below:) "The origin of whales (order Cetacea) is one of the best-documented examples of macroevolutionary change in vertebrates. As the earliest whales became obligately marine, all of their organ systems adapted to the new environment. The fossil record indicates that this evolutionary transition took less than 15 million years, and that different organ systems followed different evolutionary trajectories. Here we document the evolutionary changes that took place in the sound transmission mechanism of the outer and middle ear in early whales. Sound transmission mechanisms change early on in whale evolution and pass through a stage (in pakicetids) in which hearing in both air and water is unsophisticated. This intermediate stage is soon abandoned and is replaced (in remingtonocetids and protocetids) by a sound transmission mechanism similar to that in modern toothed whales. The mechanism of these fossil whales lacks sophistication, and still retains some of the key elements that land mammals use to hear airborne sound." Mechanisms of sound transmission in whales Sound transmission in aquatic vertebrates Macroevolution of sensory structures The outer and middle ear in early whales .

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Which the following phylogenies does not indicate the same relationship among whales and other groups? All the above show the same relationship. Each phylogeny shows a different relationship. Solution Answer: Choice D Phylogeny means the development or evolution of a particular group of organisms. In other words it is the study of evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms. The first thing to notice on the evogram is that hippos are the closest living relatives of whales, but they are not the ancestors of whales. In fact, none of the individual animals on the evogram is the direct ancestor of any other. That\'s why each of them gets its own branch on the family tree. The first mammals were certainly terrestrial. There is good evidence that mammals evolved from reptile-like ancestor. Therefore at some point in evolutionary history there was a transition from terrestrial environment to an aquatic lifestyle in this group of species. According to Charles Darwin whales evolved from terrestrial ancestors and re-developed the streamlined bodies as an adaptation to their aquatic lifestyle. Establishing the position of Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) within Mammalia has long been a focus of evolutionary studies. The transition from a primitively quadrupedal terrestrial ancestor to a convergently ‘fish-like’ modern mammal species involved changes in numerous character systems. Almost all anatomical systems of living cetaceans are highly modified for an aquatic lifestyle such as the ear region, skin, limbs, and cranium, in comparison to terrestrial mammals. The study of phylogenetic data of fossils has been particularly important because it is by studying extinct species that we can reconstruct the order of character acquisition that led to the origin of Cetacea. Continued discovery of fossils that capture transitional stages in cetacean evolution provides critical new data on how the stem lineage to Cetacea transformed. Incorporating new fossils into increasingly large total evidence (character congruence), we are beginning to develop a firm understanding of the evolutionary history of Cetacea and can start testing hypotheses on character transformation..

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MY RESEARCH PLAN By Yvette Romero Completed? Assignment Dates Research Proposal & Plan 9/25/18 Conference Day @ 9:30 A.M DUE: 9/27/18 Annotated Bibliography (5) Annotated Bibliography (5) Annotated Bibliography (5) Submit Annotated Bibliography 10/12/18 10/14/18 10/17/18 DUE: 10/19/18 Research Report 10/21/18 DUE: 10/23/18 Research Writing & Note Cards 10/28/18 DUE: 10/30/18 Outline 10/31/18 DUE: 11/1/18 1st draft (pp. 6) 11/3/18 DUE: 11/6/18 2nd draft (pp. 8) 11/5/18 DUE: 11/8/18 3rd draft (Whole essay- pp.8-12) 11/9/18 DUE: 11/13/18 4th draft (Final Essay) & Work Cited 11/11/18 DUE: 11/15/18 Portfolio Project 11/18/18 DUE: 11/20/18 E-portfolio 11/27/18 Research Paper & Research portfolio 11/29/18 Presentations 11/29/18 1 2 Introduction Evolution is the process that involves the change in organisms over a period of time as a result of changes in hereditable, physical or behavioral characters. The truth behind Evolution emphasizes the solid pieces of evidence that verifies mostly evolution natural selection to be a fact. Putting together and explaining the latest ideas and discoveries from many disparate areas of the modernized science Jerry A. Coyne leaves us with an open mind in his book of why evolution is true in any doubt about the truth and the beauty of evolution. Chapter One: What is Evolution Learning models in the evolution theories include various theories that explain more about the evolution and existence of many living things on the planet earth. These theories include cell theories, relativity theory, evolution theory (Winther, 2015), the theory of plate tectonics and atomic theory. Evolution shows us more about us in the whole extraordinary and the great array of life. It brings us together with every living thing in the earth today and with long-dead creatures and myriads whereby it provides us with the true accounts of our origins hence replacing thousands of year’s myths that existed and satisfied us. According to Darwin’s theory of Evolution, it states that the whole of life was as a result of evolution (Winther, 2015). The operation was then later driven by Natural selection which happens to be the most valid theory supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific fields like geology, genetics, paleontology, and developmental scientists and it’s sometimes described as the survival of the fittest. However, it is equally thought to erode morality. Various shreds of evidence have been found that supports the evolution theory, for instance, the study on human evolution that involved a study on 1,900 students published online in the month of October 2017 in the journal Personality and individual differences found that many people may have a problem in finding a mate because of the rapidly changing social technological advances that are faster growing than human whereby one or two individuals face considerable difficulties when mating (Winther, 2015). Also, the story of the origin of whale.

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