Know and understand the contributions of Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Cohn, Pasteur, Koch, Bierock, wineglass, and the Hisses to science and microbiology. What did they want to do? How did they accomplish them? e.g. Koch\'s postulate, enrichment culture technique, etc. Solution Robert Hooke: Hooke\'s law, the law of elasticity: where force is directly proportional to tension. he first used the term \"cell\" as a basic unit of life. he identified microscopic fungi, plant cells and fossilized wood under the compound microscope with light. Antony Van Leeuwen Hoek: father of microbiology, he made unique microscopes and discovered infusoria in protests, vacuoles of the cell, muscle fibers using the compound microscope. single-celled organisms, the shape of RBCs and their size, spermatozoa etc., were discovered using his various microscopic lens. he wrote micrographia, a book on making microscopes with a single lens and his observations within. Ferdinand Cohn, father of bacteriology, one of the founders of the modern bacteriology and discovered formation of spores in Bacillus subtilis. his experiments supported the spontaneous generation theory. he classified algae into plants and distinguished them from other green plants. he also identified bacteria into four groups based on their shapes which are being used even today Louis Pasteur, one of the founders of medical microbiology. he discovered the process of fermentation by microorganisms. he gave the germ theory of fermentation. he started the pasteurization process. he developed vaccines for diseases like rabies and anthrax diseases. he was the first to identify variability in virulence which is now path breaking in diseases like AIDS, SARS etc., he extended his germ theory to develop vaccines for chicken cholera, TB, smallpox and much more. Robert Koch, one of the founders of bacteriology and microbiology. he studied various diseases such as anthrax, Tuberculosis, cholera and also their causative organisms. he isolated Mycobacterium for the first time. Koch\'s postulates which helped in the identification of the causatives of the disease. he isolated pure cultures using agar technique developed by Hesse\'s. Martinus Beijerinck, one of the founders of virology discipline by discovering viruses and environmental microbiology. he found the causative of tobacco mosaic virus to be smaller than a bacterium. he explained the biological process of nitrogen fixation where nitrogen is converted to ammonia. he found the suphate reduction mechanisms by bacteria. enrichment culture for growing microbes has been pstulated by him. Sergei Winogradsky, worked on microbial ecology, founding father of microbiology, discovered nitrogen-fixing bacteria and chemosynthesis. The Winogradsky column was invented which helps to grow bacteria under controlled nutrition and light. Walther and Fanny Hesse discovered agar - agar broth which is the major finding. also developed new tools to count bacteria in water, worked on diagno.

1. Know and understand the contributions of Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Cohn, Pasteur, Koch,
Bierock, wineglass, and the Hisses to science and microbiology. What did they want to do? How
did they accomplish them? e.g. Koch's postulate, enrichment culture technique, etc.
Solution
Robert Hooke: Hooke's law, the law of elasticity: where force is directly proportional to tension.
he first used the term "cell" as a basic unit of life. he identified microscopic fungi, plant cells
and fossilized wood under the compound microscope with light.
Antony Van Leeuwen Hoek: father of microbiology, he made unique microscopes and
discovered infusoria in protests, vacuoles of the cell, muscle fibers using the compound
microscope. single-celled organisms, the shape of RBCs and their size, spermatozoa etc., were
discovered using his various microscopic lens. he wrote micrographia, a book on making
microscopes with a single lens and his observations within.
Ferdinand Cohn, father of bacteriology, one of the founders of the modern bacteriology and
discovered formation of spores in Bacillus subtilis. his experiments supported the spontaneous
generation theory. he classified algae into plants and distinguished them from other green plants.
he also identified bacteria into four groups based on their shapes which are being used even
today
Louis Pasteur, one of the founders of medical microbiology. he discovered the process of
fermentation by microorganisms. he gave the germ theory of fermentation. he started the
pasteurization process. he developed vaccines for diseases like rabies and anthrax diseases. he
was the first to identify variability in virulence which is now path breaking in diseases like
AIDS, SARS etc., he extended his germ theory to develop vaccines for chicken cholera, TB,
smallpox and much more.
Robert Koch, one of the founders of bacteriology and microbiology. he studied various diseases
such as anthrax, Tuberculosis, cholera and also their causative organisms. he isolated
Mycobacterium for the first time. Koch's postulates which helped in the identification of the
causatives of the disease. he isolated pure cultures using agar technique developed by Hesse's.
Martinus Beijerinck, one of the founders of virology discipline by discovering viruses and
environmental microbiology. he found the causative of tobacco mosaic virus to be smaller than a
bacterium. he explained the biological process of nitrogen fixation where nitrogen is converted to
ammonia. he found the suphate reduction mechanisms by bacteria. enrichment culture for
growing microbes has been pstulated by him.
Sergei Winogradsky, worked on microbial ecology, founding father of microbiology, discovered
nitrogen-fixing bacteria and chemosynthesis. The Winogradsky column was invented which

2. helps to grow bacteria under controlled nutrition and light.
Walther and Fanny Hesse discovered agar - agar broth which is the major finding. also
developed new tools to count bacteria in water, worked on diagnostics of mycobacterium,
pasteurization was brought to Germany by them