Antibacterial Agent- Ticlosan

Antibacterial Agent- Ticlosan
Ponderable One: Soap Opera
In the article the FDA is revisiting the safety of an antibacterial agent called Ticlosan, because they
recently discovered it is interfering with the hormone levels in lab animals and that it could be a
causative agent of the growth of drug resistant bacteria. If new regulations are put into action
manufacturing companies companies will have to prove the effectiveness of antibacterial soaps over
water and soap. If you were to wash your hand without antimicrobial soap, a number of reactions
would take place. Bacteria and other microorganisms would be able to get past some of your bodies
first defenses without any effort to them. There are many components to antimicrobial soap that are
active against microorganisms; one common component is called Triclosan ("What Makes
Antibacterial Soap Antibacterial?" 2014). The bacteria would release a bacterial enzyme that would
bind to a substrate released by your body and start a chemical reaction infecting the cells with the
bacteria it holds. However, antimicrobial soap has many different components that act as a blocker
to these enzymes. Triclosan specifically blocks the bacteria from binding to the active site on the
enzyme ("What Makes Antibacterial Soap Antibacterial?" 2014). When Triclosan is activated it
prevents the growth of the fatty acid chain which build and strength the cell's membrane. Without a
plasma membrane the cell cannot thrive and will be killed or destroyed by other cells. The U.S.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Penicillin: The Development Of Antibacterial Infections
Antibiotic development is one of the modern marvels of medicine. This is the first external tool that
people have to fight against bacterial infections. The first drug developed was Penicillin. This
medication is so effective that it is still used today. From its structure, every other antibacterial drug
was developed. Today, there are hundreds of options available for treating infections. Unfortunately,
this has had significant ramifications on the development of resistance to these medications. As the
infections continue to learn and evolve, it is important that people educate themselves on what this
means and the impacts it has.
First, antibiotic resistance is the ability of infections to evolve. These new adaptations will
frequently allow an infection to withstand attacks from a drug it previously could not handle. When
physicians treat infections with drugs, the drug kills off all of the bacteria that cannot stand up to the
medication. Sometimes, a few bacteria remain that were able to combat the drug. These bacteria
continue to grow and reproduce. As a result, all of its offspring also have the DNA necessary to fight
off the medication. These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the years, pharmaceutical companies have developed multiple medicines that all have the same
mechanism of action. This makes the treatments equivalent. Hospitals can prefer one drug over
another for no reason at all. Over the years, bacteria at different hospitals have become resistant to
different medications because these are the most popular medications in those locations. Hospitals
know that this problem exists. Hospitals are diligent about tracking the antibiotic resistance specific
to the common infections in their own hospital system. They publish guidelines for physicians
regularly. This helps to guide physicians in choosing medications that both treat the infection and
prevent the development of

Types Of Antibacterial Resistance, Why Pharmaceutical...
Have you ever had an infection before? Particularly, a bacterial infection. Millions of people are
infected by means of bacteria per year in the United States alone (CDC 2017). At least two million
of those residents are infected by bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotics that are currently on the
market (CDC 2017). Bacterial infections are not the leading cause of mortality in the United States,
but I believe that there is a need for a change in the way that the United States looks at antimicrobial
research (CDC 2017). In this paper I will discuss the modes of antibacterial resistance, why
pharmaceutical companies aren't researching new antibiotics, and why this is an important global
issue.
There are a few ways that bacteria can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people believe and fight for anti–biotics from their physician because they believe that anti–
biotics will cure every illness that they have. My step–mother is one of those people. Many people
do not realize that anti–biotics only kill bacteria, and many illness like the common cold, the flu,
and sometimes even bronchitis are caused by viruses. Anti–biotics cannot kill a virus. So instead of
getting rid of the virus that is infecting them, the normal flora of bacteria that is in their bodies are
being killed, making them feel even worse (Fox, Linder, Doctor 2017).
Another way that anti–biotic resistance is spreading through the prescription of the drugs is that
people do not take all of the pills that are prescribed (Vrentas 2016). Usually people start to feel
better halfway through the dosage of the anti–biotics, so they think that it is okay to stop taking the
pills (Vrentas 2016). That is not the case. If the pack is not taken entirely then there are most likely
still bacteria in the person's body from the infection (Vrentas 2016). Survival of the fittest comes
into play, and the bacteria that have lasted longer than all of the others have a slight genetic
variation in their genome that allows them to be better at fighting the drug the next time (Vrentas
2016). These stronger bacteria are also the bacteria that are going to grow and reproduce within the
body

Antibacterial Colonies Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the growth of bacterial colonies on two test
subjects. With reasoning, the door knob and the inside of the sink appeared to be the better choices
due to the fact that the door knob comes in contact with every student who enters and leaves the
classroom and the second choice was the sink because it gets a daily use as well, at least by anyone
who needs to drain something or wash their hands. The null hypothesis stated that the door handle
was going to be home to more bacterial colonies because of the regular grabbing and the average
human hand contains hundreds of thousands of genetically distinct bacteria. However, based on the
collection of data, the sink harvested far more colonies than we could count in the petri dishes.
Concluding the end with a t–value of +/– 2.9436. By analyzing the data, concluding the t–value
rejected the null hypothesis.
Introduction
The human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After further analysis of the results its clear to understand why the sink had so many more colonies.
According to a study done by Yamagata University Hospital in Japan (1993) they realized that as
they continue to clean surfaces bacteria began to pop up even after the cleaning due to the bacteria
building up some sort of immunity to the disinfectant which led us the result that in our lab the
bacteria in the sink progresses over time, builds the immunity and reproduces. An item that raised an
eyebrow was why the control subject had a colony but this is merely due to human error most likely
to contamination on something before rubbing the petri dish. For future reference, it would be a
better idea to think about bacteria disinfectant resistance into play. According to Cambridge
University (2015) bacteria is always going to be around humans and on humans but it is not
something that we must worry too much because it is not always a health

F. D. A. Bans: Article Analysis
In this article, "F.D.A. Bans Sale of Many Antibacterial Soaps, Saying Risks Outweigh Benefits"
announces the FDA's ban on soaps that contain the 19 different antibacterial chemicals and has
given the soap industry a year to take them out of their products. The rule only applies to hand
washes and soap. Public health experts celebrated the ban because they had been pushing the agency
to regulate antimicrobial chemicals, warning that they risk scrambling hormones in children and
promoting drug–resistant infections. "Both Johnson & Johnson and Procter & Gamble announced
their intention to phase out the chemicals in their products before the rule was made final", said Dr.
Theresa Michele, the director of the division of nonprescription drug products

Antibacterial Products: A Silent Disaster
"If something has a benefit, and no harms, then you should likely use it. But if something has no
benefits and potentially real harms, then you shouldn't. The latter is the case with antibacterial
products". (Carroll par. 1) The users of antibacterial products do not realize the harms of such,
harms which overpower the benefits. When the first antibacterial product, Penicillin, was invented
in 1928 it was called a miracle. (Online Textbook of Bacteriology pgs. 1–4) Deaths and illness were
exponentially reduced, and penicillin saved countless lives during World War 2. By the 70s there
were many types of antibiotics, thus we thought we had "won the war against bacteria". We had
cured major bacteria like Tuberculosis, Salmonella, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the waste from these animals contain antibiotics which is ending up in our fertilizers,
crops, streams, and dirt. (Eyes of Nye) The food we are eating is tinged antibiotics and resistant
bacteria, both of which are getting absorbed into our systems. (Meat without Drugs) Some think that
antibiotics are only malicious at "low levels", and are beneficial to animals and us. They say that
animal products are safer and affordable because of antibiotics and antibiotics "promote growth and
health of animals and the abundance". (Smith p. 1) However, we can't excuse that animals aren't
being fed "low levels" of antibiotics as 18000 tons of antibiotics were fed to animals last year. We
must get informed and know that the poultry we eat are tinged with chemicals and superbugs. We,
ourselves, are facing problems with antibacterial products from superbugs and Triclosan. Superbugs
are developing in relation to our overuse of antibiotics, and Triclosan (from antibacterial soap) is
causing unsettling side–effects. Side–effects by Triclosan are caused by it interfering with a body's
thyroid hormone metabolism (life–sustaining chemical regulation). This causes our immune system
to weaken, birth defects, infertility, and cancer cells. (Beyond Pesticides p. 1; FDA s. 1–3) The
bigger issue might be the overuse of antibiotics throughout the last century. When a bacteria
survives antibiotics it become a superbug, a resistant bacteria that is hard on the immune system and
immune to

Community Associated MRSA Infection
Community–associated MRSA is MRSA infections that occur in people that are healthy and to
people that have not been in the hospital/had a medical procedure inside the previous year. Anyone
can get CA–MRSA, however episodes have been seen in groups of people who live in congested
settings/routinely share filthy substances. Poor cleanliness hones, for example, not disinfecting your
hands, may spread the bacteria easily. Say you are a drug addict (hypothetically speaking) and you
and your buddy are sharing a needle that you use to inject yourself with drugs, the bacteria on the
needle can cause you to get community associated MRSA infections, and it could spread more
through continuous contact. There would be brutal skin infections, it can first ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
25 plant species were used in traditional medicine to treat skin disease and to treat antimicrobial
(viral, bacterial or protozoan) infections. This experiment was to investigate the antimicrobial
activity of traditional Ghanaian medicines with special interest in anti–methicillin–resistant/react–
text Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity. Chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of these
plants were arranged and agar–well diffusion tests, MIC's and MBC's were used to examine
antimicrobial action. The extracts of 13 plant species showed the growth of one or more of the
resulting bacteria, MRSA, methicillin–sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Streptococcus
pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. Extracts from 11 of these
13 plant species also inhibited the growth of three or more of 14 additional clinical isolates of
MRSA. Aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia were active against all 21 bacterial strains tested
and showed the highest levels of antibacterial activity overall with MIC's against MRSA in the
range of 1.6–3.1 mg ml and MBC's in the range of 6.3–12.5. The presence of antibacterial activity in
extracts of Elaeophorbia drupifera, Rauwolfia vomitoria and the leaves of Solanum verbascifolium,
plants traditionally used to treat skin infections, are reported for the first time. Extracts from
Alchornea cordifolia, also used to treat wounds, had the widest spectrum of antibacterial

The Intestinal Tract Of Human And Animals
Bacteria are micro–organisms that inhabit and play a functional role in the intestinal tract of human
and animals. (USA Government , 2012). The intestinal tract of humans is colonized by a complex
range of micro–organism including Escherichia coli (E.coli) which exists as part of the natural flora
of human gut. These micro–organisms have many beneficial functions including the production of
vitamin K2 (MNT, 2013). Strains of E.coli are generally not pathogenic to humans except for
toxigenic strains. E.coli O157:H7 is a toxic producing strain which causes abdominal pain, nausea,
bloody diarrhoea and cramping. These symptoms are often associated with food poisoning caused
by E.coli O157:H7. In healthy adult symptoms may last for 5–7 days however in high risk groups
such as the young or elderly, disease may progress and effect kidney function commonly known a
haemolytic uremic syndrome. (MNT, 2013). Many bacterial infections are treated with anti–
bacterial agents such as antibiotics. However, due to the uncontrolled use of antibiotics, particularly
the prescribing of antibiotics to treat common viral colds and flu, microbial resistance to antibiotic
has dramatically increased. (The Health Gazette, n.d.). Scientist have warned that E.coli which has
previously been sensitive to antibiotics, is becoming resistant to more antibiotics and in future could
become as resistant to antibiotics like that of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
In addition, there is a

The Antibacterial Qualities Of Leptospermums
The antibacterial qualities of Leptospermums have been known and utilized by the Indigenous
people of both Australia and New Zealand for thousands of years. Even the first of white settlers,
chiefly Captain Cook, realized the healing capabilities the hardy shrub offered and coined the term
"tea tree" after its leaves were used to make a scurvy–curing tea (ref).
It is now almost 250 years since the days of scurvy and herbal remedies from sources such as the tea
tree have never been part of such a large and ever–growing market; not only in tea tree oil but also
in the developing enterprise of Manuka honey. This honey has displayed its healing properties
across several clinical trials where it has been used to reduce inflammation, infection, acne and even
fight antibiotic resistant bacteria (ref). The effectiveness of Manuka honey as a herbal remedy has
created large local and international markets (ref). This high demand, coupled with production being
limited to only Australia and New Zealand, means that opportunities and profits in Manuka honey
are high. It is not a labour intensive business but requires a large investment, making it ideal for a
retired farmer or honey hobbyist who already has some equipment, a piece of land and/or a light
truck for transporting goods.
The Manuka honey itself is produced from the perennial flowers of either Leptospermum scoparium
or Leptospermum polygalifolium. The former is often referred to as the "Manuka tree" (ref) and is
common

A Research Study On Antibacterial Therapy
Abstract: The bacteriophage ("phage") is a unique virus which is only capable of infecting bacterial
cells, and therefore appears harmless to mammals, including humans. As a result, phage usage as an
antibacterial therapy was first initiated in the early 1900's. However, with the introduction of
antibiotics in the 1940's, phage therapy had essentially ceased in Western Europe and North
America. Currently with the development of multi–drug resistant bacteria, a renewed interest in
bacteriophage research has again emerged with emphasis not only on its antibacterial properties, but
on its potential role in treating malignant diseases. In addition, in vitro "phage display" technology
has been developed whereby a specific gene encoding a peptide/protein of interest can be inserted
into the phage genome. The resulting peptide/protein is then "displayed" in the bacteriophage's viral
coat where it can be extracted for analysis. The biology of the bacteriophage, together with recent
research studies and selected applications, is reviewed with respect to its potential role in the future
treatment of bacterial infections and cancer.
The bacteriophage, a bacteria–destroying virus, whose name is derived from a combination of
bacteria and the Greek word phagein ("to devour"), is considered to be the most abundant biological
form on Earth and is about one–hundredth the size of bacteria (Schneider, 2014). They are found in
virtually all aspects of the natural environment,

Antibacterial Soap Discs
The objective of this lab was to measure the zones of inhibition of the discs that were soaked in
different hand–cleansing agents/antibiotics and put in agar plates that were swabbed with
Escherichia coli culture. In order to do this, we used the Kirby–Bauer method. The Kirby–Bauer
method is a test of detect the antibiotic sensitivity to bacteria. The method is used by using
antibacterial discs to see which bacteria are affected by those antibiotics. My hypothesis, stated
before the experiment, was that penicillin will have the smallest zone of inhibition because it is an
antibiotic, and it will work the best.
Materials & Methods: The first task we had to perform in this lab was diluting an Escherichia coli
culture and compare it to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The smallest inhibition zone was in plate four which was the Penicillin Disc, it had a diameter of 10
mm. The agent with the highest MIC was in the plate four, the Penicillin Disc, and the agent with
the lowest MIC was inplate five, the Chloramphenicol Disc. The higher the diameter, the lower the
MIC and the lower the diameter, the higher the MIC. There were a number of things we did not take
in control of. We did not control for how long each group passed their forceps through the flame. If
everyone diluted their E. coli mixture with enough saline. And, for how long the antimicrobial discs
were soaking in the cleansing agents, some groups went first and put in the disks right after they
were put into the cleansing agents, and some groups went last after the discs absorbed most of the
cleansing

Antibacterial Agents in the Therapy of Urinary Tract...
SECTION TWO
1. Which antibacterial agent(s) would be effective in the therapy of Mr BT's urinary tract infection?
Cephalexin and Gentamicin would be effective since they are equally sensitive to the pseudomonas
aeruginosa microbe which implies they will kill the microbe and work against the bacteria.
2. State the mechanisms of action of each of these agents.
Cephalexin, is a beta–lactam antibiotic. The antibiotic binds to specific penicillin–binding proteins
positioned inside the bacterial cell wall, this inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall
synthesis. The consequences are fatal to the susceptible bacteria but comparatively harmless for the
human cells because the latter does not possess such a structure. Cell ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
3. Outline the pathophysiology underlying Mr BT's hypersensitivity to penicillin
Mr BT has a medical history of hypersensitivity to penicillin, this indicates that he has a penicillin
allergy. Penicillin allergy happens when the immune system reacts to the drug as if it were a
dangerous substance instead of a helpful remedy. The immune system activates certain cells to
produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to fight the component of penicillin to which the
patient is allergic too. Chemicals release by the immune cells can cause the signs and symptoms
related with an allergic reaction. Penicillin is a simple structure and of low molecular weight. It has
been identified that low molecular weight substances are able to illicit immune responses are called
haptens. Alone, haptens cannot cause an immune response it must bind to innate proteins in the
plasma and cell surfaces to form hapten–carrier complexes. Most haptens are the breakdown
products which are isomers of penicillin (Neal & Michael, 2012). The beta–lactam ring is unsteady
and when it binds to a protein it acylates lysine residues bring about in a penicilloyl epitope known
as benzylpenicilloyl .These hapten–carrier complexes are recognized as antigen by IgE on mast cells
and basophiles (Neal & Michael, 2012).
4. Given the fact that Mr BT is allergic to penicillins, is cephalexin therapy contraindicated here?
Yes, the use of cephalosporin will produce hypersensitivity

The Antibacterial And Antiseptic Impregnated Catheters
Methodology
Extraneous Variables
It is very important for the researcher to control the extraneous variable that could affect the study
results. The extraneous variables that would affect the results in this study include, the catheter
material, the catheter care, and the method of obtaining the urine sample. To control the catheter
material, this study will be using the antimicrobial and antiseptic–impregnated catheters instead of
the standard catheters as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2009 guidelines because they are effective in reducing the risk of CAUTIs. To control the catheter
care, the study will follow the CDC guidelines for routine catheter care by ensuring that all the
indwelling urinary catheters (IUC) maintain a sealed drainage system, and an unobstructed urine
flow. In addition, the nursing staff will be cleansing the meatal area daily with warm soapy water
instead of antiseptics, while maintaining the standard precautions including hand hygiene and
wearing of gloves while performing peri–urethral care. To control the procedure for obtaining urine
sample, the study will use the CDC recommendation for collecting the urine sample aseptically, by
aspirating the urine from the sampling port with a sterile syringe after thoroughly cleansing the port
with an antiseptic wipe (Gould et al., n.d.).
Instruments
Choosing an instrument to measure study variables is a very crucial in research. If a researcher
chose to use an existing

Testing Various Disinfectants On Bacteria Covered...
Grace Crecelius
Research Paper
12/11/2015
Disinfectants vs. Bacteria This project involves testing various disinfectants on bacteria covered
toothbrushes to see which method is most effective. The three main methods of disinfectants are
hydrogen peroxide, U.V rays to kill bacteria, and antibacterial soap. Learning what is in the various
disinfectants that eliminate bacteria is beneficial to understanding the experiment. Bacteria are
single–celled organisms that reproduce quickly. Pathogens are bacteria that cause sickness. Once the
body is infected with pathogens, those bacteria reproduce and grow inside of cells in the body. As
they grow, certain bacteria can make toxins; those toxins can damage the body's cells. Symptoms of
a sickness ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Triclosan is hydrophobic, which means it does not dissolve well in water. However, triclosan does
go through fatty substances like membranes of bacterial cells. Triclosan interferes with its target
cell's regulating gene. In this case, the triclosan would interfere with the bacteria cell's regulating
gene that carries out processes. Once in the microbe bacterial cells, triclosan poisons a specific
enzyme that is used in making the microbe cell membranes. Even one molecule of triclosan
permanently impedes the microbial enzyme. Triclosan is a strong antibiotic, even at low
concentrations. The next source of disinfectant in the experiment is U.V light. U.V light is invisible
radiation. Non–ionizing radiation from the U.V light brings a mutagenic effect by provoking
electrons in molecules. Non–ionizing radiation means that there is not enough energy for electrons
to be removed from atoms. The text states, "The excitation of electrons in DNA molecules often
results in the formation of extra bonds between adjacent pyrimidines (specifically thymine) in
DNA." (Furlong). Whenever two pyrimidines are bonded, it is called, pyramiding dimer. Dimers can
change the shape of DNA is a cell, in this case bacteria cells, and can cause issues during
replication. The bacteria cell might try to rebuild the pyramiding dimers previous to replication, but
the repair mechanism can

Antiseptic Lab
The Relation of
Antiseptics and
Bacteria Growth
Purpose: To explore the effectiveness of different levels of concentration of antiseptic and
antibacterial products' prevention of bacterial growth.
Question: Amongst common household products, which antiseptic and level of concentration is
more effective at inhibiting the growth of bacteria?
Introduction:
Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances used on living tissue to reduce the possibility of infection,
putrefaction or sepsis. The word "anti" is for against and the word "septic" is for infection.
Antibacterial products are antiseptics that are proven to act against bacteria. Bacteria need a food
supply, moisture, a certain temperature, a certain level of acidity and in most cases ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
12. Clean up materials.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Observations:
Antibacterial and Antiseptic Products' prevention of Bacteria Growth
Antibacterial/Antiseptic product Concentration Measurement of zone of inhibition (mm) Mean
length of inhibition zone(length excluding disk) Mean area in (mm2 ) Description of bacteria
growth
Mouthwash 1x 6.375 91.9 –medium ring of inhibition, almost fully undisturbed by bacteria 1/10x
2.5 28.46 –small ring of inhibition, some bacteria growing over 1/20x 1.75 18.89 –very slight ring
of inhibition 0x 0 0 –entire section covered in bacteria
Mr. Clean 1x 12.5 240.41 –relatively large ring of inhibition around disk, undisturbed by bacteria
growth 1/10x 6 84.78 –medium ring of inhibition, almost fully undisturbed ring (by bacteria) 1/20x
3.375 40.73 – small ring of inhibition 0x 0 0 –entire section covered in bacteria
Dish Detergent 1x 15.375 330.40
–large ring of inhibition around disk, bacteria growth is circular around ring, not growing over 1/10x
8.5 165.05 –medium ring of inhibition, some sections slightly grown over with bacteria, not perfect
circle 1/20x 1.625 17.38 –very slight ring of inhibition 0x 0 0 –entire section covered in bacteria
Bleach 1x 0.75 7.51 –small ring of inhibition around disk where there is no bacteria growth 1/10 0.7

6.19 –slight zone of inhibition where there is less bacteria but not a large zone of complete
prevention 1/20x 0 0 –no change in

Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria And Antibacterial Effects...
Abstract: The alarming resurgence of antibiotic resistance bacteria has focused attention on the
need for new resources to antibiotic discovery. Among the natural antibiotic sources, snake
venoms have been confirmed as a promising source for discovery and development of novel
antibacterial agents. In this proposed research, we will screen venoms from three different
subspecies of Agkistrodon snake for antibacterial effects on seven different bacterial strains
including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The expected results from this proposed
project are anticipated to be a prelude to future further isolation of specific venom component
with antibacterial effect and examining the specific role of snake component in antibacterial
mechanism.
Introduction: The prevalence of bacterial resistance to common antibiotics is considered as a
potentially serious threat to public health as bacteria are remarkably proficient at adapting to
environmental stress, and have evolved the mechanism of antibiotic resistance (Alanis, 2005;
Chan, 2012). Further, as some antibiotics elicit side effects and a dramatic decrease in the rate of
development of new antibiotics (Piddock, 2012; Tremolieres et al., 2010), there is nevertheless
an urgent need to intensive search antibacterial agents with novel modes of controlling bacteria,
particularly the human pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus from diverse natural antibiotic
sources including bacteria, fungi and mammals.

Bad Bacteria Research Paper
Human Microbe Bacteria surround us, they cover our bodies from our phalanges on our feet to the
follicles of hair on our craniums. Therefore, it is important to realize that while, the majority of
these astounding microorganisms are beneficial, certain bacteria are devastating to our health. When
referring to bacterium there are two major categories that you may organize them by, are the
beneficial bacterium or harmful bacterium. Beneficial bacterium are those engaging in a symbiotic
relationship when in human contact. An example of these would be the bacterium that line your
intestines that assist in the extraction of nutrients from food items. Harmful bacterium on the other
hand are pathogens and viruses, all varying in severity but all still harmful to our bodies. Examples
of these types of bacterium would be Influenza, Listeria, and E. coli. In this experiment we are using
a variety of common cleaning agents to test the overall efficiency of eradicating bacterium and then
continuing to keep their growth rate at bay. These cleaning agents are all incredibly common;
available at any super market and they are listed as the following: ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But, it is now being strenuously tested by the FDA to see if the advantages of its outstanding
cleaning power outweigh the harmful antibacterial ingredient Triclosan coming into contact with
people. Antibacterial soap is in simply terms normal soap with one extra ingredient making it
antibacterial, in most cases this ingredient is Triclosan but it can also be Benzalkonium Chloride,
Benzethonium Chloride, or Chloroxylenol. These chemicals are especially efficient at exterminating
bacterium but, they end up killing both beneficial and harmful bacterium alike making you cleaner
as well as more vulnerable to other bacterium or pathogens you may come in contact

Antibacterial Antibiotics And Its Effects On The Growth...
Antibacterial antibiotics are a substance present in fungi, which inhibits the growth and production
of bacterial infections. The discovery of the first antibiotic, penicillin, was a turning point in medical
history, as illnesses that were once perceived as difficult to treat or even fatal, now had a possible
treatment. After the discovery of penicillin, the misuse and overuse of antibiotics become common
in many different professions. This has resulted in bacteria becoming less easily detected due to
structural changes, with some even being multi–resistant, such as Methicillin–resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Multidrug–resistant tuberculosis (MDR–TB) and Vancomycin–
resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) (Williams 2014).
Types of antibiotics
Antibiotics were produced in the late 1940s, with 1950s–1970s being the golden age for discovery
of antibiotics and overall, antibiotics are classed into 17 groups, with penicillin and vancomycin
being two different classes of antibiotics (Zuchora–Walske 2013). Williams (2014) states that
'antibiotics are classified according the mechanism of action, chemical structure or if of broad or
narrow spectrum.' Board spectrum antibiotics are effective against multiple types of bacteria, while
narrow spectrum are only effective against specific, i.e. fewer bacteria. A method of determining
antibiotic response to particular bacterium, as well as its cell wall structure is by Gram–staining,
which tests the bacteria's cell wall and its

Antibacterial Effects Of The Chloramphenicol Antibiotic On...
The Antibacterial Effects of the Chloramphenicol Antibiotic on Escherichia coli
Kenneth Tungol
12/10/2015
BIOL 1B
Abstract
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic known to treat a broad range of bacteria. In this study, the
effectiveness of Chloramphenicol was tested on the DH5α strain of Escherichia coli. Knowing that
varying the concentrations of Chloramphenicol will result in different effects on the E. coli strain,
we conducted an experiment that agar–plated the E. coli with Chloramphenicol with concentrations
together. The concentrations ranged from no antibiotic to excess antibiotic in hopes to find the
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The study yielded the MIC of Chloramphenicol to be
85μg/mL, determining the borderline between the effectiveness and the ineffectiveness of
Chloramphenicol against the DH5α strain.
Introduction
What is Chloramphenicol?
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that originated from Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 and is the
first antibiotic to be discovered as broad spectrum ("National Center," 2004). Broad–spectrum
antibiotics are able to treat various types of bacteria. Chloramphenicol treats serious bacterial
infections that are not treatable by other antibiotics ("Chloramphenicol Injection," n.d.). Since
Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic, it is effective against both gram positive and gram–
negative bacteria. It diffuses through the bacterial cell wall and reversibly binds to a receptor site on

Antibacterial Activity Of Selected Ethanolic Herbal...
The objective of the study was to compare the synergistic antibacterial activity of Ciprofloxacin
(CF) in presence of selected ethanolic herbal extracts and cow urine distillate. In this study
antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of pepper (P), turmeric (T), zinger (Z), drumstick (D) and
Cow urine distillate (CUD) were tested against ATCC strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
pneumonia and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E–coli by cup plate diffusion
method. Results showed that the test samples did not show any antimicrobial activity alone.
However in combination with drug showed significant activity. Amongst the test samples
combination of CF and P, CF and CUD, CF and Z and CF and T showed 5 to 50% increase activity
when compared to the control. Further, tablets produced in combination with drug and test samples
showed increased antimicrobial efficiency than the CF drug alone. Further, no drug excipient
interaction was recorded. It can be concluded that ethanolic extracts of P, T, Z and CUD acts as bio–
enhancers and use of such bioenhancers along with drug could improve the efficiency and can
minimize the dose related adverse effects. Bioenhancer activity order found in Pepper > CUD >
Turmeric > Zinger. All bioenhancer are more active in Klebsilla pneumonae than Escherichia coli,
staphylococcus areus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Key words: Bioenhancer, cup plate method,
ciprofloxacin, pepper, cow urine distillate, turmeric, zinger.

Antimicrobial Drugs And Antibacterial Drugs Essay
– Introduction: Antibiotics are an expansive class of antimicrobial drugs, also referred to as
antibacterial agents, which are mainly used to overcome bacterial infections by either eliminating or
inhibiting the growth of these infectious agents (Demain and Fang, 2000). Antibiotics, alongside
vaccination, played a key role in revolutionizing medicine during the 20th century, as well as
coming close to eradicating diseases such as tuberculosis (Berdy, 2005). Moreover, these
antimicrobial drugs are majorly the reason behind extending the average life expectancy, where in
the United States a dramatic increase from 47 years in 1900–1974 to 80 years in the year 2000 was
concluded (Lederberg, 2000). It is reported that the actinomycete strain, Streptomyces griseus,
which is originally isolated from soil, has capabilities of producing more than half of all antibiotics,
as well as many other substances like extracellular enzymes and inhibitors (Nader, 2009, Yang and
Wang, 1999, Kuzhadhaivel et al., 2000 and Nicole, 2002). Although this microorganism is an
aerobic gram positive bacterium, streptomycetes are the source of numerous valuable antibiotics,
such as Streptomycin, which is a potent antibiotic drug of extreme commercial importance. These
secreted antimicrobial substances play major roles in the treatment of human and animal diseases
(Vaurnakis, 1983). Additionally, it is proven that a minimum of 70 of the approximately 100
marketed antibiotics specific for treating human

Advantages Of Antibacterial Soaps
Antibacterial soaps are a trend these days. Every day we see various advertisements about the
advantages of using antibacterial soaps that they helps us get rid of the harmful microorganisms and
they can help get rid of the bacteria that get attached to our skin from our environment or from
elsewhere; that they will make us healthy and will save us from getting diseases due to the
pathogens on our skin (most importantly hands as they can transfer the pathogens into our
gastrointestinal system). They will make our lives more healthier and better(Aiello et. al. 2007 ).
Antibacterial agents like triclosan, triclocarbon are used frequently. They target the microorganism
present on the skin. People use them and feel satisfaction but are these antibacterial products really
that beneficial for us or are they causing harm to us?
Bacteria was discovered by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1674 (Benson et al . 2001). Koch's germ
theory explains the diseases caused by bacteria (Benson et al . 2001). Soon after this, hand washing
was considered necessary for staying healthy. In the 1950s & 1960s, triclosan and triclocarbon, were
first introduced . Trioclosan is an active ingredient in most antibacterial soaps. Many ... Show more
It's mechanism is said to be similar to triclosan i.e. it inhibits fatty acid synthesis. It blocks the active
site of the enzyme known as enoyl–acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR ) thus preventing the
bacteria from making lipid, phospholipids, lipopolysaccharide and lipoprotein. (Walsh et. al. 2002).
Exposure of low levels of triclocarban to organisms like fish, algae and humans kill weak
microorganisms and it allows strong and resistant microorganisms to grow. Microbes grow resistant
to antibacterial agents as they acquire resistant genes. When the resistant microorganisms are
revealed to antibacterial/antimicrobial agents, their expression of genes is increased that confer the
resistance. (Chalew et. al.

The Effects Of Antibacterial Resistance On Bacterial...
Ceftazidime is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial
infections, particularly Pseudomonas and other Gram negatives, and its activity relies on binding of
essential penicillin–binding proteins (PBPs) (1). Despite its effectiveness against certain bacteria,
there have been reports of rapidly increasing incidences of antibacterial resistance to ceftazidime
caused by extended–spectrum β–lactamase (ESBL)–producing Enterobacteriaceae (2). Recently, a
new beta–lactam/beta–lactamase inhibitor combination, ceftazidime–avibactam (AVYCAZ) has
shown to have "in vitro activity against Enterobacteriaceae in the presence of some beta–lactamases
and extended–spectrum beta–lactamases" and is FDA–approved for treating complicated intra–
abdominal infections as well as complicated urinary tract infections (1). Due to the resistance
frequency of inpatient Enterobacteriaceae isolates at the University of Washington Medical Center
(4), susceptibility testing of Ceftazidime and Ceftazidime–Avibactam are crucial to ensure antibiotic
treatment efficacy and to take action to reduce the spread of multi–drug resistant bacteria in a
hospital setting. The current primary gold standard method for MIC determination of Ceftazidime in
non–fastidious Gram negative isolates at University of Washington Medical Center, Microbiology
Clinical Laboratory is TREK Sensitre® micro–broth dilution, a diagnostic tool that utilizes
fluorescence technology to monitor the growth of

Use Of Medicinal Plant Is Increased Now Days As Bacteria...
Use of medicinal plant is increased now days as bacteria have developed resistance to modern
medicines. L. inermis is used in various cosmetic things such as dye from the earlier times but this
plant also has good medicinal value due to the presence of various phytochemicals. These
phytochemical constituents are responsible for various biological activities 22.
The present study was conducted to identify the phytochemical constituents also their biological
role and antibacterial activity in L. inermis leaves.
As shown in table no 1, the percentage yield of methanolic extract of L. inermis is 17% while
recovery yield of Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions are 4%, 5.7% and 70%, respectively.
It indicates that approximately 20% was lost during the fractionation. Kawo and Kwa 57 reported
1.8% ethyl acetate fraction yield which is lower than our report while recovery yield of aq.
methanolic fractions is higher (87.19%) than our reported value.
The result of phytochemical study confirmed the presence of various primary and secondary
metabolites such as flavanoids, carbohydrates, quinones, steroids and phenols. Presence of these
phytochemicals in Lawsonia inermis leaves extracts are responsible for various biological activities
such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti–inflammatory activities, etc. 58. Most of the phytochemicals
are present in extract and its fraction in our study. Whereas protein was found to be absent in extract
as well as in its fractions.
GC–MS

The Silent Danger Of Triclosan
Chemistry 124
Profesor Stengle The Silent Danger of Triclosan
Bombs, nicotine and drugs are all dangerous substances which are quite evident yet things such as
simple ingredients are not so clear in the danger they pose . They actually are the ones that very
dangerous and they happen to be laying right in your everyday essentials. There is an ingredient
added to your everyday consumer products to reduce antibacterial contamination yet instead is
found to pose a threat to numerous things in every day life. It posses danger heavily to individuals
health in numerous ways as well as the environment. Triclosan is considered an antibiotic.
Antibiotics are used for ranges of infections caused by bacteria, including urinary tract infections,
skin infections and infected wounds. Antibiotics work by blocking vital processes in bacteria, killing
the bacteria, or stopping them from multiplying. This helps the body 's natural immune system to
fight the bacterial infection. Antibiotics differ in the types of bacteria they work against. The
scientific name of Triclosan is 5–Chloro–2–(2,4–dichlorophenoxy)phenol. The formula is also
C12H7Cl3O2. Numerous news stations, states and companies have covered this investigation and
even banned it. Colgate's Total is removing its products with ingredients of triclosan. They used
scientistists to investigate and they came up with a 35 page summary on the toxicology

Antimicrobial Resistance : Antibacterial Resistance
There is no doubt that antimicrobial agents have saved the human kind from a lot infectious
diseases. A few years after the discovery of the first antibiotics, scientists made the observation that
some organisms could still survive the effects of the antimicrobial agents. That was the beginning of
the concern that different microorganisms were getting resistance in their previously harmful agents.
That is known today as antimicrobial resistance. (Sosa et al., 2010) Nowadays, Antimicrobial
Resistance (AMR) is one of the most severe jeopardies to public health worldwide, especially in
some countries such as USA, India and Greece. For instance, in the US, deaths caused by
Methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), might be more than ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, antibiotic–resistant infections are very difficult to treat and most of the times the
treatment is really costly. (Cdc.gov.,2015) The main causes of the problem are two pharmacological
issues: (a) wide–spectrum antibiotics and (b) compliance. Wide–spectrum antibiotics are widely
used to treat infections, either those caused by several different species or those for which diagnosis
is too difficult or takes too much time. Of course, wide spectrum promises a wide range of clinical
uses and sales but consequently contributes to resistance as it applies selective pressure. Compliance
is another issue that has many aftermaths upon antimicrobial resistance. Patients often either miss
drug doses, both by mistake and deliberately, or decide to stop the treatment prematurely when they
feel better. In both cases, pathogens which are exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of
antibiotics, survive and that consequently results in the greater chances of acquiring resistance.
(Sosa et at., 2010) AMR has a great impact to humans globally. Studies have shown that patients'
mortality and length of hospital stay are increased with resistant versus non–resistant pathogens.
(Goff, 2011) In addition, healthcare costs are also dramatically higher for patients with
antimicrobial–resistant infections. Patients infected with antimicrobial–resistant pathogens have
higher costs, approximately US $6,000–30,000, than do patients

Triclosan In The Fda
In one of our research we found out that last October 2005 the FDA's Non–Prescription Drug
Advisory Committee was tasked to discuss and investigate the benefits as well as the possible risks
relating to the antibacterial products. The FDA's discussion commence in a request for further
research regarding specific antibacterial product being sold in the market. The debate regarding
different antiseptic products has focused mainly on the antibacterial bath soap in which most of
these products contain triclosan or triclocarban. Although the FDA did not announce any formal
regulations regarding the right percentage concentration of triclosan used in antibacterial products
most of these products has a triclosan concentration raging from 0.1% to 0.45%. Triclocarban which
is said to be a "cousin" of triclosan is also used in some antibacterial bath soap. Triclosan is a
Polychloro phenoxy phenol usually called as an antibacterial ingredient used in different sanitizing
products it is also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this review the researchers identified and summarized the result regarding the study about the
effectiveness of triclosan when added to the antibacterial product like bath soaps in preventing the
spread of infectious diseases. The researchers also studied the write–ups and journals containing the
discussion of the tests that was performed in assessing the potential risks that triclosan and
triclocarban might have been carrying which relates to the result of bacterial resistance to
antibiotics. The researchers evaluate the evidences gathered regarding the benefits and the risk
carried by triclosan and triclocarban. They then concluded and recommended to conduct further
research and assessed the suggestions of the latest data in accordance to the regulation of products
with

Growth Of Bacteria Lab Report
Aim
To compare the growth of bacteria obtained from school desks that have been cleaned with both
antibacterial and nonantibacterial cleaning methods.
Theory
Bacteria are typically prokaryotic microorganisms that come in shapes alike spheres, spirals and
rods and are usually a few micrometres in size. There is an estimated amount of one nonillion
(〖10〗^30) bacterial species found on Earth. They are found in most of the earths habitats
including soil, water, acidic and radioactive environments. They are asexual and reproduce by cell
division (binary fission) which contains three different processes, Elongation (Biosynthesis of a new
cell wall and membrane), DNA replication (Duplication of the cell's chromosome) and finally cell
division (the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Steps 2 – 5 were repeated for each desk that was previously cleaned with non–antibacterial cleaning
methods. Each petri dish was then labelled either desk 1, 2 or 3 and next that 'non–antibacterial' on
the tape. The desks previously used were then wiped down with antibacterial cleaning methods.
Steps 2 – 5 were then repeated with new petri dishes, wiping down the antibacterial cleaned desks.
The petri dishes were then labelled on the tape on the side of the dish with the corresponding desk
number and 'antibacterial'. The six sealed petri dishes were then put into an incubator and left to
incubate for seven days. After the seven days, the six petri dishes were taken out of the incubator
and the amount of bacterial growth was measured using the two measuring methods (percentage
coverage and colony counting) explained in the theory section and the results were then recorded in
the results table.
Risk assessment
Danger Solution
Getting sick/infected by possibly dangerous bacteria and diseases. Do not put your face close to the
petri dish and do not open it ever again once it has been sealed up.
Electrocution by faulty wiring in the incubator. Do not touch the incubator if it looks broken or has
loose

Essay On The Antibacterial Effects Of Microorganisms
The main for the purpose of this study was to find out about the tolerance of Listeria
monocytogenes towards quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC). The antibacterial effects of
disinfectants are crucial for the control of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments.
Tolerance of L. monocytogenes to sub lethal levels of disinfectants based on QAC is conferred by
the resistant determinants qacH and bcrABC. The QAC based disinfectants which are in common
use in many food industries are found to have strains of qacH and bcrABC which are resistant to
QAC. It helps in the growth of these microorganisms with those particular strains (Møretrø et al.,
2017).
In this study, a panel of 680 L.monocytogenes from nine Norwegian meat– and ... Show more
It is primarily a food borne infection and is particularly a problem on foods that are not cooked,
including ready–to–eat (RTE) meats, smoked fish, soft cheeses, unpasteurised dairy products, and
even in fresh produce. Thermal processing if milk and meat may occur but post–processing
contamination does take place (Tiffany, 2015). L. monocytogenes that occur in food may originate
in soils from farms, in slaughtering facilities, in food processing plants and other equipment used in
food manufacture. The elimination of this bacteria can be challenging as it forms very resistant
biofilms (Oxaran et al., 2017). Bacterial biofilms are defined as surface associated bacterial
communities forming micro–colonies surrounded by a matrix of exo–polymers. Biofilms confer to
L. monocytogenes a greater resistance to antimicrobial agents and they allow microorganisms to
resist to environmental changes and cleaning/disinfection treatments (Tiffany, 2015). L.
monocytogenes possess an ability to establish itself in equipment or production environments and
single strains of the microorganisms have been shown to reoccur in production environment over
periods of years. The bacteria persist in environmental niches like cracks, inside equipment that are
protected from cleaning and disinfection routines (Møretrø et al., 2017).
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Quaternary ammonium

Antibacterial Studies Of Some Bisindolizine Compounds
ANTIBACTERIAL STUDIES OF SOME BISINDOLIZINE COMPOUNDS M. Sheela Gopal1,
E.S Bindiya3 and I. Anitha2* 1. TMJM Govt. College, Manimalakunnu, Ernakulam, Kerala–
686662, India. 2. Postgraduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Maharaja's College,
Ernakulam, Kerala– 682011, India Tel.8089370720 Fax:04842363038 Email :
dranithagirishkumar@gmail.com 3. Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science
and Techn Cochin, Kerala 660022, India. ABSTRACT A number of heterocyclic bisindolizine
derivatives carrying a variety of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is essential to discover new drugs with less resistance (Navan et al, 2011). A number of
heterocyclic compounds are known and have been shown to possess pharmacological activities. The
significant one among them is that containing ring junction nitrogen. The presence of these systems
are rare in natural products, but important in many studies for preparation of potentially, biologically
active analogues. Indolizines are such type of systems, which contain ring junction nitrogen and are
very rare in nature (Srikanth et al, 2011). Most indolizine compounds present interesting
pharmacological effects (Singh and Mmatli, 2011) and several biologically active indolizines were
reported to possess biological activities like; anti–inflammatory activities (Malone et al, 1998).
Other activities reported are antiviral, antitumor and analgesic activity (Gubin et al, 1992, Bolle et
al, 2004, Campagna et al, 1990, Pearson and Guo, 2001, Artico et al, 1989). Due to their strong
fluorescence in the UVvisible region, the photophysical properties of some indolizines have already
been reported (Delattre et al, 2005, Rotaru et al, 2009). As a consequence of their importance in
many research fields, there is a growing interest on the synthesis of indolizine derivatives. Although
many synthetic methods are available in the literature, (Li and Chua, 2011, Kostik et al, 2001) a
frequently employed approach is the 1, 3–dipolar cycloaddition of

Investigating The Efficiency Of The Antibacterial...
WHAT IS THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ANITBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF SOME NAMED
HANDWASHE DETERGENTS ON ESCHERIA COLI AND STAHPILOCOCCUS AUREUS?
Aim:
To investigate the efficiency of the antibacterial properties of some named hand–washes on
Escherichia coli (E. coli) and staphylococcus aureus and in the process comparing the two bacteria
species. The mutagen o be used will be dilute detergent paste.
Introduction
Bacteria constitute a large domain of the prokaryotic microorganisms. They come in different sizes
and shapes and occupy varying niches in our biosphere. Some bacteria are very beneficial while
others are pathogenic in nature. Pathogenic bacteria can pose danger to the human species as they
are disease causing, and it is therefore imperative that people take caution to prevent contact with
such bacteria and therefore avoid some diseases. One of the very basic ways of avoiding bacterial
infections is a habit of hand–washing. Hand–washing has been used from time immemorial for
hygienic, religious and cultural practices. Hand–washing is highly encouraged in hospitals and in
industries that deal with food production and delivery. Washing hands with water alone is not an
effective way to get rid of harmful bacteria on the surface of the skin. The use of soaps and
detergents which have special chemical properties make it possible for humans to get rid of the
bacteria. The extent to which the use of hand–washing detergents eliminates bacteria is the main
objective of this

Antibacterial Wipes Should Always Be On Hand In Offices
Why Antibacterial Wipes Should Always be on Hand in Offices
Even though office buildings have established a cleaning crew to clean the premises daily,
individual offices should also do their part to keep the property clean. There are many ways to
maintain a healthy and sanitary office space, from sweeping away clutter and throwing trash in the
proper garbage receptacle. However, one of the easiest methods to keep offices clean is to have
antibacterial wipes at the ready.
Antibacterial wipes are single–use wipes that are pre–moistened with an antibacterial solution. They
come in an easy–to–carry dispenser like a pack or tub and can be found in many stores. Though
antibacterial wipes aren't superior to the latest cleaning technologies, they do ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
wiping of the face, hands, nose etc.). However, antibacterial wipes can be used to clean your office
items as well. These wipes are capable of cleaning sticky pen holders, oily doorknobs, and anything
that doesn't look or feel clean in your hands. Antibacterial wipes also minimize the spread of
sickness and viruses. If you're experiencing the early signs of a cold, you can wipe your things with
antibacterial wipes to ensure that no one in your office contacts the illness.
Easy to Implement
Since antibacterial wipes are accessible and easy to carry around, it's easier for office management
to implement the product into the office cleanliness protocol. The management can ask their co–
workers to bring their own pack of antibacterial wipes or supply some in the office bathrooms and
stations.
Antibacterial wipes are your quick and easy solutions to everyday office messes. They're easy to use
and store. However, they can't take care of huge office messes or accidents. If your office in Dallas,
Texas, is in dire need of a good clean, contact Valor Janitorial pronto. Our professional office
cleaning service will make your property spotless in no time. Give us a call at ##phone## today for
a free

Testing Various Disinfectants On Bacteria Covered...
Disinfectants vs. Bacteria This project involves testing various disinfectants on bacteria covered
toothbrushes to see which method is most effective. The three main methods of disinfectants are
hydrogen peroxide, U.V rays to kill bacteria, and antibacterial soap. Learning what is in the various
disinfectants that eliminate bacteria is beneficial to understanding the experiment. Bacteria are
single–celled organisms that reproduce quickly. Pathogens are bacteria that cause sickness. Once the
body is infected with pathogens, those bacteria reproduce and grow inside of cells in the body. As
they grow, certain bacteria can make toxins; those toxins can damage the body's cells. Symptoms of
a sickness can be caused by those toxins. Pathogens can be spread from one person to another
through physical contact or contact with bodily fluids. Bacteria however can be killed by
sterilization, cold temperatures, antiseptics, disinfectants, and pasteurization. The antibacterial soap
mentioned is a disinfectant that reduces bacteria, which therefore reduces chance of infection.
Hydrogen peroxide is an antiseptic that reduces bacteria. The difference between antibacterial soap
and normal hand soap is triclosan or triclocarbon. Triclosan is an antibacterial compound in
antibacterial soap and a potent synthetic chemical. The text states, "Triclosan is classified as a
broad–spectrum antimicrobial agent because it is effective against a wide range of microbes; the
term antimicrobial implies

Honey Uses on Wound
[pic]
[pic][pic]
Training Correspondence Course
[pic]
CONTENTS
1. The company and the brand 2. The Medihoney™ products 3. How to use Medihoney™ wound
products 4. Potential side effects 5. General questions 6. Medihoney™ products for use on unbroken
skin 7. References 8. Product range 8.1 Medihoney™ Antibacterial Medical Honey™ 8.2
Medihoney™ Antibacterial Wound Gel™ 8.3 Medihoney™ Derma Cream 8.4 Medihoney™ Barrier
Cream
[pic]
Comvita NZ Limited
Wilson Road South
Private Bag 1
Te Puke 3153
0800 504 959
This document, or part of, may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recently advanced biomedical research has identified specific plants that produce honey with
exceptional antibacterial properties i.e. Leptospermum sp., of which Manuka is the best recognised.
This property is extremely stable and can be referred to as 'non–peroxide activity'. The specific
honey 'blend' used in the Medihoney™ antibacterial honey has been developed to maximize honey's
potential to heal. 4) There are more published research articles on the Medihoney™ products than
any other honey brand, giving end–users confidence in the products. Medihoney™ dressings are
currently used by hospitals worldwide and an ongoing research programme is in place.
2.0 The Medihoney™ Products

What are the Medihoney™ products?
Currently the Medihoney™ range includes an Antibacterial Medical HoneyTM and an Antibacterial
Wound Gel™, which both come in a tube. Either of these is appropriate for application to an open
wound.
The range also includes a Derma Cream and a Barrier Cream, which both contain a range of natural
ingredients including Medihoney™ antibacterial honey. The Derma Cream is appropriate for dry
skin conditions, while the Barrier cream will protect skin in 'wet' areas, such as under nappies.
Medihoney™ wound products
Tell me more about each of these wound products?
Medihoney™ Antibacterial Wound Gel™ contains 80% Medihoney™ antibacterial honey combined
with 20% waxes. The waxes change the viscosity of the honey to provide

Efficacy Of Selected Honey On Certain Bacterial Species
EFFICACY OF SELECTED HONEY ON CERTAIN BACTERIAL SPECIES
Pinku Satnami*, P. Ganesh1, Arup Konwar2 and J. Rajesh Prabhu Singh3
Corresponding author address
Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India.
Email: pinkusatnami89@gmail.com
Mobile No: +918148774798
Co–author address:
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu
2. M. Sc. in Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University,
3. Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University,
Abstract
Honey is used as medicinal drug all over the world from the time immemorial. It has a great
medicinal value and cures certain infection. The present work was undertaken with main objectives
of collection of honey samples namely Marthandam Gin Honey, Lion Kashmir Honey, Eucalyptus
Honey and Natural honey from different locations of Tamil Nadu and Assam and check antibacterial
activity against five different bacterial species viz. Staphylococcus lactis, Proteus vulgaris,
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus cereus and Lactobacillus acidophilis by disc diffusion methods.
Among all the honey taken for the study Marthandam Gin Honey sample showed high inhibitory
effect against all the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains. Four different antibiotics
were

Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Skin and Dusol (Kaempferia...
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) skin and Dusol (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Rhizome
As Antibacterial Organic Soap
A Science Investigatory Project
Presented by:
Romi Necq S. Abuel
Bansud National High School
Regional Science High School for Region IV –MIMAROPA
Pag–asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro
Abstract
Many soaps in the market offer different kinds of benefits such as whitening the skin, treating
various skin problems and removing bacteria from skin. But some may still produce bad results and
some can be too expensive to purchase. But there are other options that can be made to have healthy
skin. Pineapple is an abundant tropical fruit commonly found in humid and hot regions. Citric and
malic acids are found in good ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also doesn't contain carcinogens, toxins and bad bacteria that may risk health. Second, it has huge
amounts of nutrients that is easily absorbed by the skin for a more effective and efficient usage of
the product.
The said product is biodegradable, organic and it doesn't harm the environment even if it is burnt or
disposed. It contains almost no amount of harmful chemical substances that can disrupt the
ecological balance or worsen the condition of the global warming.
Researchers in the near future may use the study in emphasizing the use of the pineapple or dusol
extract as a main ingredient in the manufacture of soap or other products in relation to the study.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study is limited to the production of the experimental pineapple/dusol soap and the
experimentation processes that followed. The experimentation was conducted from June to August
2012.
Definition of Terms
Psoriasis a skin disease usually marked by red scaly patches.

Rashes an outbreak in the surface of the skin which that is often reddish and itchy.
Acne a disease of the oil–secreting glands of the skin that often affects adolescents, producing
eruptions on the face, neck, and shoulders that can leave pitted scars.
Ringworm a fungal disease of the skin, scalp or nails in which intensely itchy ring–shaped patches
develop. Infection is transmitted to humans from pets or

Alexander Flemming: The Antibacterial Enzyme
Alexander Flemming was a scientist that discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 when he
accidently mixed the mucous fom the patient in the culture contain bacteria and the bacteria was
dead. That is whee he took a closer look at the properties of the mucous from the patient and found
the antibacterial enzyme. Lysozyme is one of many proteolytic ezyme foud in the body. It is a first
defense system in the body that can destroyed bacterial cell wall. Lysozyme is very effective against
gram positive bactreia because they have peptidoglycan cell wall and it is make the lysozyme very
uneffective against bacteria that made of other other polysaccharide. Lysozyme mostly found in the
bodily fluid such as salive, tears, human milk and also mucous. Newborn babies that fed with the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It specifically catalyzing hydrolysis 1,4–beta–linkage between N–acetylmuramic acid and N–
acetyl–D–glucosamine which are a very sturdy bond in the bacterial cell. This is where the
lysozyme is targeted. In the mucous membrane, there is antimicrobial compounds such as lysozyme
and secretory antibodies (IgA). Lysozyme can kill the bacteria but it less effective against the
infection. Present of the lysozyme inhibit or kill the bacteria before they can colonized either in the
mouth, eye or in other mucous secretion. Throughout this experiment, the lysozyme activity was
determine using agarose lysoplate method. Using the sample collected the experiment was
conducted within several days to see the clear zone, but the result obtained did not showed any clear
zone even after added the coomassie brilliant blue stain. This may due to the plate bacteria inside
the plate was dead when the sample was loadedin the well. There is possibility that bacteria was
dead because the present of the bacteria in the plate cannot be seen and mybe the environment or the
condition in the plate was not favourable for the bacteria to stay

Antibacterial Properties of Essential Oils Essay
Present study proves that, citrus fruit juices are great antimicrobial agents against certain
microorganism and they can be used as medicine for treatment of bacterial infections. The tests of
antimicrobial activity and the MIC assays showed promising results that fresh citrus fruit juices are
good in killing bacteria. (Bansode.DS et al., IRJP 2012)
Lemon is one of the Family Rutaceae. It is prepared primarily for its alkaloids, which having
anticancer activities and the antibacterial properties. (Kawaii et al., 2000)
Antimicrobial potential of the citrus peel extract is directly concerned with the components that they
have. The studies showed that essential oils, protopine and corydaline alkaloids, lactons,
polyacetylene, acyclic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ECCLES,1994)
The effect of herbs and spices has been successfully done in food application. As several experiment
had being conducted. This was due to the present of essential oils, which act as antibacterial
substances, which inhibit the growth of bacteria. In–food and in vitro the only experiment that had
being successfully applied. (M.M Tajkarimi, 2010)
The condition when high vapor have a great effect on the effectiveness of essential oil as for this
research 14 different types of essential oils that have being tested on few different bacteria example
Staphylococcus. The effect when in high vapor is better the when leave the essential oils overnight.
From the research the result was around 1 or 2 hours for the essential oils to diffuse into the agar.
(Shigeharu Inouye, 2001)
From the Sodium bicarbonate the effect of inhibition towards bacteria had identified as the sodium
bicarbonate had alter the pH value of the surrounding and this had make the bacteria not it good
condition which

The And Chemical Kill Off Bacteria
kground Research:
I will be experimenting how well different products, natural and chemical kill off bacteria. I'll be
testing different products such as Vinegar, Manuka honey, Ajax, tea tree oil and Dettol Hand
Sanitizer. By testing the rate at which these products kill off bacteria I will be able to determine the
most effective products and compare the differences between each products efficiency.
Vinegar: Vinegar has been efficiently tested in killing bacteria. An experiment done in February 201
found that Vinegar has a large effect on reducing Tuberculosis mycobacteria. Claudia Cortesia and
Howard Takiff from Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Investigation in Caracas collaborated with
Catherin Vilcheze and William Jacobs Jr. from Albert Einstein Collage of medicine in New York in
testing TB strains of bacteria's reaction to 6% solution of acetic acid. They found that " exposure to
6% acetic acid, just slightly more concentrated then supermarket vinegar, for 30 minutes, reduced
the number of TB mycobacteria from around 100 million to undetectable levels." (Cortesia,
Vilcheze and Bernut)
Manuka Honey: honey contains hydrogen peroxide which is what gives it its antibiotic quality
however some Manuka honeys have a unusual non– peroxide type of antibacterial activity, Manuka
Honey with the non–peroxide characteristic is known as 'Active Manuka Honey.' Manuka honey
without the non–peroxide characteristic get their antibacterial properties from Hydrogen Peroxide. "
The

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Antibacterial Agent- Ticlosan