4. Healthy Cells
• Cells represent the smallest,
functional unit of our existence
which contains cytoplasm and a
nucleus (i.e. metabolism,
reproduction, day to day
functions)
• Cells have a specialized function
depending on their location in
the body.
• Cells grow, replicate and repair
body organs.
• The genetic material (DNA/RNA)
and your immune system
regulate this process.
5. Different Types of Cells
• Blood cells
• Muscle cells (smooth,
striated, cardiac)
• Nerve cells
• Bone cells
• Cartilage cells
• Liver (hepa) cells
6. Define Cancer
• Cancer is a term used to describe a large
group of diseases that are characterized by a
cellular malfunction. Healthy cells are
programmed to “know what to do and when
to do it”. Cancerous cells do not have this
programming and therefore grow and
replicate out of control. They also serve no
physiological function. These cells are now
termed a neoplasm.
8. Loss of Normal Growth Control
Cancer
cell division
Fourth or
later mutation
Third
mutation
Second
mutation
First
mutation
Uncontrolled growth
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis
Cell damage—
no repair
Normal
cell division
9. Example of Normal Growth
Cell migration
Dermis
Dividing cells in
basal layer
Dead cells
shed from
outer surface
Epidermis
11. Invasion and Metastasis
3
Cancer cells reinvade
and grow at new
location
1
Cancer cells invade
surrounding tissues and
blood vessels
2
Cancer cells are
transported by the
circulatory system to
distant sites
12. Malignant versus Benign Tumors
Malignant (cancer) cells
invade neighboring
tissues, enter blood
vessels, and metastasize
to different sites
Time
Benign (not cancer) tumor
cells grow
only locally and cannot
spread by invasion or
metastasis
22. Bladder Cancer
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Melanoma
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Endometrial Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer
23. Bladder Cancer
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Melanoma
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Endometrial Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer
Prostate Cancer
24. Bladder Cancer
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Melanoma
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Endometrial Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
30. Common environmental factors leading to cancer death include:
tobacco (25-30%)
infections (15-20%)
diet and obesity (30-35%)
31. Common environmental factors leading to cancer death include:
tobacco (25-30%)
infections (15-20%)
diet and obesity (30-35%)
Radiation
Stress
lack of physical activity
environmental pollutants
54. Modifiable Risk Factors
– Lifestyle
– Diet
Up to 1/3 of cancers can be avoided with a
nutritious diet, maintenance of a healthy
weight, and an active lifestyle
55. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
5. Avoid Tobacco
6. Limit exposure to carcinogen
56. Plant-based Diets
High in fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans, etc.
Dietary fiber
Vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and antioxidants
Low in total and saturated fat
57. Benefits of Dietary Fiber
Speeds up digestion
Eliminates cancer compounds from the body
Changes the bacteria in the gut to good bacteria
Getting enough fiber can reduce the risk of:
Colorectal cancer
Breast cancer
Some head/neck cancers
58. Whole Grains
Legumes
Vegetables
Fruits
Recommendations:
Men: 32g per day
Women: 25g per day
(14g of dietary fiber per 1,000
calories daily)
Sources of Fiber
59.
60. Benefits of Vitamins and Phytonutrients
• Act as antioxidants in the body
Antioxidants:
Reduce cells that damage the body
Control cell growth and death
These compounds may be protective against:
Breast cancer
Prostate cancer
Colon cancer
Bladder cancer
Lung cancer
Esophageal cancer
61. Sources of Vitamins and Phytonutrients
• Vitamin A: liver, eggs, dairy
• ß-carotene: carrot, sweet-
potato, pumpkin, dark leafy
green vegetables
• Vitamin E: vegetable oils, nuts,
leafy green vegetables, sweet
potatoes, carrots, and tomatoes
• Vitamin C: citrus fruits, broccoli,
cabbage
• Recommendations:
– 2 cups of fruit daily
– 2.5 to 3 cups of vegetables daily
62. Benefits of Consuming a Low Diet
Low intakes of saturated fat may prevent inflammation
Inflammation is often associated with cancer development
Increased waist
circumference and body
weight (obesity) may
increase the risk of
developing:
Colon cancer
Breast cancer
Multiple myeloma
63. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
64. Limit Red and Processed Meats
Some processed
meats may contain
carcinogens
Recommendations:
Eat less than 18
ounces of red meat
a week to reduce
cancer risk
Red meats:
Hamburgers, steak,
lamb roast, pork
chops
Processed meats:
Smoked/cured/salted
meat, meat with
added preservatives
such as hotdogs,
bacon, salami,
sausage
65. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
66. Avoid Grilling and Frying Foods!
• Cancer causing compounds are
produced when animal products are
grilled or fried
• Chemicals formed when fat drips off
the meat into flames
• Try to replace grilling and frying with
baking, steaming, or boiling!
67. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
68. Limit Alcohol Consumption
• May damage DNA, increasing the risk of cancer
• High alcohol consumption is associated with:
– Head and neck cancer
– Mouth cancer
– Pharynx/Larynx cancer
• Recommendations:
• Men: 2 drinks per day
• Women 1 drink per day
Esophagus cancer
Breast cancer
Liver cancer
69. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
5. Avoid Tobacco
6. Limit exposure to carcinogen
70. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
5. Avoid Tobacco
6. Limit exposure to carcinogen
73. • Avoid CT Scans as they have been linked to progression of
cancer
• Avoid EMF’s (electromagnetic field)
– Electronics
– Power Lines
– Modems
– appliances
74. MINERAL OIL (LIQUID PETROLEUM)
IS A BY PRODUCT OF PETROLEUM AND IS KNOWN TO INCREASE THE RISK OF CANCER.
*THESE CHEMICALS SLOWLY POISON US THROUGH REPEATED USE!!!
Avoid COSMETICS
containing
• Formaldehyde
• Parabens
• phthalates (endocrin
disrupting preservatives)
*100 unique chemicals in every
day personal products .
86. Summary
•There are many causes of cancer
•Some causes can be changed
•Diet is a modifiable risk factor
•With these small steps, you can help reduce your risk
of cancer-causing agents!