Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 1 Copyright © 2017 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document is prohibited. Organizational Evaluation Learners Name Capella University Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in Vulnerable and Diverse Populations Organizational Evaluation May, 2017 ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 2 Organizational Evaluation East Harlem, an upper Manhattan neighborhood, is home to many immigrant communities including one of the largest Latino communities in New York City with an overall population of nearly 120,000. This neighborhood has the largest population of Latinos and African-Americans with low incomes in New York City. Because of their low socioeconomic status and low quality of living, the residents of this neighborhood face several health concerns. Diabetes is a major health concern in the United States, but the residents of East Harlem are disproportionately affected by it (Fox, Mann, Ramos, Kleinman, & Horowitz, 2012; National Alliance for Hispanic Health [NAHH], n.d). East Harlem has the highest diabetes mortality rate (13%) and the highest incidence of obesity (33%) in New York City (New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene [NYCDOHMH], 2015). This disparity exists as Hispanics lack access to proper nutrition. The Frequency and Causes of Diabetes among the Vulnerable Population The high rate of diabetes among the residents of East Harlem can be better understood by analyzing the factors behind it. There are a number of factors that contribute to higher rates of diabetes among certain racial or ethnic groups. Lack of access to health care because of language and financial barriers directly impact the rates of diabetes mortality. According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHCRQ), the diabetes patients among Hispanics are more likely than whites to get readmitted to hospitals within a span of six months since the beginning of the treatment (NAHH, 2010). A primary reason for the increased occurrence of diabetes among the Hispanic residents of East Harlem is the lack of resources to cope with their external environment, stress-related problems, and poor nutrition. A lack of exercise also contributes to the onset of diabetes among ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 3 Hispanics. The external environment also plays a large role in the onset of diabetes by creating unequal opportunities for people from different backgrounds to participate in recreational physical activities. A poor understanding of the disease contributes to higher instances of diabetes among Hispanics. Finally, because of a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors, Hispanics are more likely to have a family history of diabetes (NAHH, 2010). Initiatives Implemented to Fight Diabetes in East Harlem The Center for Chronic Illnesses (CCI) is one of the hospitals in East Harlem that deals with all major .

1. Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 1
Copyright © 2017 Capella University. Copy and distribution of
this document is prohibited.
Organizational Evaluation
Learners Name
Capella University
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in Vulnerable and
Diverse Populations
Organizational Evaluation
May, 2017
ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 2

2. Organizational Evaluation
East Harlem, an upper Manhattan neighborhood, is home to
many immigrant
communities including one of the largest Latino communities in
New York City with an overall
population of nearly 120,000. This neighborhood has the largest
population of Latinos and
African-Americans with low incomes in New York City.
Because of their low socioeconomic
status and low quality of living, the residents of this
neighborhood face several health concerns.
Diabetes is a major health concern in the United States, but the
residents of East Harlem are
disproportionately affected by it (Fox, Mann, Ramos, Kleinman,
& Horowitz, 2012; National
Alliance for Hispanic Health [NAHH], n.d). East Harlem has the
highest diabetes mortality rate
(13%) and the highest incidence of obesity (33%) in New York
City (New York City Department
of Health and Mental Hygiene [NYCDOHMH], 2015). This
disparity exists as Hispanics lack
access to proper nutrition.
The Frequency and Causes of Diabetes among the Vulnerable

3. Population
The high rate of diabetes among the residents of East Harlem
can be better understood by
analyzing the factors behind it. There are a number of factors
that contribute to higher rates of
diabetes among certain racial or ethnic groups. Lack of access
to health care because of language
and financial barriers directly impact the rates of diabetes
mortality. According to the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality (AHCRQ), the diabetes
patients among Hispanics are more
likely than whites to get readmitted to hospitals within a span of
six months since the beginning
of the treatment (NAHH, 2010).
A primary reason for the increased occurrence of diabetes
among the Hispanic residents
of East Harlem is the lack of resources to cope with their
external environment, stress-related
problems, and poor nutrition. A lack of exercise also contributes
to the onset of diabetes among
ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 3
Hispanics. The external environment also plays a large role in

4. the onset of diabetes by creating
unequal opportunities for people from different backgrounds to
participate in recreational
physical activities. A poor understanding of the disease
contributes to higher instances of
diabetes among Hispanics. Finally, because of a combination of
genetic, lifestyle, and
environmental factors, Hispanics are more likely to have a
family history of diabetes (NAHH,
2010).
Initiatives Implemented to Fight Diabetes in East Harlem
The Center for Chronic Illnesses (CCI) is one of the hospitals in
East Harlem that deals
with all major illnesses including diabetes. The CCI can help
the vulnerable diabetic population
in East Harlem by implementing appropriate strategies:
oral medication to control
elevated blood pressure levels;
ng practical lifestyle management tips to the Hispanic
population in East Harlem by
emphasizing relevant exercise methods and healthy dietary
plans;

5. used once a day, along with
dietary regulations and exercise, to lower blood glucose in
adults with type 2 diabetes.
initiative aims to optimize six
important elements of the health care system in the CCI:
organization of health care, decision
support, self-management support, clinical information systems,
delivery system design, and
community resources and policies;
improving the use of existing resources,
creating new resources, and promoting a new policy of
interaction between empowered patients
and proactive health teams (Baptista et al., 2016). This sort of
interaction encourages the patients
Comment [A1]: Very good!
Discusses well.
ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 4
to cope with and manage diabetes independently, which helps
them avoid frequent and

6. preventable hospitalizations; and
Care Model called Project Dulce.
This project uses a team-based approach where nurse care
managers oversee care and peer
educators provide culturally appropriate, group-based diabetes
self-management education
(DSME) to patients.
to the residents of East Harlem
through care coordination. This involves sharing information
among all of the participants
concerned with a patient's care and organizing patient care
activities, to achieve safer and more
effective care. This means that the patient's preferences and
needs are known ahead of time and
communicated to the right people at the right time, and that this
information is used to provide
appropriate, safe, and effective care to the patient (Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality
[AHRQ], 2014). treatment of the disease.
Gaps in Health Care for the Treatment of Diabetes

7. As discussed earlier, a majority of the residents in East Harlem
are at a high risk for
diabetes because of a combination of genetic and economic
factors. But, many of them are
uninsured and hence medical treatments automatically become
more expensive and inaccessible
to them owing to their low socioeconomic status. This neglect
can lead to higher rates of
hospitalizations and increased chances of chronic disease and
disability (Alliance to Reduce
Disparities in Diabetes [ARDD], n.d.). Some of the gaps in
health care organizations for the
treatment of diabetes are as follows:
treatment of the disease when an
organization works alone to tackle diabetes. In addition, health
care organizations may lack staff
Comment [A2]: Nice!
ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 5
member who can speak Spanish. This causes problems in
communication between the physicians
and patients (ARDD, n.d.); and

8. individuals. One of the barriers to
implementing these recommendations could be that Hispanics
face societal pressure to eat foods
that are high in fats and do not have access to affordable
healthy food. To address these gaps in
medical care for diabetic Hispanics, health care organizations
should implement interventions
that have a strong clinical and scientific foundation (Hu,
Amirehsani, Wallace, & Letvak, 2013).
Implementation of Evidence-Based Strategies to Reduce Gaps in
Medical Care for
Diabetics in East Harlem
One way to address the gaps in health care provided to diabetic
Hispanics in East Harlem
is to increase health literacy among the Hispanic residents of
this area. Health literacy refers to
the extent to which people have the capability to process,
obtain, and understand basic health
information and services needed to make health-related
decisions. In February 2016, Carranza
(2016) attempted to carry out a study to see how knowledgeable
the Hispanic populations are

9. about diabetes. Patients were given immediate feedback on their
responses to improve their
understanding of diabetes. The results of this study showed that
81.3% of the patients were
unable to accurately read a nutrition label.
To address the gaps in nutritional education or healthy eating it
would also be beneficial
for the patients if the CCI could conduct monthly nutritional
classes that teach the basic
principles of how to interpret nutritional labels, with a focus on
the ideal amount of consumable
carbohydrates. Patients presented with this information will be
able to better manage their
diabetes and avoid the negative consequences of an extremely
high blood sugar level (Carranza,
2016). Health care organizations should also take collaborative
action with other health and
Comment [A3]: Need to be clearer
in this area on the causes of the gaps.
Comment [A4]: I am not sure that it
is a quick solution to increase the
health literacy. I would change this!

10. ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 6
community development centers from other neighborhoods in
the city. Other community
development centers can also teach the health care
organizations to communicate information
about resources to patients in their native language (Philis-
Tsimikas & Gallo, 2014).
Barriers to Implementing Evidence-Based Strategies in the Care
of Diabetes
While strategies that educate patients about diabetes and assist
them to manage their
condition can help bridge gaps in the diabetes health care
service, there are further barriers to the
implementation of these strategies. One of the biggest barriers
to the prevention and treatment of
diabetes is the lack of general practitioners (GPs) and clinicians
in health care centers. Some GPs
are reluctant to collaborate with diabetes educators and
dieticians as they feel it diminishes the
value of their role. Because of this attitude, they are effectively
depriving their patients of holistic
treatment (Mc Hugh, O’Mullane, Perry, & Bradley, 2013).
Conclusion

11. Health care providers play an important role in helping diabetic
patients overcome the
barriers to self-management of their condition. If patients are
aware enough to cope with the
illness on their own, they do not have to spend money on
frequent hospitalizations. Health care
providers should actively engage with the patients to ensure the
patients’ compliance with the
treatment plan. Cultural competency and language training to
overcome communication gaps
will build trust and encourage patients to open up to the health
care workers. Additionally,
encouraging family members to attend diabetes education
programs provides them the
opportunity to learn more about the disease. However, there are
some social and financial
barriers to the effective treatment of diabetes. Further research
needs to be done about the
barriers to self-management of diabetes and the effective
interventions to overcome these
barriers (Hu et al., 2013).
Comment [A5]: This part is very
good!

12. ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 7
References
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2014). Care
Coordination. Retrieved from
https://.ahrq.gov/professionals/prevention-chronic-
care/improve/coordination/index.html
Alliance to Reduce Disparities in Diabetes. (n.d.). Disparities in
diabetes: Prevention and care.
Retrieved from https://merck.com/corporate-
responsibility/docs/access/DisparitiesFACTSHEET.pdf
Baptisa, D. R., Wiens, A., Pontarolo, R., Regis, L., Reis, W. C.,
& Correr, C. J. (2016). The
chronic care model for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.
Diabetology & Metabolic
Syndrome, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-015-0119-z
Carranza, E. (2016). Health
literacy in the Hispanic population (Doctoral dissertation).
Retrieved from
http://nmfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Carranza-
Elizabeth-Paper.pdf

13. Carranza, E. (2016). Health literacy in the Hispanic population
(Doctoral dissertation).
Retrieved from http://nmfonline.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/Carranza-Elizabeth-
Paper.pdf Mc Hugh, S., O’Mullane, M., Perry, I. J., & Bradley,
C. (2013). Barriers to,
and facilitators in, introducing integrated diabetes care in
Ireland: a qualitative study of
views in general practice. BMJ Open, 3(8), e003217.
doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003217
Fox, M., Mann, D. M., Ramos, M. A., Kleinman, L. C., &
Horowitz, C. R. (2012). Barriers to
physical activity in East Harlem, New York. Journal of Obesity,
2012, 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/719140
Hu, J., Amirehsani, K., Wallace, D. C., & Letvak, S. (2013).
Perceptions of barriers in
managing diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 39(4), 494–503.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721713486200
https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721713486200
ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION 8

14. Mc Hugh, S., O’Mullane, M., Perry, I. J., & Bradley, C. (2013).
Barriers to, and facilitators in,
introducing integrated diabetes care in Ireland: a qualitative
study of views in general
practice. BMJ Open, 3(8), e003217. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-
003217
National Alliance for Hispanic Health. (2010). The state of
diabetes among Hispanics. Retrieved
from
http://healthyamericas.org/uploads/2/5/8/7/25879931/stateofdia
betes2010_copy.pdf
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
(2015). Manhattan community
district 11: East Harlem. Retrieved from
https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2015chp-
mn11.pdf
Philis-Tsimikas, A., & Gallo, L. C. (2014). Implementing
community-based diabetes programs:
The Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute experience. Current
Diabetes Reports, 14(2).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0462-0
http://healthyamericas.org/uploads/2/5/8/7/25879931/stateofdia
betes2010_copy.pdf

15. Chapter 1
Personal Finance Basics and the Time Value of Money
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written
consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 1
Learning Objectives
LO1-1 Analyze the process for making personal
financial decisions.
LO1-2 Assess personal and economic factors that influence
personal financial planning.
LO1-3 Develop personal financial goals.
LO1-4 Calculate time value of money situations
associated with personal financial decisions.
LO1-5 Identify strategies for achieving personal
financial goals for different life situations.
1-*
The Financial Planning Process

16. Learning Objective 1-1:
Analyze the process for making personal financial decisions.
What is Personal Financial Planning? …..
The process of managing your money to achieve
personal economic satisfaction
1-*
The Financial Planning Process
Advantages of Personal Financial Planning are:
Increased effectiveness in obtaining, using,
and protecting financial resources
Increased control of one’s financial affairs
Improved personal relationships
Sense of freedom from financial worries
1-*
Six Steps in the
Financial Planning Process
Continued…
1-*

17. Six Steps in the
Financial Planning Process
Step 1:
DETERMINE YOUR CURRENT FINANCIAL
SITUATIONEvaluate income, savings, living expenses, and
debts
Prepare a list of current asset and debt balances and amount
spent for various items
Match financial goals to current income and potential earning
power
Continued…
1-*
Six Steps in the
Financial Planning Process
Step 2:
DEVELOP YOUR FINANCIAL GOALSIdentify feelings about
money and the reasons for those feelingsDetermine the source
of your feelings about moneyDetermine the effects of the
economy on your goals and prioritiesMake sure that your goals
are your own and are specific to your situation
Continued…
1-*
Six Steps in the
Financial Planning Process
Step 3:

18. IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTIONPossible
courses of action can be:Continue the same course of
actionExpand the current situationChange the current
situationTake a new course of action
Continued…
1-*
Six Steps in the
Financial Planning Process
Step 3:
IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION
(continued)
Creativity in decision making is vital to effective choices
“Do nothing” can be a dangerous alternative
Continued…
1-*
Six Steps in the
Financial Planning Process
Step 4:
EVALUATE YOUR ALTERNATIVES
CONSEQUENCES OF CHOICESOpportunity cost
What you give up when you make a choice
The cost or trade-off of a decision cannot always be measured
in dollars. Sometimes the cost is your time

19. Continued…
1-*
Six Steps in the
Financial Planning Process
Step 4:
EVALUATE YOUR ALTERNATIVES
EVALUATING RISKUncertainty is a part of every decision
FINANCIAL PLANNING INFORMATION SOURCES
Best way to analyze and minimize risk is to gather information
from financial planning information sources (Exhibit 1-3)
Continued…
1-*
Six Steps in the
Financial Planning Process
Step 5:
CREATE AND IMPLEMENT YOUR FINANCIAL ACTION
PLANDevelop an action plan that identifies ways to achieve
financial goalsPossible action plans can be increasing savings,
reducing spending, or making provisions for taxesTo implement
action plans you may need assistance from others
Continued…
1-*

20. Six Steps in the
Financial Planning Process
Step 6: REVIEW AND REVISE YOUR PLAN
Financial planning decisions need to be assessed regularly
Complete review should be done at least once a year
More frequent reviews may be required for changing personal,
social, and economic factors
Regular reviews of decision-making process can help in making
priority adjustments to achieve financial goals
1-*
Influences on Personal Financial Planning
Learning Objective 1-2:
Assess personal and economic factors that influence personal
financial planning.
LIFE SITUATION AND PERSONAL VALUES
Adult life cycle stage
Marital status, household size, and employment
Major eventsGraduation, engagement, career change, children,
retirement, etc
Values influence spending and saving decisions
1-*
Influences on Personal Financial Planning
THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM (how money flows)
Providers of funds (savers and investors)

21. Financial Intermediaries
Financial Markets
Users of funds (borrowers and spenders)
1-*
Influences on Personal Financial Planning
ECONOMIC FACTORS
Forces of Supply and Demand on setting prices
Economics is the study of how wealth is created and distributed
The economic environment includes different institutions
Federal Reserve Bank and it’s role in the economy
1-*
Influences on Personal Financial Planning
GLOBAL INFLUENCES
Global marketplace influences financial activities
American companies compete against foreign companies for US
dollars
Balance of exports and imports
Foreign investments and their role in the US Money Supply
The level of Money Supply affects interest rates
1-*
Influences on Personal Financial Planning
CHANGING ECONOMIC CONDITIONSConsumer prices
Consumer spendingInterest rates Money
SupplyUnemploymentHousing StartsGross domestic product

22. (GDP)Trade balanceStock market indexes
1-*
Influences on Personal Financial Planning
SELECT A PATH TO FINANCIAL SECURITY
Save for emergencies and the futureMaintain a low level of
debtHave a risk management planAvoid investment
scamsCommunicate with others
1-*
Developing Personal Financial Goals
Learning Objective 1-3:
Develop personal financial goals.
TYPES OF FINANCIAL GOALS
a) Can be influenced by the time frame in which you want to
achieve your goals
1-*
Developing Personal Financial GoalsTYPES OF FINANCIAL
GOALS
b) Can be influenced by the financial need that drives your
goals
1-*
Developing Personal Financial GoalsTYPES OF FINANCIAL
GOALS

23. TIMING OF GOALSShort-term, intermediate, and long-
term goalsLong-term goals should be planned in coordination
with short-term and intermediate goals
GOALS FOR DIFFERENT FINANCIAL
NEEDSConsumable-product goalsDurable-product
goalsIntangible-purchase goals
1-*
Developing Personal Financial Goals GOAL-SETTING
GUIDELINES
Goals should be SMART:Specific: know what your goals
are to create a planMeasurable: with a specific amountAction-
oriented: identify the personal financial activitiesRealistic:
utilizing your income and life situationTime-based: identify the
time frame to achieve the goal
1-*
Opportunity Costs and the Time Value of Money
1-*
Learning Objective 1-4:
Calculate time value of money situations associated with
personal financial decisions.
Opportunity Costs and the Time Value of MoneyEvery financial
decision involves giving up something to obtain something else
PERSONAL OPPORTUNITY COSTS

24. Time
Other personal opportunity costs can be related to health,
leisure etc.
Personal resources like financial resources require careful
management
1-*
Opportunity Costs and the Time Value of MoneyFINANCIAL
OPPORTUNITY COSTS
Time Value of Money
Increases in an amount of money as a result of interest earned
Saving today means more money tomorrow. Spending means
lost interest
Saving and spending decisions involve considering the trade-
offs. Current needs can make spending worthwhile
1-*
Opportunity Costs and the Time Value of Money
Time Value of Money (continued)
INTEREST CALCULATIONS
Three amounts are required to calculate the time value of money
Principal (the amount of savings)
Interest rate (annual)
Time
1-*

25. Opportunity Costs and the Time Value of Money
Time Value of Money (continued)
COMPUTING SIMPLE INTEREST
=Amount in savings x annual interest rate x time period
=interest amount
For Example:
=$100 x 5% x 1 (1 year)
=$100 x .05 x 1
=$5.00
In one year, you have $100 in principal plus $5.00 in interest
for a total of $105 at the end of the year.
1-*
Opportunity Costs and the Time Value of Money
1) FUTURE VALUE OF A SINGLE AMOUNTFuture value is
the amount to which current savings will increase based on a
certain interest rate and a certain time periodFuture value is
also call compounding - earning interest on previously earned
interestSee Exhibit 1-8A
2) FUTURE VALUE OF A SERIES OF DEPOSITSFuture value
can be computed for a single amount or for a series of deposits
called an annuitySee Exhibit 1-8B
1-*

26. Opportunity Costs and the Time Value of Money
3) PRESENT VALUE OF A SINGLE AMOUNT
Present Value is the current value of a future amount based on a
certain interest rate and a certain time period
Present value calculations are also called discounting
The present value of the amount you want in the future will
always be less than the future value See Exhibit 1-8C
4) PRESENT VALUE OF A SERIES OF DEPOSITS
Present value can be computed for a single amount or for a
series of depositsSee Exhibit 1-8D
1-*
Opportunity Costs and the Time Value of Money
METHODS FOR COMPUTING TIME VALUE OF
MONEYFormulasTime value of money tablesFinancial
calculatorsSpreadsheet softwareTime value of money web sites
1-*
Achieving Financial Goals
Learning Objective 1-5:
Identify strategies for achieving personal financial goals for
different life situations.
COMPONENTS OF PERSONAL FINANCIAL PLANNING
Obtaining (chapter 2)
Planning (chapters 3, 4)

27. Saving (chapter 5)
Borrowing (chapters 6, 7)
Spending (chapters 8, 9)
Managing risk (chapters 10-12)
Investing (chapters 13-17)
Retirement and estate planning (chapters 18, 19)
1-*
Achieving Financial GoalsDEVELOPING A FLEXIBLE
FINANCIAL PLAN
A financial plan is a formalized report that...
Summarizes your current financial situation
Analyzes your financial needs
Recommends future financial activities
Your financial plan can be created by you, with assistance
from a financial planner, or made using a money management
software package
1-*
Achieving Financial GoalsIMPLEMENTING YOUR
FINANCIAL PLAN

28. Develop good financial habits
Use a well conceived spending plan to help you stay within your
income, while allowing you to save and invest for the future
Have appropriate insurance protection to prevent financial
disasters
Become informed about tax and investment alternatives
1-*
Achieving Financial GoalsSTUDYING PERSONAL FINANCE
Resources
Personal Financial Planner sheets
Website www.mhhe.com/kdh
Practice Quizzes and end-of-chapter activities
Online sources for current finance information
Talk to others
Achieving your financial objectives requires a willingness to
learn and appropriate information sources
1-*