1. Group Presentation on
E = MC sq
Group presentation:
Julius Shrestha
Manisha Kharel
Monita Gurung
Ramesh Shrestha
2. Biography of Albert Einstein:
Born March 14, 1879
Ulm, Württemberg, Germany
Died April 18, 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
Residence Germany, Italy, Switzerland, US
Citizenship German (1879–96, 1914–33)
Swiss (1901–55)
American (1940–55)
Ethnicity Jewish
Fields Physicist
Known for General relativity ,
Special relativity , Brownian motion ,
Photoelectric effect , Mass-energy
equivalence , Einstein field equations , Unified
Field Theory , Bose–Einstein statistics , EPR
3. Notable awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
Copley Medal (1925)
Max Planck Medal (1929)
Signature
Einstein memorial at national
academy of science
,washington ,D.C
Young Einstein at age 14 at
the yr 1893
4. SOCIAL CONDITION:
During the late 18 th century a lot of things were
happening in the country.though he was born in
Germany he still wasn’t able to stay there as he
was a jews and pacifists.Thinking of people
were narrowed at that time.this could be clearly
known as Einstein's mother had objected him
marrying Mileva because she had a prejudice
against Serbs and thought Marić was "too old",
and "physically defective.“The main even that
happened was the nuclear bomb attack in
hirosimaand nagasaki. War in Europe had
ended, but fighting with Japan continued. The
Allies – particularly the Americans – were
suffering heavy losses in the Pacific and the US
decided to use the greatest force at its disposal.
5. Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima on 6
August 1945 and Nagasaki three days later.
Japan surrendered and six years of conflict was
over. Upwards of 80,000 people were killed
War in Europe had ended, but fighting with
Japan continued. The Allies – particularly the
Americans – were suffering heavy losses in the
Pacific and the US decided to use the greatest
force at its disposal. Atomic bombs were
dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 and
Nagasaki three days later. Japan surrendered
and six years of conflict was over. Upwards of
80,000 people were killed
8. Economic condition:
Well einstein life seems to be very luxious and
fulfilling in his early childhood.Due to econimic
problem and his father’s failing business they
had to leave Munich and moved to Milan,Italy.In
1902 he began working as aclerk at the swiss
patent office.though it was a low paying job he
loved it.his life style satrted getting betterin
prague,bohemia.
9. POLITICAL CONDITION:
With increasing public demands, his involvement in
political, humanitarian, and academic projects in
various countries, and his new acquaintances with
scholars and political figures from around the world,
Einstein was less able to achieve the productive
isolation that he needed in order to work.Due to his
fame and genius, Einstein found himself called on to
give conclusive judgments on matters that had nothing
to do with theoretical physics or mathematics. He was
not timid, and he was aware of the world around him,
with no illusion that ignoring politics would make world
events fade away. His very visible position allowed
him to speak and write frankly, even provocatively,
10. at a time when many people of conscience could only
flee to the underground or keep doubts about
developments within their own movements to
themselves for fear of internecine fighting. Einstein
flouted the ascendant Nazi movement, tried to be a
voice of moderation in the tumultuous formation of the
State of Isarel and braved anti-communist politics and
resistance to the civil rights movement in the United
States. He participated in the 1927 congress of the
League against Imperialism in Brussels.During his era
there were Cold War era, Zionism, Anti-Nazism ,
world war 2 happening.
11. Mathematical Interpretation
Principal of Conservation of Energy:
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
but can be changed from one form to another
i.e. magnetic energy can be converted to electric
energy, and the latter can again be converted to
heat or light energy.
Example- the torque produced from turbine
converts magnetic force to electric energy
.When the electric energy is used by bulb then
the form of energy changes into light energy and
heat energy.
12. Change in the forms of Energy
If the adjacent
diagram is considered as
the system where the
energy is constant. The
pendulum has the mass
M and height be h.
During oscillation, at
the extreme point A &
B ,mass (m) as higher by
h then at C.
When mass (M)
reaches at point C from
extreme A & B it
gradually looses highest
(h) and gains velocity
13. Potential Energy : Energy
possessed by rest object
(has volume and mass).
Pe= mgh
Where m=mass;
g=acceleration due to
gravity; and h=height
Kinetic energy: Energy
possessed by moving
object.
Ke = ½(mv2
)
Where V=velocity
14. This phenomenon can be expressed thus
At C potential energy
=mgh……….1
At B Kinetic energy = ½(mv2
)
………2
When mass moves from A to
C;
½(mv2
)= ½{m(g*2*h)}=mgh
= Pe
[here a=g and
g=(v2
-u2
)/2h
where u=initial
velocity =0 @extreme
v=final
velocity]
This gives v=g*2*h
15. When mass moves
from C to B;
mgh = {m(v2
/(2*h) }
h= ½(mv2
) = Ke
[here a=g and
g=(v2
-u2
)/2h
where u=initial
velocity =0 @extreme
v=final velocity]
This gives g= v2
/(2*h)
16. From above slide we conclude that at any
point pe is equal to ke.
mgh + ½(mv2
) =mechanical energy
Which is ;
pe and ke both are the forms of
energy and gets continuously change into
one another as mass oscillates.
17. It can be considered when all other forms are kept
constant but in nature there is no absolute
system. In this system energy continuously
dwindle. Because frictional force exist among
them .And if frictional force prevails in system
,energy gets new form as heat .
The nature of heat energy is to transfer from hot
object to the cold one and thus all energy later
transforms into heat and transfer to the
surrounding leaving null energy in the system
because surrounding is much cooler.
18. And here Einstein explains this state as
fusion of the conservation of mechanical
and thermal energy. This fusion now
created physicists to evolve new
hypothesis about conservation of energy
into other forms and its application in other
field like chemical to electro magnetic
field.
19. When Physicists accepted this principle
they lacked the relation between mass
and energy. There was some agent
missing which was ready to connect the
special theory of relativity. Thus later it
was merged with energy, the new agent.
E = MC2
20. where
E= energy (kg m2
s-2
)
M=Mass (kg)
C=speed of light(3.3*108
ms-1
)
Here,
energy is directly proportional to speed of
light and mass
E∞M
E∞C2
21. Einstein gives the genuine example among
the relation between energy ,mass and
speed of light .According to him when any
object of mass (m) is heated by 10
degrees, then increase in the mass (Δm)
is equal to energy at current state divided
by square of speed of light . The concern
about the increase in mass can be
expressed as
Δm=E/C2.
22. But, the mass or increment (Δm) can not
be detected as Δm is negligible compared
to the original mass (m).
From this example he wants to show the
validity of the theory in every aspect and in
every field.
23. If mass is to be measured then one should
search such a system where change of
energy per mass unit (E/m) must be
enormously large. This system is only
possible at QUANTAM LEVEL( the state
where every things are in motion).
Taking the example of system where unit
atom is present.
(consists of electron(-ve),
proton (+ve)
and
neutron (neutral)
) .
24. Viewing closely radioactive disintegration
His example of mass disintegration is
actually based on the splitting of Uranium
into Krypton and Xenon
25. Uranium containing mass when it gets
stricked by neutral particle neutron it splits
into Krypton mass and Xenon mass
.where both are stable atoms.
When sum of both new atom are
measured it is always less than
Radioactive atom. Because lost mass
gets dissipated into rays (C) (beta,
gamma) and lots of energy (E).
26. Rhetoric
E=Mc2
is an informative essay by Albert
Einstein which is assisted by illustrations,
diagram, questions and analogy.
Einstein often writes of “physicists" or “the
physicists” thereby to distance himself
from them. He does this probably due to
one of the following reasons:
27. I. This particular essay is taken from
“Out of My Later Years“, after
Hiroshima and Nagasaki had been
doomed by two atom bombs ‘Little
Boy’ and ‘Fat Man'. And Einstein at
that time was advocating in the
favor of disarmament and peace.
II. Or, he alienates himself from his
own identity as a physicist because
this essay is aimed at common
people.
28. Similarly, Einstein uses the analogy of
rich man( paragraph 9) effectively and
logically to show radioactive
disintegration where M is disintegrated.
Through this analogy ,Einstein reaches to
the main idea of the essay in the last line:
“Averting that threat has become the
urgent problem of our time.”
29. The title of the essay is the most talked
about mathematical formula of the past
millenium.Einstein chooses this title to
make clear the relationship between
mass, light and energy to common people
(shown by example of rich man) outside of
his own primary discourse community of
theoretical physicists.
