The Effect Of Sv40 T Antigen On Two Multiple Fission...

The Effect Of Sv40 T Antigen On Two Multiple Fission...
A side observation during initial attempts of applying SV40 T–antigen in two microalgal species
Ahmed E. Gomaa, Sameh Elsawy, Sang MiSun, Seung Hwan Yang, GyuhwaChung*
Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550–749, Republic of
Korea
Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Gyeonggi 449–728,
Republic of Korea
*Corresponding author
Gyuhwa Chung
E–mail: chung@chonnam.ac.kr
Phone: +82–61–659–7302
Fax: +82–61–659–7309
Running title: Effects of SV40 T antigen on two multiple fission microalgae ABSTRACT
Combination of Simian Virus40 (SV40) large T antigen and its replication origin is commonly used
to enhance the expression efficiency of heterogeneous genes in the host cell by increasing the copy
number. Most studies on SV40 large T antigen are focused on binary fissional yeast and animal
cells. Recently, it has been reported that the SV40 large T antigen interacts with specific cellular
proteins that cause slowing and even blocking of mitotic progression. There is no report related to
the impact of the SV40 Tantigen on plant "multiple fissional" cell–type. Thus, we were targeting the
possibility of using the SV40 combination in further studies to enhance the expression efficiency of
foreign genes in microalgal cells without using selective pressure. During the initial trails to apply
that strategy, we have noticed differences between the two microalgae species Chlorella Sp. and
Scenedesmus Sp. Three different
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The Human Body Is A Complex System
The human body is a complex system that is composed of billions of cells, undergoing growth,
division and death in an orderly fashion on a daily basis. When this process occurs in an abnormal
manner, the outcome is typically referred to as a tumor. In today's world, tumor is a term that is
commonly heard throughout the world. Also referred to as neoplasm, a tumor is an abnormal growth
of tissue resulting from the rapid cell division due to some form of mutation (Cooper). They are
classified into four main groups: benign, in situ, malignant and those with uncertain or unknown
behaviour. Of the four classes of tumor, malignant neoplasms are those tumors that are typically
referred to as cancers (Cooper). These tumors involve abnormal cell growth that has the potential to
invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, possibly forming metastases and becoming fatal. Eye
tumors are secondary tumors that results from a primary tumor that has spread from other parts of
the body and have invaded the eye. There are two primary types that occur within the eye:
retinoblastoma in children, and melanoma in adults.
Ocular melanoma is a rare cancer that occurs in the adult eye (Guénel et al.). Although there are
other types of eye cancer, ocular melanoma is the most commonly occurring and the most
dangerous. It is a malignant tumor that metastasizes and become fatal in about half of all occurring
cases. It is the second most common type of melanoma that occurs and accounts for 5% of all

Vaccines Are The Side Effects Of The Vaccines? How Do I...
When having a first child come into someone 's life, they may have a million questions about the
immunizations that children will need. Some questions might be asked could be Are vaccines safe?
What are the side effects of the vaccines? How do I treat them? Is there a link between vaccines and
autism? (Infant Immunizations FAQs). Any question is okay to ask, since having a first child will
seem a little scary. Although not all infants have diseases or are sick when they are young, some
infants have deadly diseases that they cannot live with. Deadly diseases could include cancer,
Hirschsprung disease, chicken pox, influenza, cystic fibrosis, and immunizations. Leukemias, which
are cancers of the bone marrow and blood, are the most common childhood cancers. Leukemia is
accounted for about 30% of all cancers in children (Cancers That Develop in Children). The second
most common cancers in children are brain and central nervous system tumors. There are many
types of tumors infants may have when they are born. The drug's manufacturer, Bristol–Myers
Squibb, will charge $141,000 for the first 12 weeks of treatment and $256,000 of a year of treatment
(Elkins, Chris). Adalyn, a nine–month–old girl from South Saint Paul, Minnesota was diagnosed
with retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a rare and fatal tumor of the retina that affects young
children. Retinoblastoma typically shows up as a 'white glow' in the eye, something that Time and
Teresa, Adalyn's parents, remember noticing in

Horizon Scanning Therapy: Article Analysis
The author seeks to ascertain the effectiveness of using selective retina therapy using horizon
scanning technology as a mean of treating retinal healthy problems associated with diabetes.
According to him the technology has been approved for use and various aspects of the technology
have been approved. For example the technology is considered to be safe and effective for use on
patients with retina problems. Horizon scanning treatment entails use of laser beam to treat the
retina pigment epithelium through detection of sound waves and light scattering.
The concern addressed in the article is whether there are other side effects of the technology on the
health of the patient. Through other evidence has been provided, there lacks an evidence

Osteosarcoma Essay
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent type of malignant bone tumor in adolescents and young adults
[1]. Osteosarcoma has highest frequency in U.S affecting approximately four persons per million
per year [2]. It has been reported that about 2.4% of all malignancies in pediatric patients and 20%
of primary bone cancer [3]. The highest incidence correspondence with the pubertal growth spurt,
occur mainly in females than males. Osteosarcoma can affects any bone but frequently sites are
femur, tibia and pelvis [4]. It target at sites of rapid bone growth. The most common risk factor is
tall stature and soaring birth weight [5]. Osteosarcoma also associated with other inherited
syndrome such as hereditary retinoblastoma syndromes, Rothmund–Thomson syndrome and Li–
Fraumeni syndrome.
MACF1 (microtubule cross linking factor 1) is large cytoskeletal linker protein (608 kda) that can
closely linked with actin microfilament and microtubules (MTs). MACF1 gene is located on human
chr 1p32, composed of about 110 exons and give rise to four major isoforms with slightly ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a powerful tool in regulating the differential expression of genome in different tissues of the
same organisms. Mechanisms of chromatin remodeling and post–translational modifications of
biomolecules play an important role in regulating expression of particular set of genes in particular
tissues (Bryan, 2001). Role of posttranslational modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation
and methylation etc determining in any peculiar phenotype is well documented; and impairment of
these modifications (epi–mutations) may result in number of diseases. Thus, epigenetic regulation
necessitates reconsidering the definition of phenotype, and it is already known that a particular
cellular phenotype is not solely defined by the DNA sequence present in the

The Role Of Retinoblastoma As An Ocular Malignancy...
Introduction
Retinoblastoma is an ocular malignancy occurring during childhood, which can affect both eyes and
is extremely dangerous if it is left untreated. A loss of sight and even death can result from a lack of
treatment. It affects around 1 in 15,000 children and is responsible for 2.5% to 4% of the total
paediatric cancers making it the most common cancer of the eye in children [1] [2]. It is caused by a
deletion mutation on chromosome 13 causing the inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) [3].
The condition can be inherited from the patient's parent, however there is also a non–heritable form
of the disease which occurs spontaneously [2]. The heritable form of retinoblastoma shows
autosomal dominance. If diagnosed early, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Genetics
Retinoblastoma occurs as a result of the inactivation of the RB1 gene which is caused by a deletion
mutation on chromosome 13. The RB1 can be found on the long arm of chromosome 13 [2]. As
stated previously, there are two forms of retinoblastoma – the hereditary and non–hereditary form.
The heritable form accounts for 40% of cases and remaining 60% are down to the non–heritable
form [2]. Most non–heritable cases are unilateral (affecting one eye) whereas all heritable cases are
bilateral (affecting both eyes).
The hereditary form conveys autosomal dominance meaning only one of the parents needs to
possess the mutated gene for the condition to be passed on. As a result, every somatic cell in the
body will contain this mutation. At this stage the cells provide no risk of becoming cancerous.
Having said this, a somatic event can cause the normal allele to be lost and these cells are now
cancerous [5] [3] as shown in figure 1. This is the Knudson hypothesis which describes these events
as a "two–hit" model [5]. The non–hereditary form, only one eye is affected as the two events take
place in a single retinal cell. The non–cancerous cells will display the expected genes on
chromosome 13. However, both RB genes in the cancerous cells will be inactivated. This is very
rare however as, for retinoblastoma to occur, both genes on the chromosomes in the same cell linage
must become defected [3].
Retinoblastoma protein (pRb)
The mutation of the RB1 gene is

Aortic Aneurysm Research Paper
Aortic Aneurysm
1. Basic definition of the disease – Source: "Aortic Aneurysm." MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library
of Medicine, 28 Sept. 2016. Web. 13 Oct. 2016. .
There are two types of aortic aneurysms – thoracic and abdominal. Both can be inherited as
autosomal dominant heart diseases. Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) occur in the part of the aorta
running through the chest area, while abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) occur in the part of the
aorta running through the abdomen. The aorta is the main blood vessel, or artery, that transports
blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Aneurysms in the aorta are a bulges in the blood vessel
walls that cause various health problems.
2. Cause – Source: "Familial TAAD." Genetics Home Reference. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The treatments are usually all very effective as they serve the purpose of eliminating tumors and
preserving vision.
6. Prognosis – Source: "Retinoblastoma." AAPOS.org. American Association for Pediatric
Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 1 June 2016. Web. 12 Oct. 2016. .
What is the life expectancy?
The life expectancy of affected individuals depends on their stage of retinoblastoma and whether
they were diagnosed early enough to receive treatment. Like other cancers, lifespan can be reduced
if patients develop second–stage tumors and are not treated quickly enough. Most often, death
caused by retinoblastoma is rare because patients are usually diagnosed as children can receive
treatments that are very effective.
What is the quality of life?
Living with retinoblastoma can be difficult, both physically and emotionally. Children affected by
retinoblastoma may experience poor vision and eye pain as well as rapid involuntary eye movement.
These symptoms can be very uncomfortable for a young child. Further, the frequent treatments such
as chemotherapy can be inconvenient, and affected children often have lower self esteem as a result
of their

Tumor Busting Virus Essay
Reading an article and learning about "tumor–busting viruses" is very compelling, to say the least.
Since it seems almost everyone has endured the pain of cancer or has a loved one who has been
diagnosed with some form of cancer, it is refreshing to see that researchers and scientists are coming
together to find fresh techniques to help heal this tragic illness.
This new remedy that scientists are experimenting with is called virotherapy. Virotherapy was
defined in the article as viruses that have been genetically engineered to find and kill cancer cells
while leaving healthy cells untouched. A treatment such as this has been a favorable one considering
how the traditional cancer chemotherapies have been known to not only attack cancer ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because all people, roughly, have been exposed to adenovirus, humans hold antibodies from the
immune system to attack and kill the virus. Therefore, using adenoviruses in cancer virotherapy may
result in some symptoms that seem like indicators of the flu. This is because the immune system has
been trained to respond to the virus by attacking it and eliminating it from the body, which will also
stamp out the therapy. Researchers have been attempting to fight the side effects by giving
immunosuppressive drugs while the patient is on the virotherapy as well as altering the adenoviruses
so that the immune system will not respond to the virus. To create the best version of virotherapy,
scientists are discovering two ways to be confident the viruses hit target cells with no other harm to
other cells. One strategy virotherapy researchers are exploring is called transductional targeting.
With this form of targeting cancer cells, researchers are modifying the viruses used so they are only
attracted to only cancerous cells to contaminate them. To prevent the viruses from entering normal
cells, transductional targeting works by binding "adapter" molecules onto the antibodies, proteins on
the outside of virus, or tweaking the antibodies so that they will not allow viruses to enter normal
cells and rather let them gain up on tumor cells. The second strategy discussed in the article is
named transcriptional targeting. The goal of this form of targeting is to modify the viruses

How Retinoblastoma Is A Form Of Cancer
Retinoblastoma is a form of cancer found in young children, which develops from cells of the retina,
the tissue of the eye that detects light. It arises from a mutation, either a point mutation or complete
deletion of both of the Rb tumour suppressor genes within a cell, and can be a result of inherited or
sporadic genetic default. Loss or defect of this region on chromosome 13 means cells can proliferate
uncontrollably, leading to tumour formation that not only affects the eye but can spread to the brain
or cause metastases in bone, soft tissue and the central nervous system via haematogenous spread.
The invasive treatment of large tumours can cause major consequences for sufferers; for example
enucleation leads to loss of vision and radiotherapy can increase a child's chances of developing
second metastases.
Introduction
Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant cancer of infancy and early childhood, where tumours develop in
the cells of the retina, the light sensitive lining of the eye (1) (see figure 1). The cancer develops due
to the loss or mutation of both of the Rb genes within a retinal cell and can be inherited or sporadic.
With the inherited form, sufferers have a germline mutation of the Rb gene, making most cases
bilateral, but with the sporadic form the first 'hit' occurs randomly in a retinal cell, hence the
majority of cases are unilateral. The number of infants diagnosed with retinoblastoma has doubled
over the past forty years (2) with the disease now being

On The Purpose Of A Liberal Arts Education
"A truly great intellect... is one which takes a connected view of old and new, past and present, far
and near, and which has an insight into the influence of all these. One on another; without which
there is no whole, and no centre," John Henry Newman, from the article On the Purpose of a Liberal
Arts Education. This statement expresses that one moment, one event does not define an individual,
but a lifetime of experiences, trials and tribulations, sadness and joy, sickness and health, shape our
decisions tomorrow. Only with that understanding can we be whole and centered. I could tell you
about my mother's alcoholism, my son being diagnosed at 6 years old with bilateral retinoblastoma,
my father's drug addiction and abusive nature, my son

What Is Extended Ophthalmoscopy And What Are The Different...
Extended Opthalmoscopy
1. What is extended ophthalmoscopy and what are the different types?
a. Extended ophthalmoscopy is basically a detailed drawing/examination of the fundus that is more
specific in terms of a general comprehensive eye exam. It is indicated for a wide variety of posterior
segment pathology. There are two types of EO which are billed, initial and subsequent extended
ophthalmoscopy.
i. Initial: done during the initial evaluation of the disease ii. Subsequent: done during later visits as
particular disease has progressed
2. What is the diagram for EO? How big should it be and what elements must it include?
a.
The guidelines for the drawing are as follows:
i. Separate sketches for each with with a minimum diameter of 4 in to 6 in, smaller sketches could
be subject to being audited ii. Use of between 4–6 colors is preferred, but non–colored drawings are
also acceptable iii. Requirement of an extensive scaled drawing must accurately represent normal,
abnormal, and common findings iv. CPT has also mandated that the physician should provide a
findings and impression report with diagnosis labeled
v. Color Guidelines:
1. Red – retinal arterioles, hemorrhaging, neovascularization, vascular anomalies, vascular tumors,
retinal breaks, holes in retinoschisis, cilioretinal artery, and inner portion of thin areas of retina
2. Blue – detached retina, retinal veins, outlines of retinal breaks, outlines of ora serrata, traction,
outline of lattice degeneration,

Retinoblastoma, Pediatric
Retinoblastoma, Pediatric Retinoblastoma is a type of eye cancer that affects young children.
Retinoblastoma starts in the light–sensitive lining in the back of your child's eyeball (retina).
Retinoblastoma results when something goes wrong with eye development in the womb or early in
life. Instead of developing into specialized eye cells (retinoblasts), the cells grow out of control and
form a tumor (retinoblastoma). Retinoblastoma may occur in one or both eyes. It is usually
diagnosed before age 3. CAUSES Retinoblastoma is caused by a gene defect (mutation) in the RB1
gene. In most children, the mutation in the RB1 gene occurs after birth, and the cause is not known.
These children usually have retinoblastoma in only one eye. In ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Eye redness. Eye bulging. An eye that wanders out of focus (strabismus). An eye that looks white in
a bright light, such as in a photo. A pupil that appears larger than normal or doesn't get smaller when
exposed to light. Problems with vision. DIAGNOSIS This condition is diagnosed with a medical
history and physical exam. Your child's health care provider may refer you to an eye disease
specialist (ophthalmologist) for a diagnosis. This condition is diagnosed with an eye exam. This
includes: Using eye drops to make the pupil open wider (dilate). Looking through the pupil into the
back of the eye to examine the retina (fundoscopic exam) with a light (ophthalmoscope). Your child
may also need additional tests, such as an ultrasound or MRI, to determine: How advanced the
cancer is. Where the cancer is located. Whether it has spread along the optic nerve or outside the
eye. TREATMENT Treatment for this condition may be different for each child. The best treatment
for your child depends on the size and location of the retinoblastoma whether it has spread, and how
good the vision is in the eye. A team of specialty health care providers will determine the best
course of treatment for your child. Possible treatments

What Is The Inactivation Mechanism Of Tumor Suppressor Genes?
Inactivation Mechanism of Tumor Suppressor Genes
Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins, inhibiting excessive cell proliferation and division,
through protein inhibitors for cell cycle progression or promoting differentiation and apoptosis via
proteins that involved in induction of apoptosis. Mutations that cause inactivation or loss of function
in these tumor suppressor genes, result in inactivation of P53, pRb, PTEN, NF1/NF2. The mutations
can be deletion or insertion, nonsense or missense mutations, frame shift mutations, or epigenetic
tuning events such as methylation, which lead to neoplasia. These mutations are recessive and
clinically important, only when they appear as homozygous or a combination with heterozygous
alteration. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although, following the first allele alteration, the cell genotype will not change, but it may increase
the rate of cell proliferation, prompt to trigger cancer in the cell. Then, the second mutation, causing
inactivation of the second allele is much more likely to happen, compared to than the first mutation .
In recent years, the evidences show that this theory cannot be generalized. Significant evidence
represented that the lack of only one allele in several tumor suppressor such as P53, PTEN, SMAD4
is sufficient to disable the synthesis of the gene product and may promote the tumorigenic process,
called haploinsufficiency. In this case, tumor suppressor genes lead to tumorigenesis, without an
inherited mutation in an allele.
Promoter methylation is a regulatory system for gene expression. In some cases, without any
mutations in tumor suppressor genes, incorrect methylation on several tumor suppressor genes lead
to gene silencing, an increased scale of proteasomal degradation and abnormalities of protein
function.
PTEN
As previously mentioned, phosphate and tensin homolog gene, PTEN is a kind of tumor suppressor,
associated with negative regulation of some pathways such as PI3K signaling pathway. The loss of
PTEN activity has been shown in Cowden's syndrome, seen to increase risk of some cancers,
including breast and thyroid cancer. The mechanism of PTEN

Ben The Blind Boy Analysis
After viewing Ben, the Blind Boy video, Ben Underwood has taught himself to use echo location to
navigate around the world. Ben Underwood is blind, but has managed to do some truly
extraordinary feats. For instance, he uses many common aids like speaking software for the
computer. Ben has written a book and does his homework with the use of a high tech brail writer.
What Ben doesn't use, is a guide dog, a white cane or even his hands. At one point, Ben was the
only person in the world to use echolocation. Human echolocation is the ability of humans to detect
objects in their environment by sensing echoes from those objects, by actively creating sounds. For
example, he making clicking noises with his tongue and mouth. People trained to orient

The Pros And Cons Of Medical Marijuana
Alexandria Sianna Heatherly was 4 when she was diagnosed with retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is
a cancer that starts in the retina, the very back of the eye. She was always happy and full of energy.
Her parents did as much as they could to try to save her, but had they had one more week things
could've been different. They did intra–arterial chemotherapy with her. It was injected directly in the
eye, directly onto the tumor. She lost part of her eyebrow and developed dyslexia immediately after
the first treatment. When she was 8, she went into surgery a week before Christmas and they
removed her right eye in hopes of stopping it from spreading, Little did they know, it had spread and
become extraocular, outside the eye. If only they had known there was a better treatment option.
Marijuana can treat PTSD, cancer, seizures, anxiety, glaucoma, and depression. (Marijuana Can
Treat). Medical marijuana can help ease pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. It may also cut down
seizures in people with epilepsy. There are a few reasons marijuana is not legal and some of those
are that people believe it's a dangerous drug that destroys families, it's the 'Gateway Drug,' and
more. Medical marijuana should be legalized in all states. One big reason for it being illegal is that
if marijuana were legal, doctors could use it for patients. If doctors can use marijuana to help treat
their patients, then who's not getting money from their big name drugs? Pharmaceutical companies.
(Top 5

A Short Note On The Biology Of Retinoblastoma
The Biology of Retinoblastoma
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops in the retina of the eye, predominantly in young children. It
occurs due to the mutation in the Rb gene, leading to the production of a dysfunctional Rb protein
that cannot bind to a transcriptional factor in order to prevent further progression in the cell cycle.
Consequently, uncontrolled proliferation takes place which results in a cancer developing. Two
forms of the disease exist; familial and sporadic. In the familial form, the individual inherits one
mutated copy of the gene and the other copy mutates in early childhood leading to presentation of
the disease. In the sporadic form, both copies of the gene are normal at birth, however, chance
mutations occur in both copies of the gene in a retinal cell causing the tumour to arise.
Retinoblastoma is usually detected by abnormalities of the eye such as leucakoria and deterioration
of vision. Treatments involve enucleation, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Introduction
Retinoblastoma is a malignant cancer of the eye manifesting primarily in children, with more than
90% of the cases present in those under the age of five (1). The cancer affects the immature
retinoblast cells of the retina, the light sensitive membrane that connects the optic nerve with the
brain, creating visual images. During gestation and early life, retinoblasts proliferate to produce
cells to form the retina. As children age, differentiation takes place and the cells

Photocoagulation In Retinoblastoma
Photocoagulation Treatment in Retinoblastoma Cancer During early stages of childhood, the retina
begins to develop. The cells within our eyes are called retinoblast cells, which fill up the interior of
the retina as well as develop new cells. It's not until the retina has been fully cultivated that the cells
will stop dividing and will instead develop into mature cells known as retinal cells. The normal RB1
gene is a type of gene that almost every child is born with and its function is to help keep the cells
from growing out of control within the eye. However, if there is a change in the gene, then the RB1
gene will stop functioning like it should. This becomes dependent on when and where the RB1 gene
occurs; this mutation can be caused inherently ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is known to damage the retina and can most often lead to blind spots and/or temporarily cause a
detachment [1]. It can also lead to recurring problems, which can result in cystoid retinal
degeneration, leaks from the choroidal hemangioma, as well as suffer from loss of vision [18]. Since
this type of treatment involves the use of thin and narrow lasers, there can be malfunctions when
trying to reach the tissue vessels. This most likely causes the peripheral view of the patient to
become discrete [23]. However, it is an effective treatment that is used in third world countries
because of its management, cost efficiency, and material usage [5] [6]. Furthermore, it can be
effective when using this type of treatment because of the low side effects. Since it is a bloodless
procedure, photocoagulation causes less physical pain and an easier method to avoid having a
contact with any type of infection. It also makes it easier for the patient to have a much quicker
recovering period, because it can be tolerated by children, young adults, as well as the much older
generation

Retinoblastoma Statistics
Statistics 1. Only about 200 to 300 children are diagnosed with retinoblastoma each year in the
United States. 2. Nearly 95 percent of children with retinoblastoma are cured, and the main casualty
is to lose an eye. 3. About 3 out of 4 children with retinoblastoma have a tumor in only one eye. In
about 1 case in 4, both eyes are affected.
Source(s): What Are the Key Statistics About Retinoblastoma? (n.d.). Retrieved February 06, 2017,
from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/retinoblastoma/about/key–statistics.html
Retinoblastoma Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved February 06, 2017, from
http://www.rbhouston.org/retinoblastoma.html
Current Research and Organizations Research into Retinoblastoma has led to advances and much
higher cure rates for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lazy eye is decreased eyesight due to abnormal vision development.There are many possible causes
of this in children. Most of the time lazy eye is caused by a mild weakness of the muscles that
control the eyes, but it can also be caused by retinoblastoma. Another symptom is white pupillary
reflex. When you shine a flashlight in someone's eye the pupil looks red because of the blood
vessels in the back of the eye. In an eye with retinoblastoma, the pupil often appears white or pink
instead. This is called white pupillary reflex. Also in people who get retinoblastoma, they experience
vision problems and even in some severe case

P53: A Tumor Suppressor Gene
P53 is a tumor suppressor gene. In all kinds of malignant tumors, above 50% appears p53 gene
mutation. The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional factor, which controls to start the cell
cycle. Many signals of the cell health directly send to the p53 protein. It also decides when the cells
begin the division. If the cells are damaged and cannot be repaired, the p53 protein would start the
boot process and lead the cell go to apoptosis died. Some p53 deficient cells without this control,
under adverse conditions, cells will continue to split. Just like any other tumor suppressor, p53 gene
normally plays the role of slowing down or monitoring the cell division. The Inhibiting cancer genes
"p53" in cells judges the extent of DNA damage. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However Bax (pro–apoptotic gene) interact with mitochondria voltage–dependent ion channel,
release the cytochrome c. p53 can regulate the expression levels of Bax and promote cell apoptosis.
P53 also can induce apoptosis by the receptor protein signal pathway, TNF receptor and the Fas
protein.
After DNA damage, due to the accumulation of mismatch repair, it causes genomic instability.
Besides, the genetic information is changed. P53 can participate in DNA repair process, which itself
has a DNA–binding domain nucleic acid endonuclease activity, resectable mismatch nucleotide,
nucleotide binding and regulate endo repair factor XPB and XPD activity, affect its DNA
recombination and

Robert K. Merton Strain Theory
The strain theory, which states American culture defines goals which the social structure blocks
many members of the lower income class from achieving due to lack of opportunities such as
education and reliable jobs, was developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton. Merton's strain theory is
broken down into the five modes of adaptation, conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and
rebellion. Conformity is the acceptance of cultural goals and the traditional means of reaching them.
Innovation is the acceptance of cultural goals but the rejection of the traditional means of reaching
them. Ritualism is the rejection of cultural goals but the routinized acceptance of the means of
achieving them. Retreatism is the rejection of both the cultural goals and the traditional means of
reaching them. Rebellion involves special cases where the individual rejects both the cultural goals
and the traditional means of reaching them but actively tries to replace both elements with different
goals and means of achieving them. Among the people who have elaborated upon Merton's strain
theory are Steven F. Messer, Albert Cohan, Richard Rosenfeld, and more recently, in 1992, Robert
Agnew. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Agnew believes there are three main, related goals everyone strives to achieve, money, status and/or
respect, and, in the case of adolescents, independence from adults. Agnew classifies the strain that
can prevent someone from reaching these goals into two broad categories. The first category is
others prevent you from achieving your goal. The second one is others take things from you that you
value or they present you with negative

The Fetus Should Be Used Throughout Gestation
If the patient decides to continue with the pregnancy, there are many screening steps required for
acceptable management of the disease. Ultrasonography of the fetus should be used throughout
gestation, with a focus on the ocular structures. Neonatal magnetic resonance imaging has also been
developed at some centers, which may allow to be more sensitive in detecting smaller calcifications.
However, the method of magnetic resonance imagining in the fetus has not been studied enough in
the context of a cancer risk fetus in regards to fetus safety. Some experts suggest that there should
be early induction of the newborn, if they have been identified as "harboring high–risk features" on
screening tests. However, this approach is not accepted with all experts in the USA. Therefore, this
decision should be made on a case by case basis between all expert physicians involved in their
respective fields (Gombos, 2012).
Retinal tumors are curable if diagnosed early enough. However, when dealing with the germline
version of the disease, there is a high risk of developing a second primary tumor elsewhere. Usually,
this second tumor is osteosarcoma. This is due to the fact that the pRB protein, encoded by RB1,
functions directly as a coactivator in the transcription of osteoblast differentiation (OMIM). Single–
stranded conformational polymorphism and DNA sequencing have been used to analyze
retinoblastoma tumors. In most cases, a single point mutation is the cause of the first hit and

Tumor Suppression Genes Research Paper
Tumor Suppression Genes
Introduction
Cell replication and division is vital for growth and development. The mechanisms associated with
replication of DNA are very precise. However, there can be errors at times and when these errors
occur there could be problems in reproduction process. Some of these errors can cause uncontrolled
cell growth causing tumor formation. There are genes within the human genome that prevent this
uncontrolled growth from occurring. These genes are known as tumor suppression genes. They
work in a very specific way and are vital for proper growth. Though they fix errors, the tumor
suppression genes can malfunction or be malformed at times as well. When these errors occur, there
can be serious consequences.
What ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oncogenes are genes that work in the opposite way of tumor suppression genes. They cause
uncontrolled growth of cells and are activated when tumor suppression genes become inactive. An
example of this can be found in the mutation that causes Retinoblastoma. This is a condition that is
found within the eye which is caused by a malfunctioning tumor suppression gene. The tumor
suppression gene that malfunctions in retinoblastoma is the RB1 gene. This malfunction causes the
activation of oncogenes. This ultimately leads to cells in the retina growing uncontrollably and
causing tumors and cancer to develop in the eye.
Tumor Suppression Genes and Caner Recently, a lot of research is being done involving tumor
suppression genes and cancer. Scientists have been testing tumor suppression genes in gene therapy
experiments. In these experiments the tumor suppression genes are injected into cancer cells and
tumors. These genes are able to causes the cancer cell to die via apoptosis. Though it has yet to
become a treatment for cancer, the future looks promising using this method.

Losing Someone Due To Cancer
Have you ever lost someone due to cancer? More than 10 thousand people each year die due to
cancer. For the past few years I lost many friends, and important family members due to cancer.
Every day they would go through serious pain. They tried their hardest to get better but one day it
was all over. Maggie my baby sister was diagnosed with Retinoblastoma on December, 5,
2012 at the age of 9 months. After completing her cancer treatment, Maggie is now back with us.
"Cancer is like a home invasion, once it has invaded your life you will never feel safe again.
When you hear the word cancer, it's as if someone took the game of life and threw it in the air.
There are more than 100 types of cancer. Cancer is a non–communicable disease

Denotatively, A Tumor Suppressor Gene
Denotatively, a tumor suppressor gene is, "a gene whose partial or complete inactivation, occurring
in either the germ line or the genome of a somatic cell, leads to an increased likelihood of cancer
development." Somatic cells, or cells of the body, are produced by cell division, making identical
copies of the cells as they divide. To reproduce, a parent cell must execute an orderly sequence of
reactions, through which it duplicates its contents and divides in two. This critical process of
duplication and division, known as the cell cycle, is complex and carefully controlled3. Defects in
any of the proteins involved can be devastating to the cell. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Under normal conditions, cells balance division and apoptosis, and these processes are
accomplished and preserved by several biochemical "checkpoints" during the cell cycle2. When
these checkpoints are affected, uncontrolled cellular proliferation and cancer can result. Two general
classes of cancer genes are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes facilitate tumor
formation by directly accelerating cell division, whereas tumor suppressor genes, when affected,
allow uncontrolled growth that was normally suppressed2. Tumor suppressor gene loss usually
affects a cell's phenotype when both copies of the gene are lost, so null alleles can be present in a
heterozygous state in cells without affecting cell and tissue phenotype. The loss of these genes can
occur through genetic mutation or the epigenetic silencing of genes via promoter

Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma Case Study
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the orbit is a disease of the skeletal system. In this scientific journal a
twenty–two year old man who had multiple symptoms, including: increased swelling of the left eye
and occasional pain. At first the patient seemed perfectly healthy with no symptoms indicative of
cancer. His vision and ocular movement were up to par. However, a CT scan revealed a
homogeneous mass in the left orbit. The tumor was not attached to the bone so the diagnosis is
extraskeletal osteosarcoma. The patient underwent left frontal transcranial orbitotomy and complete
removal of the tumor. This type of cancer is usually only present in the patient's 40th or 50th years
of life. Two scientists, Fine and Stout reported a case of osteogenic

Retinoblastoma Research Paper
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a cancer on the retina of the eye. The retina is the inside layer of the eye that has
the nerves needed for sight. This type of cancer can be found in one or both eyes. Multiple
cancerous tumors can develop in one or both eyes. Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer and it is more
common in children. If a child has retinoblastoma, he or she is often born with it. However, it is
rarely diagnosed at birth. It is usually noticed when a photograph is taken of the face and the pupils
look cloudy, silvery–white, or yellow. This is known as leukocoria orcat's eye reflex. If found early,
retinoblastoma can be treated, the eye can be saved, and eyesight can be preserved.
CAUSES
The cause is usually not known. The cause may be genetic. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This may be seen when a photo is taken of the face or in normal light.
A crossed or lazy eye.
Other symptoms can include:
Eye pain.
Eye redness, swelling, or irritation.
Bulging of the eye.
Poor vision or decreased vision.
A pupil that does not get smaller when exposed to bright light.
Different color eyes.
DIAGNOSIS
Your child's health care provider may suspect the condition based on your child's medical history
and symptoms found during a routine exam. Your child's health care provider will take your child's

medical history and perform a physical exam. During the exam:
Your child's pupils will be dilated.
A medicine will be given to make him or her go to sleep (general anesthetic).
His or her health care provider can then look at the size and number of tumors present.
Other tests may be performed to confirm the diagnosis, including:
Imaging tests, such as CT scans, an ultrasound, an MRI, or X–rays.
Bone scans may be done to see if the cancer has spread to the skull or other bones.
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on:
The size of the tumor.
The number of

Cell Cycle Regulation And Its Effects On The Body Of...
Abstract: Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood tumour of the eye that is characterised by the inability
of developing retinal cells to proliferate in a controlled way. This is because the retinoblastoma
protein (pRb) involved in cell cycle regulation is non–functional due to the diversity of allelic
mutations which arise in the Rb1 gene. The consequent tumours show distinct growth patterns,
which if left untreated could severely compromise vision and cause the development of secondary
malignancies. Survival from retinoblastoma is correlated with the severity of the disease and the
speed of intervention. Though radiation therapies were the principle method of treatment,
chemotherapy and surgical intervention now form the primary treatment ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Leucocoria is often the first visible sign of retinoblastoma in 60% of cases [1]. The retinoblastoma
tumour usually presents a distinct growth pattern; exophytic tumours extend into the subretinal
space and progressively detach from the retina, causing a loss of central vision which induces
symptoms of secondary strabismus in 20% of cases [1]. Failure to treat patients in early life will
compromise vision, as seeding of the tumour within the eye disrupts fluid flow and increases the
intraocular pressure. Secondary tumours in the optic nerve, central nervous system, lungs, liver and
bone marrow are also common consequences following systemic metastasis of the tumour [1]. 40%
of retinoblastoma cases are familial and are presented in children under 12 months, having a parent
who also suffered from the disease and was successfully cured; alternatively, 60% of children suffer
from a sporadic form of the disease showing symptoms closer to 24 months [1].The prevalence of
retinoblastoma shows an equal frequency of occurrence in genders, different races and ethnicities
[4]; however, survival rates are less balanced, being much lower at 70% in developing countries
where there is a delay in intervention and administration of appropriate treatment [3]. Genetics of
Retinoblastoma This tumour is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait as the child inherits one
abnormal Rb1 gene, strongly predisposing the child to

Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops in the retina. The retina is a thin layer of nerve tissue in the
back of the eye that senses light and sends signals to the brain to interpret what you are looking at.
Retinoblastoma can occur in one or both eyes, and in some cases can spread to different parts of
your body. Retinoblastoma can occur at any age but about 200 to 300 children in the United States
get diagnosed each year. Retinoblastoma "usually occurs in children younger than 5 years and is
most common in children younger than 2 years" (National Cancer Institute). One symptom of
retinoblastoma is a white pupillary reflex. This is the most common early sign of retinoblastoma.
You can tell that is happening when you shine a light at the eye. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These cells continuously grow and multiply as healthy cells die. This causes a mass cells to form a
tumor. In most cases it not clear what causes the mutation, but it is possible to inherit a mutation
from a parent. It is possible for mutated genes to be passed from parents to offspring's which can
cause retinoblastoma in children. Retinoblastoma is an autosomal dominant pattern, which means
that if a parent has one copy of the dominant trait then there is a greater risk that their offspring will
receive the mutated gene. If both parents are carriers have one of the mutated genes then there is a
twenty five percent chance that the offspring will have both copies of the mutated gene. Just because
someone has both mutated genes doesn't mean that that person will have retinoblastoma, it just
means there is a greater risk of it occurring. If a child has the inherited form of the gene, they
typically develop retinoblastoma earlier, and tends to occur in both eyes rather than in one eye.
There are some complications that can occur when you treating people with retinoblastoma. When
you are treated for retinoblastoma there is a risk that the cancer can return to the treated eye or
around it. Due to this, the doctor will schedule follow up appointments to check for the cancer
reappearing. "In most cases, this will likely involve eye exams every few months for the first few
years

Personal Narrative: Bringing A Child
Bringing a child in this world is a wonderful thing, so I heard but sometimes the process is not that
easy. My mother, Aldoria Moseley, experienced some bad times. She told me it was all worth it to
bring in this world, a healthy eight pounds, and twenty–two inches' baby girl. My mother didn't
know she was pregnant until three months in her pregnancy. My parents had stop trying to have kids
after having two boys, my brothers Nate and Cletwain. Things all change once my family found out
they were having a girl.
My mother doctor was Dr. Reddick and he told her to get plenty rest, avoid stress, take vitamins,
and eat properly. This had been her doctor for the last two pregnancies, too. My older brother, Nate
was excited but my other brother, Cle, wasn't. As she went back and forth to the doctors she found
out she had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My father at the time was working long twelve hours shift at Mississippi Chemical Plant located
about thirty minutes away from our home. Along with the twelve hours shifts, they were swing
shifts, so that means he worked some days and some nights. And at home, had two young boys. My
brother at the time was five and three. My father has always been supportive during his children
lives, doesn't matter what mistakes we make. My father was there though my mom entire pregnancy
when she was in the hospital those extra two weeks, he took off to be with her. And at the time he
didn't have any time to take because he had used all his leaves beforehand. My mother died in 2012
and my father has done more than any man I know would do for her his daughter. My dad has sat in
the beauty shop to going get nails done and even worked those same crazy shifts. And I can say with
honor that my dad is a great example to my brother and to me and my sisters. I thank God every day
for blessing me with such great

Symptoms And Treatment Of Retinoblastoma
Cancer comes in many forms and can attack just about anyone. Some cancers take more time to
grow, spread and show signs of attack, but it is very important for everyone to be very careful and
cautious because anyone can be a victim for this cruel cancer. Retinoblastoma is one of the cancers
that can become very fatal to someone's vision if not treated. Retinoblastoma is caused when the
cancer cells start to grow with no control. Cells can become cancer cells in any part of the body so it
is very essential for it to be treated as soon as possible. It can also extend to any other parts of the
body. Retinoblastoma is started in the retina of the eye and is most common in children.
The very first thing anyone should do when they are diagnosed with cancer is to consult with their
doctor about treatment plans. Retinoblastoma has many treatment options for the patient. One of the
main treatments of retinoblastoma is surgery. If the retinoblastoma is detected while it is a small
tumor, surgery is not necessary. If the tumor is not found in time and is quite large, the eye's vision
has most likely been already damaged. If this is ever the case, then there is a procedure called,
enucleation, and this procedure removes the whole eye and a part of the optic nerve that was
connected. Meanwhile, during the enucleation procedure, an orbital implant is put in, taking the
place of the eye. The orbital implant contains contents such as, silicone or hydroxyapatite. This
substance is very alike

Children's most common Eye Cancer – Retinoblastoma
Treatment Options available (include at least 2)
Prognosis (include percentages and other related factors)
Statistical Data
Complete and Correct Works Cited Page–MLA format Turnitin.com_____
A form of cancer that may often be overlooked when compared to more common cancers (such as
lung, brain or skin) is eye cancer. The two most common forms of eye cancer are ocular melanoma
and retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is very rare and occurs in approximately 3% of children. To
better understand how these cancers affect the eye, one must have some idea of the eye parts and
typical affected areas.
The eye has three major parts; the eyeball (globe), the orbit, and the adnexal structures (supporting
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not fully clear how these mutations occur but genetic mutations can be inherited specifically
from parents (roughly 40% of cases). About 1 out of 3 cases of retinoblastoma are caused by a
mutation in the RB1 gene of the child's body. But only about 1 in 4 is obtain from one of the child's
parents. In the rest, the gene mutation has not been inherited, but only occurs during early
development in the womb. Children born with a mutation in the RB1 gene usually develop
retinoblastoma in both eyes. Regardless of whether the mutated RB1 gene was inherited from a
parent or not, because these children have the mutated gene in all of their cells, they have a 1 in 2
chance of eventually passing it on to their children. When one starts to develop these negative
genetic mutations of the optic nerves, they may start to accumulate into a mass forming a tumor.
Inherited mutations do not always mean cancer in the eye is inevitable, but usually once it
progresses, retinoblastoma will occur in both eyes. Once established in the retina, these cancerous
cells can invade further into the eye and nearby structures. Finally, if not treated quickly,
retinoblastoma can also spread to several other areas of the body. Some signs that one has
contracted retinoblastoma include a white color in the center of the pupil when a opthamologist
shines light in the eye, eyes which look in opposite directions, and swelling or redness of the

Primary Intraocular Cancer Research Paper
Primary intraocular cancers start inside your eyes. For adults, melanoma is the most common
primary intraocular cancer, followed by primary intraocular lymphoma. For children, retinoblastoma
is the most common primary intraocular cancer, and medulloepithelioma is the next most common
These childhood cancers are discussed in Retinoblastoma. Although the eyelid is formed to shield
the eye, its skin is extremely thin and carries many fragile tissues that may be injured by UV light.
Inside the eye, the lens and the cornea, both translucent, filter UV rays, but by doing so for many
years, they may become damaged. This is especially accurate for the lens, which through years of
UV absorption, turns yellowish and cataractous. The lens is the eye's

consequences that impose on the brain. Retinoblastoma influences the eyes negatively and is more
predominant in younger kids while teens are faced with the repercussions of lymphoma and
sarcoma.
Etiology
Various speculations of how cancer is produced have been looked into through numerous years and
still, there is no clear answer or reason for how a tumor is constructed particularly in pediatric
community. Numerous scientists have connected hereditary qualities to the disease but has
expressed that heredity has little to nothing to do with malignancies. Studies have demonstrated that
irregularities inside chromosomes of youth malignancies aids in the advancement of numerous and
distinctive types of tumors, in addition cell introduction. Sedentary ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Different strategies for bone marrow transplantation for treatment techniques are aimed at children
who experience malignancies. The increase of accomplishments with the treatment modality of
surgical procedures can be accomplished when the affected area is in one region or organ of the
body, frequently called encapsulated or localized by methods of removing or by means of
chemotherapy. Expelling all traces and structures of the growth while reestablishing the bodies
ordinary functioning is the most critical objective with the utilization of surgical procedures.
Chemotherapy is the most utilized form of treatment modality with cancer patients
Chemotherapy can be used as the essential treatment of therapy or alongside other treatments of
therapy called adjunct. This source of treatment hinders the function or the creation of RNA, DNA,
and nucleic acid. Oncology nurses are working in harmful conditions when taking care of
chemotherapy
4
patients because of the medicine viscosity that causes extreme cellular damage if taken care of
improperly. Different types of chemotherapy incorporate radiotherapy. Radiotherapy treatment are
utilized simultaneously with chemotherapy and surgical procedures and (BRM) biologic

The Healing Path: A Case Study
"Most of our lives can go on with normal ups and downs, but the winds of change can blow in a
tragic event that can uproot our world as we know it." Dan B. Allender, the Healing Path. When my
son was 6 years old he was diagnosed with Retinoblastoma. To be helpless watching your child
experience surgeries, chemo treatments, nausea and bullying from fellow kindergarteners is
difficult. You do everything within your power to minimize the suffering to your family. The
treatment was successful and after 6 months he was in remission. Though this was a very hard time
for me it did not compare to when we found out the cancer had returned 5 ½ years later. Though he
did not have as difficult of a treatment plan I found myself in despair. I could

Cancer Research, Section 1 ( Basics Of Cancer )
Cancer Research, Section 1 (Basics of Cancer)
What is cancer? Cancer is a disease where cells split uncontrollably and can invade other tissues,
causing cells in the other tissues to have cancer. Where can cancer occur? Cancer can occur
practically anywhere in the body. This is because cancerous cells can move anywhere in the
amatomy through blood paths and lymph systems (lymph systems are lattice of organs, lymph
intersections (nodes), tubes, and vessels that move lymph, a clear fluid containing white blood cells,
from place to place. (– http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what–is–cancer )
What is a tumor? What do benign and malignant mean? A tumor ... Show more content on
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This is the stage that is the easiest to cure. Stage 1 cancer is cancer that hasn't grown too far into the
tissues surrounding it and is also called early–stage cancer. Stages 2 and 3 cancers are cancers that
are larger or have grown further into the neighboring tissues and have moved to the lymph nodes,
but not to other body areas. Stage 4 cancer is cancer that has moved to organs and other body parts.
This cancer is also called advanced or metastatic cancer.
Cancer Type Specifics
I am doing my project on retinoblastoma. I chose retinoblastoma because I thought not many people
would pick it; it is a very rare type of cancer. Retinoblastoma is a fast developing cancer that
develops from immature cells in the eye called the retina. It is the most common cancerous tumor of
the eye in children. Retinoblastoma occurs mostly in children under five. Although it is very rare,
Retinoblastoma can develop when a child is just past the age of six. Retinoblastoma occurs in the
eye, developing from the light– sensing tissues of the retina.
Worsening of vision, a red and irritated eye, and faltering growth (delayed development) are
symptoms of Retinoblastoma. Some children with retinoblastoma can become cross–eyed, which
means that their eyes are going in two different directions.
There are many treatments of Retinoblastoma. One of the treatments is

Pre-Implantation Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the gateway into an advanced realm of medicine. The first leap in this
progression has already been established: pre–implantation genetic diagnosis, PGD. Genetic
diseases can be halted by utilizing this process, particularly those resulting from single gene defects.
This includes cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease. Moreover, it has recently
been expanded to prevent the development of breast and ovarian cancers by ensuring offspring do
not possess the genetic mutation BRCA–1, which increases said cancers risk by eighty and sixty
percent respectively. Curtailing diseases caused by genetic defects improves the world. Society as a
whole is benefited when its members are healthy, and pre–implantation

The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequence including the coding DNA regions
(called genes which make proteins), the non–coding DNA regions and the mitochondrial DNA.
However, Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), or anti–oncogenes are proteins that play a vital role in
regulating and controlling the cell proliferation through different mechanisms including suppress the
cell division, promote apoptosis or programmed cell death, and repair DNA damages. Without
which the cell can divide out of control and progress to cancer.
The discovery of the first tumor suppressor gene was due to the search for the cause of a rare eye
cancer effect children which is Retinoblastoma. Scientists have been looking for the cause of normal
cells in the body turning into cancer cell. They observed that both patients with hereditary and non–
hereditary retinoblastoma have a deletion in a specific area on chromosome 13. Making them
conclude that this deleted sequence is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But there are some theories that explain the cell and gene evolution. One of these theories states that
the origins of gene, genetic code, protein and life come from a GNC–SNS primitive genetic code,
where S and N mean G or C and either of four bases (A, G, T(U) and C) respectively (Ikehara
2002). As a result of the analysis of the microbial genes, scientists found out that the variation in GC
content which is produced by a GC mutation pressure plays an important role in the creation of
genes. Moreover, there are six crucial indices needed to form three–dimensional structure of
globular proteins which are hydropathy, alpha–helix, beta–sheet and beta–turn formabilities, acidic
amino acid content and basic amino acid content, and they should be consistent against changes of
GC content of a gene and amino acid composition of a

Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma(OS) is a primary malignant tumor of bone which is characterized by the formation of
osteoid tissue. Although it is the most common malignancy of long bones after multiple myeloma
[2], it is a relatively rarer entity in the craniofacial region. About 6% of Oss arise in the jaws .The
estimated incidence of the new cases of Jaw OS (JOS) per year is 0 .07 in 100,000. (1) The etiology
of OS is unknown, but some risk factors such as a previous history of ionizing radiation, alkylating
agent, retinoblastoma and benign bone lesions such as paget disease and fibro osseous dysplasia
have been associated with the development of head and neck OS.(2–4) JOS occur with a peak in the
third through fifth decades of life. The mean age is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mandibular tumors arise more frequently in the posterior body and in the horizontal ramus
whereas the maxillary tumors occur in the alveolar ridge, the sinus floor and the palate. (2, 5–7)
Symptoms usually include painful swelling in the area and loosening of teeth, although paresthesia,
nasal obstruction and ophthalmic complications such as proptosis may be noted. The radiographic
finding varies from radiopaque , mixed radiopaque – radiolucent or entirely radiolucent lesion with
irregular border. Widening of the periodontal ligament space and enlargement of the mandibular
canal also widely described as important radiographic features. The radiographic feature of OS are
not patogonomonic.(2–4, 6, 8, 9) Thus incisional biopsy and histopathological analysis are essential
for the final diagnosis and further treatment. Depending on the relative amounts of osteoid ,cartilage
or collagen fibers produced by the tumor, Many pathologists subclassify OSs into the three types:
osteoblastic, chondroblastic and fibroblastic (3, 4, 6, 7, 9). This article reports a case of
chondroblastic OS of maxilla. The aim of this case was to draw attention to the possibility of
diagnosing this tumor based on its clinical and radiographical characteristic before its confirmation
by

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