1) Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and how they are produced, while phonology examines how sounds are used in a language and how they relate to meaning. 2) The concept of phonemes involves abstraction from phonetic reality, as phones are influenced by their environment and may have multiple realizations. This challenges the bi-uniqueness requirement of phonemics. 3) Modifications in connected speech include assimilation, where sounds are influenced by neighbors, elision where sounds are omitted, and weak forms where unstressed syllables are reduced. Phonology must account for these phonetic variations.

1. ELT 805
PHONETIC
REALITY
GIE-ANN B. CADUSALE

2. PROBLEMS
MODIFICATIONS
Connected Speech
WEAK FORMS
Connected Speech
Phoneme Concept
PHONETIC VALUE BI-UNIQUENESS
2 3
Requirement
4 5
PHONETIC REALITY
1
Phonological
Features

3. Phonetic Reality
1

4. PHONOLOGY PHONETICS
 investigates the function of so-
called phonemes in terms of
establishing meaning distinctions
in a language
 is concerned with the description
of speech sounds or phones
 is the study of how sounds
distinguish meaning
 is the study of sounds that
humans can produce
 with the smallest distinguishing
unit— PHONEME
 with its smallest speech unit—
PHONE
Differentiating and

5. Phoneme Phones
/r/
ALLOPHONES
CLEANING TOOL

6. [Pea]
Distributional statement

7. Abstract language system
Language used

8. PHONOLOGY PHONETICS
 investigates the function of so-
called phonemes in terms of
establishing meaning distinctions
in a language
 is concerned with the description
of speech sounds or phones
 is the study of how sounds
distinguish meaning
 is the study of sounds that
humans can produce
 with the smallest distinguishing
unit— PHONEME
 with its smallest speech unit—
PHONE
 use in LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
Differentiating and

9. Conditioning of Allomorphs
 Any phenomenon is said to be conditioned if it occurs
whenever certain definable conditions occurs
 It means that the presence of the one predicts the
occurrence of the other.
 Studying allomorphs deals with the conditioning of the
allomorphs such as: Phonological Conditioning and
Morphological Conditioning .

10.  How do we pluralize and read them in their plural form?
Quick recall…

11. What is an ALLOMORPH?
 An allomorph is said to be conditioned when its
form is dependent on the adjacent phonemes .
 are allomorphs of the plural marker /–s/
/-s, -z, -iz/

12. /–s/ are /-s, -z, -iz/
The three allomorphs of the plural marker
cats, hats, books, caps
birds, dogs, beds, songs
roses, churches, judges
/-s/ occurs with morphs ending with voiceless sounds except ‘sibilants’ and ‘affricates
/-z/ occurs with morphs ending with voiced sounds except ‘sibilants’ and ‘affricates’
/-iz/ occurs with morphs ending with sibilants (s, z) and affricates (ch , j)

13. What is Phonological
Conditioning?
 happens when the occurrence of allomorphs are
dependent on the preceding phonemes.
/-s/ occurs with morphs ending with voiceless sounds
except ‘sibilants’ and ‘affricates; /-z/ occurs with morphs
ending with voiced sounds except ‘sibilants’ and ‘affricates’;
/-iz/ occurs with morphs ending with sibilants (s, z) and
affricates (ch , j)
Takeaways:
Thus, phonology talks on the rules behind how allomorphs,
/-s, -z, -iz/ are formed through phonological conditioning
when pluralizing nouns or verbs.

14.  How do we pluralize them?
Quick recall…
Ox – Oxen
Adding the suffix EN
Goose – Geese
Adding the suffix EE
Sheep – Sheep
The same spelling for Sing.. & Plu..

15. What is Morphological
Conditioning?
 happens when conditioning factor is not based on
phonological features but by the morpheme
attached
Adding EN and EE to irregular nouns to derive its
plural forms
Takeaways:
Thus, phonology talks on the rules behind how allomorphs,
en and ee are formed through morphological conditioning
when pluralizing nouns.

16. Problems of
Phoneme
2
Concept

17. 1. Phonetic realization of phoneme depends
on its position
Rice – Broom – Dinosaur
2. Phonetic realization of phoneme depends
what precedes and follows
Cats – Dogs – Judges
3. One and the same phone may represent
several phonemes

18. 4. Not all varieties of a language would
necessarily be analyzed as having identical
phoneme inventory (the set of speech
sounds that are distinctive) even if speakers
of these varieties can understand each other
without any problems

20. 5. Speaker’s anatomical properties influence
the quality of sounds they produce

21. Phonetic Value of Phonological Features
 The concept of the phoneme involves a good deal of abstraction from
phonetic reality
Voiceless Voiced
/p/ /b/
/t/ /d/
 The contrast between the phonemes is based on its distinctive features as
VOICELESS and VOICED sounds;
 However, its phonetic realization may differ depending on its position which
means the former could be misleading at some point as not every phone that
realizes the ‘voiced’ phoneme

22. /b d g/ seem to have full voicing only when they occur between
voiced sounds
Phoneme Phonetic Value
/b/ Label
/d/ Added
/g/ Gadget
Gimson and Cruttenden 62001: 152

23. Word-initial position /p/ and /b/

24. Brown (1977: 28)
 When occurring in word-initial position followed by a stressed
vowel, the difference between plosives such as /p/ and /b/ can
best be described in terms of voice onset time –the time that
passes between the release of the closure of the plosive and the
voicing of the following sound.
 Word-initial /p/ and /b/ need not involve any voicing at all.
Rather, /p/ tends to be aspirated, which means that there is a
longer voice onset time than with /b/.
 Thus, the difference in the realization of the consonant
phonemes /p/ (with the phonological feature ‘voiceless’) and /b/
(with the feature ‘voiced’) is created by aspiration and voice
onset time, but not by any voicing of [b].

25. Gimson and Cruttenden 62001: 152
In word final position, ‘voiced’ phonemes such as /b d g/ can
actually be realized by a partially voiced or completely voiceless
lenis (weak) phone [b d g]. The problem caused by this for
phonological description could perhaps be avoided by referring to
the ‘fortis’ (strong) /‘lenis’ (weak)-distinction instead of to the
‘voiced’/‘voiceless’-distinction in the description of these
phonemes.
Word-final position /b d g/
Comb Abated Hug

26. Word-final position /p/ and /b/
Thus, the main phonetic difference between bat /bæt/ and bad
/bæd/ is not to be found in the articulation of the final consonant
but in the length of the preceding vowel; the vowel in bad
being considerably longer than that in bat.

27. The contrast between final /p t k/
and final /b d g/ manifests itself in
the length of the preceding
vowel.

28. Phonological feature of one
phoneme
can be realized phonetically
in the articulation of
another phoneme.

30. Lass (1984: 31) comes to the following conclusion
regarding the role of [aI] and [A>I] on the one hand
and [t] and [d] on the other:
... two normally non-contrastive phones carry meaning
difference, while two (supposedly) contrastive phones fail
to contrast. There are, as it happens, perfectly respectable
ways of dealing with this – but not in the framework of
classical phonemics. They necessitate a fairly extensive
revision of the conceptual framework, and lead to a more
complex picture of what natural-language phonologies are
probably like.

31. Bi-uniqueness
3
Requirement

32.  is a requirement of classic structuralist phonemics;
 it means that a given phone must be attributed to one and
only one phoneme;
 in other words, the mapping between phones and phonemes is
required to be many-to-one rather than many-to-many;
 lack of bi-uniqueness means overlapping— attributing one
phone to many phonemes
Bi-uniqueness
/ b / -- [ b ] / / /
[ b ]

33. —LASS, 1984
“The idea is that the listener’s ‘decoding’
of the speech signal is a segmentation-
and-classification routine: and this is not
feasible unless a given phone in a given
(phonological) environment is always an
allophone of one particular phoneme.”

34. Assimilation
 is a modification that happens when sounds can be influenced
in their quality by neighboring sounds – partial assimilation
(some) or total assimilation (all)
Modifications of Phonological forms in a
connected speech
 Depending on whether the sound that gets modified precedes
or follows the sound it assimilates to, there is regressive or
progressive assimilation, and if two sounds influence each
other that is a case of reciprocal assimilation

40. Elision
 is a modification that occurs in a rapid speech which means
that sounds get omitted altogether.
Modifications of Phonological forms in a
connected speech
'I don't know' /I duno/ , /kamra/ for camera, and 'fish 'n' chips'

41. Weak forms are syllable sounds that become
unstressed in connected speech and are often then
pronounced as a schwa.
WEAK FORMS

43. References
Explained: The relationship between phonetics and
phonology - YouTube
44 Phonemes in English and Other Sound Blends (magoosh.com)
terminology - ELI5 — phone v. phoneme v. allophone - Linguistics
Stack Exchange
99994843.pdf (amu.ac.in)
Phonetic Assimilation: Types and Examples | Vaia (hellovaia.com)
Weak forms | TeachingEnglish | British Council
Weak Forms | PDF | Phonology | Onomastics (scribd.com)
AccentBase.com - Accents from around the world

44. 3-2-1
Activity
Activity
3 Things
you learnt
3 Things
you learnt
2 Things
you can
add
2 Things
you can
add
1 Thing
you’d like
to know
more

45. Thank
You!