CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S ECONOMIC AIMS. Presentation contains: unemployment, deficit financing, autarky, the first and second year plan, reinflation, measures to reduce unemployment.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: the structure and organisation, party congress meetings, Politburo powers, General secretary powers, administrative hierarchy, party cells, united party, organisation of the party, elections in the party.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: Hitler's aims: administrative chaos, Hitler and his power, a culture of competition, Nazi state departments, Reich Chancellery, Reich Interior Ministry, Reich Ministry for Propaganda, the Reich Office of the four-year plan, German Labour Front.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALI...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION. Contains: collectivisation, industrialisation, against the kulaks, the kolkhoz, impact and results of collectivisation, targets for workers, Stakhanovism, the second plan, the third plan.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POLICIES TOWARDS MINORITIES, OPPOSITION AND JEWSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POLICIES TOWARDS MINORITIES, OPPOSITION AND JEWS. Contains: the racial policy of Nazi Germany, the anti-Jews laws, the law for the protection of German blood and honour, the Reich citizenship law, persecution of German Jews, Romany minority.
The Nazi party began in 1919 when Hitler joined the German Workers' Party and helped transform it into the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). In the early 1920s, the Nazis used the Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary group to attack political opponents and seize power in the failed 1923 Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. After spending time in prison for treason, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf and reorganized the Nazi party for a new strategy pursuing power through legal democratic processes rather than revolution. The Nazis exploited economic instability and political divisions in Germany to gain popular support and parliamentary seats, culminating in Hitler being appointed chancellor in 1933 where he quickly consolidated power through the Reichstag Fire Decree and Enabling
International peace collapsed by 1939 due to the failures of the treaties ending World War 1 and the League of Nations in the 1930s. The treaties imposed harsh terms on Germany, fueling resentment. Germany, Italy, and Japan increasingly remilitarized in violation of treaty terms while Britain and France failed to respond effectively through the League. Hitler pursued aggressive foreign policies including remilitarization of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia, and signing a pact with the Soviet Union. Britain and France pursued a failed policy of appeasement until invading German troops ignited World War 2 with the invasion of Poland in 1939.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S ECONOMIC AIMS. Presentation contains: unemployment, deficit financing, autarky, the first and second year plan, reinflation, measures to reduce unemployment.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: the structure and organisation, party congress meetings, Politburo powers, General secretary powers, administrative hierarchy, party cells, united party, organisation of the party, elections in the party.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: Hitler's aims: administrative chaos, Hitler and his power, a culture of competition, Nazi state departments, Reich Chancellery, Reich Interior Ministry, Reich Ministry for Propaganda, the Reich Office of the four-year plan, German Labour Front.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALI...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION. Contains: collectivisation, industrialisation, against the kulaks, the kolkhoz, impact and results of collectivisation, targets for workers, Stakhanovism, the second plan, the third plan.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POLICIES TOWARDS MINORITIES, OPPOSITION AND JEWSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POLICIES TOWARDS MINORITIES, OPPOSITION AND JEWS. Contains: the racial policy of Nazi Germany, the anti-Jews laws, the law for the protection of German blood and honour, the Reich citizenship law, persecution of German Jews, Romany minority.
The Nazi party began in 1919 when Hitler joined the German Workers' Party and helped transform it into the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). In the early 1920s, the Nazis used the Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary group to attack political opponents and seize power in the failed 1923 Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. After spending time in prison for treason, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf and reorganized the Nazi party for a new strategy pursuing power through legal democratic processes rather than revolution. The Nazis exploited economic instability and political divisions in Germany to gain popular support and parliamentary seats, culminating in Hitler being appointed chancellor in 1933 where he quickly consolidated power through the Reichstag Fire Decree and Enabling
International peace collapsed by 1939 due to the failures of the treaties ending World War 1 and the League of Nations in the 1930s. The treaties imposed harsh terms on Germany, fueling resentment. Germany, Italy, and Japan increasingly remilitarized in violation of treaty terms while Britain and France failed to respond effectively through the League. Hitler pursued aggressive foreign policies including remilitarization of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia, and signing a pact with the Soviet Union. Britain and France pursued a failed policy of appeasement until invading German troops ignited World War 2 with the invasion of Poland in 1939.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY?George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY? Contains: Lenin's demise and thoughts, Stalin's propaganda, Stalin's political power, Trotsky's political power, Trotsky as a viable replacement for Lenin, New Opposition, exiled, Lenin's role in Stalin rise to power, downfall for Trotsky, differences between Stalin and Trotsky, Trotsky weak in playing politics.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934. It contains: overview, Reichstag fire, general elections, enabling act, Gestapo, abolishing trading unions, the concordat, banning political parties, people's courts, night of the long knives, fuhrer, the events, Nazi government, Hitler and the army, homework.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITY. Contains: the Superman image, heroic leadership, people's Kaiser, the Fuhrer, building the myth, struggle, conflict, nazis.
Consolidation of Nazi Power - gleichschaltung of fronts and party organisationsmrmarr
When Hitler became Chancellor, he initiated a process called Gleichschaltung to take control of all aspects of German society by merging key organizations with the Nazi Party. Numerous organizations like the Hitler Youth and trade unions became compulsory groups that all Germans had to join. The Nazis also sought to control information through the Propaganda Ministry and influencing newspapers. They dissolved state governments and gave control to Reich Governors, consolidating their domination over Germany.
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN SOCIAL AIMS - EDUCATION, WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND EDUC...George Dumitrache
Stalin pursued three main social aims: education, women's rights, and Russification. For education, he made it compulsory and free to increase literacy but also used it to indoctrinate students with communist ideals. For women's rights, some policies benefited women but the main aim was to increase the birth rate to provide more workers. For Russification, Stalin promoted the Russian language and culture to unite ethnic groups, facilitate the transition to communism, and ready the Soviet Union for war.
Hitler established the Führerprinzip, or leader principle, which made him the absolute dictator and sole source of authority in Nazi Germany. A cult of personality was built around Hitler, with his image displayed everywhere and the greeting "Heil Hitler" becoming obligatory. The Führer stood at the top of the Nazi hierarchy, with various Reichsleiter and Gauleiter directly below and responsible to him. The Führerprinzip required complete obedience to one's superiors and justified the actions of Nazi war criminals who claimed they were just following orders. It established an authoritarian power structure that centralized all control and decision-making in Hitler's hands alone.
02. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: THE IMPACT OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLESGeorge Dumitrache
01. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: THE IMPACT OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES. Germany lost 10% of its land, all its overseas colonies, 12.5% of its population, 16% of its coal and 48% of its iron industry. There were also the humiliating terms, which made Germany accept blame for the war, limit their armed forces and pay reparations.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History Students in Year 11, containing: a general overview, Yugoslavia and Albania 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Upper Silesia 1921, Memel 1923, Turkey 1923, Mosul, Greece and Bulgaria 1925, other successes..
Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state through five-year plans, forced collectivization, and brutal repression. He imposed a command economy, rapidly industrialized the country, and forcibly collectivized agriculture, causing millions to die in famines and purges. Stalin created a cult of personality, tightly controlled all aspects of society, and purged millions of perceived opponents through executions and the Gulag system of labor camps.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTYGeorge Dumitrache
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTY. Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 and was influential in defining its beliefs. He also led the Munich Putsch in 1923. However, from 1924 to 1929 the unpopular party gained little electoral success.
Right-wing and nationalist groups violently challenged the new Weimar government through various revolts and assassinations from 1919-1923. The first major revolt was the 1920 Kapp Putsch, led by Wolfgang Kapp, which saw 12,000 Freikorps members seize control of Berlin for a brief period. From 1919-1922, the secretive Organisation Consul group murdered over 350 people, including prominent politicians like Walther Rathenau. Another key challenge was the 1923 Munich Putsch led by Adolf Hitler, where Nazis took control of Munich for a day before the revolt was suppressed. While these challenges failed to overthrow the government, the lenient treatment of right-wing revolutionaries encouraged further instability.
Chapter 4 Part Three (Policy of Appeasement (Events))Reuben Ong
The British allowed Germany to have a slightly larger navy than dictated by the Treaty of Versailles in hopes of reducing German anger over the treaty and increasing stability in Europe. However, this was seen by some as encouraging Germany to violate the treaty. Britain later pursued a policy of appeasement toward Germany by not opposing its remilitarization of the Rhineland, involvement in the Spanish Civil War, or annexation of Austria. This emboldened Hitler and made Britain appear weak, leading Hitler to demand control of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. When his demands were met peacefully, Hitler gained confidence to continue aggression, eventually invading Poland and starting World War II.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY:NAZISM. It contains: national socialism, the struggle for dominance, noble and creative Aryans, expansionism and war, persecution of Jews, terror, genocide and racial extermination, Nazism theory, Nazi party, Mein Kampf, the purge, identifying Nazism, preserving pure elements, Fichte, Volkskrieg, Riehl, Volkish nationalism, Bismarck, Hitler.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENINGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENIN. Contains: last 2 czars, Alexander the third, nationalism, autocracy, russification, bloody Sunday, Lenin, Red Terror.
CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: SOURCES. Contains elements about how to write the exam: what to do first, understanding sources, understanding cartoons, compare and contrast sources, mini-essay synthesis of all sources, how to approach the mini-essay, write the answer, conclusion.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY?George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY? Contains: Lenin's demise and thoughts, Stalin's propaganda, Stalin's political power, Trotsky's political power, Trotsky as a viable replacement for Lenin, New Opposition, exiled, Lenin's role in Stalin rise to power, downfall for Trotsky, differences between Stalin and Trotsky, Trotsky weak in playing politics.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934. It contains: overview, Reichstag fire, general elections, enabling act, Gestapo, abolishing trading unions, the concordat, banning political parties, people's courts, night of the long knives, fuhrer, the events, Nazi government, Hitler and the army, homework.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITY. Contains: the Superman image, heroic leadership, people's Kaiser, the Fuhrer, building the myth, struggle, conflict, nazis.
Consolidation of Nazi Power - gleichschaltung of fronts and party organisationsmrmarr
When Hitler became Chancellor, he initiated a process called Gleichschaltung to take control of all aspects of German society by merging key organizations with the Nazi Party. Numerous organizations like the Hitler Youth and trade unions became compulsory groups that all Germans had to join. The Nazis also sought to control information through the Propaganda Ministry and influencing newspapers. They dissolved state governments and gave control to Reich Governors, consolidating their domination over Germany.
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN SOCIAL AIMS - EDUCATION, WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND EDUC...George Dumitrache
Stalin pursued three main social aims: education, women's rights, and Russification. For education, he made it compulsory and free to increase literacy but also used it to indoctrinate students with communist ideals. For women's rights, some policies benefited women but the main aim was to increase the birth rate to provide more workers. For Russification, Stalin promoted the Russian language and culture to unite ethnic groups, facilitate the transition to communism, and ready the Soviet Union for war.
Hitler established the Führerprinzip, or leader principle, which made him the absolute dictator and sole source of authority in Nazi Germany. A cult of personality was built around Hitler, with his image displayed everywhere and the greeting "Heil Hitler" becoming obligatory. The Führer stood at the top of the Nazi hierarchy, with various Reichsleiter and Gauleiter directly below and responsible to him. The Führerprinzip required complete obedience to one's superiors and justified the actions of Nazi war criminals who claimed they were just following orders. It established an authoritarian power structure that centralized all control and decision-making in Hitler's hands alone.
02. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: THE IMPACT OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLESGeorge Dumitrache
01. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: THE IMPACT OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES. Germany lost 10% of its land, all its overseas colonies, 12.5% of its population, 16% of its coal and 48% of its iron industry. There were also the humiliating terms, which made Germany accept blame for the war, limit their armed forces and pay reparations.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History Students in Year 11, containing: a general overview, Yugoslavia and Albania 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Upper Silesia 1921, Memel 1923, Turkey 1923, Mosul, Greece and Bulgaria 1925, other successes..
Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state through five-year plans, forced collectivization, and brutal repression. He imposed a command economy, rapidly industrialized the country, and forcibly collectivized agriculture, causing millions to die in famines and purges. Stalin created a cult of personality, tightly controlled all aspects of society, and purged millions of perceived opponents through executions and the Gulag system of labor camps.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTYGeorge Dumitrache
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTY. Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 and was influential in defining its beliefs. He also led the Munich Putsch in 1923. However, from 1924 to 1929 the unpopular party gained little electoral success.
Right-wing and nationalist groups violently challenged the new Weimar government through various revolts and assassinations from 1919-1923. The first major revolt was the 1920 Kapp Putsch, led by Wolfgang Kapp, which saw 12,000 Freikorps members seize control of Berlin for a brief period. From 1919-1922, the secretive Organisation Consul group murdered over 350 people, including prominent politicians like Walther Rathenau. Another key challenge was the 1923 Munich Putsch led by Adolf Hitler, where Nazis took control of Munich for a day before the revolt was suppressed. While these challenges failed to overthrow the government, the lenient treatment of right-wing revolutionaries encouraged further instability.
Chapter 4 Part Three (Policy of Appeasement (Events))Reuben Ong
The British allowed Germany to have a slightly larger navy than dictated by the Treaty of Versailles in hopes of reducing German anger over the treaty and increasing stability in Europe. However, this was seen by some as encouraging Germany to violate the treaty. Britain later pursued a policy of appeasement toward Germany by not opposing its remilitarization of the Rhineland, involvement in the Spanish Civil War, or annexation of Austria. This emboldened Hitler and made Britain appear weak, leading Hitler to demand control of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. When his demands were met peacefully, Hitler gained confidence to continue aggression, eventually invading Poland and starting World War II.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY:NAZISM. It contains: national socialism, the struggle for dominance, noble and creative Aryans, expansionism and war, persecution of Jews, terror, genocide and racial extermination, Nazism theory, Nazi party, Mein Kampf, the purge, identifying Nazism, preserving pure elements, Fichte, Volkskrieg, Riehl, Volkish nationalism, Bismarck, Hitler.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENINGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENIN. Contains: last 2 czars, Alexander the third, nationalism, autocracy, russification, bloody Sunday, Lenin, Red Terror.
CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: SOURCES. Contains elements about how to write the exam: what to do first, understanding sources, understanding cartoons, compare and contrast sources, mini-essay synthesis of all sources, how to approach the mini-essay, write the answer, conclusion.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S TOTALITARIAN REGIME. Suitable for Year 13 History students in Cambridge. It contains: overview, totalitarian regimes, Hitler in Vienna, etc.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: LENIN AND MARXISM. Module Stalin, it contains: Lenin and Marxism, Utopic Marxism, the appeal of Marxism, Marxism and Lenin's radicalism, Lenin's role in the Revolution, provisional government weakness, homework.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RACE AND ETHNICITY. University level presentation, Master in Education, University of Auckland. About authors and the 2013 study, what is race, what is ethnicity, ethnicity stereotypes, Tajfel Social Identity Theory 1981, racial ethnic identity (REI).
Benito Mussolini was an Italian politician and journalist who founded fascism. He ruled Italy as prime minister from 1922 to 1943, turning the country into a dictatorship and allying it with Nazi Germany in World War II. Mussolini was born in 1883 in Predappio, Italy to a socialist blacksmith father. He had a troubled childhood and was expelled from multiple schools. As an adult, he became involved in socialism and teaching before rising to prominence as a newspaper editor and orator advocating for Italian nationalism. In 1922, Mussolini marched on Rome and was appointed prime minister. Over the following years, he consolidated power and transformed Italy into a fascist, totalitarian state under his rule before being ousted and killed by Italian part
Mussolini used extensive propaganda, indoctrination, and repression to gain and maintain power in Italy. He controlled the media to spread his message and ideas. Youth groups and schools were used to brainwash children with fascist ideals. Anyone who opposed Mussolini risked imprisonment, deportation, or death. Through these totalitarian tactics, Mussolini aimed to remake the Italian mindset and ensure widespread support for his regime.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: SOVIET REGIMES IN EASTERN EUROPEGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: SOVIET REGIMES IN EASTERN EUROPE. Content: eastern Europe as a sphere of influence, "liberating" Eastern Europe, Iron Curtain speech and Comintern, Soviet regimes in Albania, Bulgaria, East Germany, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HISTORIAN PERSPECTIVES ABOUT THE RED TERRORGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HISTORIAN PERSPECTIVES ABOUT THE RED TERROR. Contains: Courtois, Pipes, Marx, Stalin, Conquest, Figes, Ryan, historical significance.
This document summarizes the complex development of Stalin's cult of personality and the production of the first major biography about him in the 1930s USSR. It describes the various ideological and political factors that led Soviet propagandists to promote Stalin's charismatic leadership through a cult, including the difficulties of mobilizing the populace with abstract Marxist-Leninist ideas given low education levels. It outlines the many competing efforts within the party to produce the first official biography, and the political infighting this caused between figures like Beria, Tovstukha, and Iaroslavskii, with Beria ultimately succeeding first in 1935.
The NKVD was the law enforcement agency of the Soviet Union that executed the will of the Communist Party. It contained regular police forces but was best known for operating the Gulag system of forced labor camps and conducting mass executions and deportations under Stalin. The NKVD stemmed from the Cheka secret police established after the Bolshevik Revolution and gradually expanded to become an all-union security force by 1934, responsible for detention facilities and the regular police in addition to state security.
Stalin established the Gulag system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. Millions of people were imprisoned in the Gulag camps, including petty criminals as well as political prisoners accused under Article 58 of anti-Soviet activities. Prisoners faced backbreaking labor under brutal conditions, with estimates of Gulag deaths ranging from 1.6 to over 10 million between 1929 to 1953. While the Soviet government administered the camps, their primary purpose was to terrorize the population through repression and show of force rather than for practical economic goals.
- The Nazis expressed populist yearnings of the middle class and advocated a strong, anti-Marxist mobilization representing the common good of the German people. They portrayed themselves as breaking down social barriers and celebrating the populist community, focusing pre-existing middle class resentments against the establishment and privilege. This populist rhetoric, promising to resolve resentments in a technologically advanced people's utopia, was key to their appeal.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: LEON TROTSKY. Contains: who was Trotsky, early life, meeting Lenin, disputes, uprisings, provisional government, disagreements and resignation, Trotsky leader, Trotsky dead.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TOTALITARIANISM IN STALIN'S RUSSIAGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TOTALITARIANISM IN STALIN'S RUSSIA. It contains: authoritarian regimes, fascism to maintain order, back to the Great War, Lenin and the Russian Civil War, control over individual life, the totalitarian goal.
The document discusses the rise of Stalin's power in the Soviet Union following Lenin's death in 1924. It notes that Stalin consolidated power by suppressing Lenin's criticisms of him and expanding the role of General Secretary, which he was appointed to in 1922. He eliminated any opposition while holding the post of General Secretary until 1952, during which time he also served as Premier from 1941 onward. The document outlines how Stalin systematically increased his control over the Communist Party and Soviet government in the years after Lenin's death.
Weimar Germany and Nazi Germany Notes - Thomas VandersticheleTom Weston
1) In November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and Germany became a republic under the Weimar Constitution. However, Germany suffered greatly under the Treaty of Versailles, losing land and facing war reparations and disarmament.
2) In the early 1920s, Germany experienced extreme political unrest and violence, as well as hyperinflation that destroyed the economy. The Nazis used this instability to grow their party and message of German restoration.
3) Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, suspending civil liberties and banning other parties. The Nazis established racial laws targeting Jews, and the first concentration camps held political opponents. By 1939 the Nazis controlled all aspects of German life and had begun re
The document summarizes key events in Europe and the rise of fascism following World War 1. It describes the US withdrawing from the Treaty of Versailles and not joining the League of Nations. In Ireland, the Irish Revolutionary party wins elections and fights for independence from Britain. Italy falls under the fascist rule of Mussolini, while Germany sees economic struggles and Hitler rises to power by blaming Jews and others for Germany's defeat in the war.
Germany struggled after World War 1, with hyperinflation and unrest. In the 1920s, Hitler rose to power within the Nazi party and used the SA and SS to intimidate opponents. By 1933, Hitler was legally appointed Chancellor and quickly consolidated power, banning opposing parties, persecuting Jews, and establishing the first concentration camp. Germany was transformed into a totalitarian state under Hitler's control and prepared for war by the late 1930s.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSEHISTORY REVISION 5GERMANY AND WEIMARREPUBLIC 1919 1933George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSEHISTORY REVISION 5GERMANY AND WEIMARREPUBLIC 1919 1933. A presentation containing: Weimar republic, three phases of the Weimar republic, problems and instability facing Weimar republic 1919 - 1923, Nazi origins and beliefs, causes, events and results of the Munich Putsch, survival of the Weimar republic, Nazis in the wilderness, factors helping Hitler to come to power.
Germany faced significant political and economic instability in the years following World War 1. The Weimar Republic struggled with high unemployment, hyperinflation, and demands from the Treaty of Versailles. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party rose to power by promoting German nationalism, blaming Jews and communists for the country's problems, and vowing to restore Germany's strength. Once in power in 1933, the Nazis rapidly established a totalitarian dictatorship that suppressed opposition and persecuted minorities.
The document summarizes key events in Germany between 1918 and 1945:
1) After World War 1, Germany transitioned to a democratic Weimar Republic but struggled with instability, extremism, and economic crisis in the 1920s.
2) The Great Depression devastated Germany's economy in the early 1930s and led to rising support for the Nazi party.
3) Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, establishing a Nazi dictatorship by 1934 and abolishing democracy.
The Weimar Republic recovered in the mid-1920s due to the leadership of Gustav Stresemann and the economic prosperity brought by the Dawes Plan, which provided American loans. This led to a period of cultural flowering in Germany. However, the recovery was dependent on American money and economic success. When the Great Depression hit in 1929, it revealed the underlying weaknesses of the Weimar system and allowed Hitler to rise to power by exploiting German resentment over Versailles and campaigning on a message of hatred, especially against Jews. By January 1933, with growing support for the Nazis, President Hindenburg mistakenly appointed Hitler as Chancellor, believing he could control him.
The document provides details on the problems faced by the Weimar Republic from 1918-1923, including weaknesses in its constitution, unrest in Germany, the harsh Treaty of Versailles, and resulting economic instability. It then discusses the period of recovery from 1923-1929 under Gustav Stresemann's leadership and policies. Finally, it outlines the early development of the Nazi party from 1919-1923, including the founding of the party, Hitler's rise as leader, establishment of the SA, and the failed Munich Putsch in 1923. The document provides substantial context on the challenges facing Germany after World War 1 and the early growth of the Nazi party.
This document provides biographical information about Adolf Hitler. It describes that he was born in Austria and wanted to be an artist but was rejected from art school. During WWI he fought for Germany and was inspired by nationalist ideas. After the war he joined the Nazi party which he transformed into a mass movement. The Nazi party gained popularity by blaming Jews and others for Germany's defeat in WWI and economic problems. Hitler led the failed Munich Putsch in 1923 but used the time in prison to write Mein Kampf outlining his ideology. The Nazis continued to grow in the late 1920s gaining more support as Germany struggled with high unemployment and inflation during the Great Depression.
1) The document discusses the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany and Stalin in Russia in the early 20th century and the tensions this caused as they pursued territorial expansion and totalitarian control.
2) It describes the failures of the Treaty of Versailles, the instability of the Weimar Republic in Germany, and Hitler's rise to power in 1933 as he dismantled democracy.
3) By 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union under Stalin had become aggressive expansionist states, setting the stage for World War II with Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Joseph Stalin established a totalitarian communist regime in Russia, industrializing the country but causing widespread famine. In the 1920s-1930s, fascist dictatorships also rose in Italy under Mussolini and Germany under Hitler. Hitler gained power legally in 1933 after capitalizing on economic instability and promising to restore German pride. He rapidly transformed Germany into a single-party Nazi state, rearming the military in violation of Treaty of Versailles terms and enacting racist anti-Semitic laws. Through intimidation and broken agreements, Hitler expanded German territory until invading Poland in 1939, launching World War II.
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and showed early interest in becoming a priest but was rejected from art school. After his parents died, he lived homeless in Vienna where he was influenced by anti-Semitism. During World War I he served in the German army and was decorated for bravery. After the war, he joined the Nazi party and rose to leadership with emotional speeches attacking Jews. In 1923 he attempted to overthrow the German government but was imprisoned for five years where he wrote his book Mein Kampf outlining his plans. He became Chancellor in 1933 and built Germany's industry and military, gaining control of Europe by 1941.
This document provides a timeline of key political events in Germany from 1918 to 1933, including the end of World War 1, the establishment of the Weimar Republic, the founding and early growth of the Nazi party, and Hitler's rise to power as Chancellor in 1933. Major events include the Spartacist Uprising of 1919, the failed Kapp and Munich Putschs of 1920 and 1923, hyperinflation in 1923, and Nazi electoral successes in 1930 and 1932.
Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany through his leadership of the Nazi party. Key events included the founding of the Nazi party in 1919, their involvement in the failed Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, growing popularity and electoral success in the late 1920s and early 1930s as the Weimar Republic struggled with economic and political instability. Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, becoming dictator by 1934 and abolishing democratic institutions in Germany.
The document provides background on the development of the Nazi Party in Germany from 1919-1933. It describes the formation of the German Workers' Party in 1919 and Adolf Hitler joining later that year. In 1920, the party changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party). In 1923, Hitler and the Nazis attempted to overthrow the Bavarian government in the Beer Hall Putsch, which failed and resulted in Hitler's arrest. While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf. The Nazi Party continued growing in the later 1920s with the establishment of groups like the SS and Hitler Youth.
The document provides an overview of the establishment and rise of the Nazi party in Germany after World War 1. It discusses how the Nazi party was formed in 1919 with Hitler as its leader, and its 25 point program which included German nationalism, anti-semitism, and expansionism. It also covers Hitler's failed Munich Putsch in 1923, his writing of Mein Kampf in prison, and the Nazis shifting to propaganda and mass rallies. The document then explains how the Great Depression helped the Nazis rise to become the second largest party by 1930, which allowed Hitler to become Chancellor in 1933 through political maneuvering. Finally, it discusses how Hitler consolidated power that year through the Reichstag fire and Enabling Act, establishing his dictatorship
Rise of nazi germany and beginning of worldDeepender2
The rise of Nazi Germany was due to several key factors: Germany's defeat in WWI and the harsh Treaty of Versailles led to economic struggles and a desire for revenge. The Great Depression exacerbated unemployment and poverty, making Hitler's promises of stability and prosperity appealing. Pre-existing anti-Semitism also made Jews a convenient scapegoat. Hitler gained power through democratic elections but then consolidated power through increasingly authoritarian means, becoming a dictator by 1937. He remilitarized the country in violation of treaties and embarked on a program of racial purification and persecution of Jews that escalated over time.
Helmuth was an 11-year-old German boy who witnessed the aftermath of his father's suicide in 1945 as the Allies advanced on Germany. His father, a Nazi supporter, feared retribution from the Allies for his role in the regime. Helmuth was deeply traumatized by finding his father's bloody uniform. He refused to eat food prepared by his mother for 9 years out of fear she may poison him. The document discusses the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany as well as their genocidal policies and racial ideology that targeted Jews and other groups.
Geschiedenis: Weimar Crisis
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The document summarizes two events in early 20th century Germany: the Kapp Putsch of 1920 and the Beer Hall Putsch led by Adolf Hitler in 1923. The Kapp Putsch saw 5,000 members of the Freikorps paramilitary groups take over Berlin in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic government. It failed after five days due to a general strike. In 1923, Hitler and 600 Nazi stormtroopers stormed a beer hall in Munich and declared a revolution, but it was suppressed by police and military forces, resulting in 16 Nazi deaths and Hitler's arrest.
Similar to CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: PROBLEMS FACING WEIMAR POLITICIANS FROM 1929 (20)
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
SOCIAL WORK OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations Commissions tried to tackle a huge range of social issues including economic recovery (the Financial Committee), working conditions (International Labour Office), health (Health Office) and scientific research.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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occur natural.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: PROBLEMS FACING WEIMAR POLITICIANS FROM 1929
1. HISTORY CAMBRIDGE A2 (PAPER 4)
PRESENTATION 1
HITLER MODULE
1. WHY DID HITLER GAIN POWER IN 1933?
PROBLEMS FACING
WEIMAR POLITICIANS
FROM 1929
2. GERMANY 1918
4 October 1918 - Prince Maximilian of Baden replaces Count Georg von
Hertling as Chancellor of Germany.
7 October – 3 November 1918 - Naval mutinies.
4 November 1918 - Sailors and worker's councils declare general strikes.
5 November 1918 - 3rd Squadron revolts.
7 November 1918 - 100,000 workers march on the Royal House of
Wittelsbach. The King of Bavaria flees.
8 November 1918 - All 22 of Germany’s lesser kings, princes, grand dukes,
and ruling dukes had been deposed.
3. GERMANY 1918
9 November 1918
Proclamation of the Republic by Philipp Scheidemann. Some hours later,
proclamation of the Socialist Republic by Karl Liebknecht; also Matthias
Erzberger arrives at Allied HQ at Compiegne. Kaiser Wilhelm told to
abdicate, Prince Max formally announces the abdication of Wilhelm. Social
Democrats demand government from Prince Max. Friedrich Ebert assumes
the chancellery. First German Republic is established.
11 November 1918 - First World War ended.
Mid December, 1918 - First Freikorps unit formed.
4. GERMANY 1918
23 December 1918 - Lt. Dorrenbach with the Volksmarine Division declare
gov. under arrest, surround the chancellery and occupy phone exchange.
24 December 1918 - Battle of the Schloss.
30 December 1918 - Spartakusbund splits from the Independent Socialists
(later becomes the Communist Party).
5. GERMANY 1919
January 1919 - Independent Socialists & Spartacus Bund stage large
protests. Large sections of Berlin seized. Also: "Free Workers' Committee
for a fair Peace" renamed German Workers Party.
10 January 1919 - Battle of Berlin begins; Counter-revolution.
13 January 1919 - Battle of Berlin finished.
January 1919 - Bremen seized. Also: German Gov. moved to the city of
Weimar.
6 February 1919 - Fritz Ebert opens the Reichstag in Weimar, Germany.
11 February 1919 - Friedrich Ebert (SPD) leaves office. Also: Philipp
Scheidemann appointed chancellor.
6. GERMANY 1919
21 February 1919 - Kurt Eisner assassinated. Also: Attempted assassination
of Erhard Auer.
3 March 1919 - 2nd Battle for Berlin; Communists seize Berlin; Weimar
government appoints Gustav Noske as German defense minister.
7 March 1919 - Communist Strike Committee withdraws proclamation and
makes peace overtures to government.
10 March 1919 - Gustav Noske orders Peoples’ Naval Division disbanded.
Battle for Berlin over.
March 1919 - Adolf Hitler finishes job of guarding Russian prisoners.
6 - 7 April 1919 - Bavaria declared a Soviet Republic.
7. GERMANY 1919
14 April 1919 - Freikorps suppress Communists in Dresden.
18 April 1919 - Freikorps suppress Communists in Brunswick. Also: Battle of
the Bavarian governments at Dachau. Communists defeat republican
forces.
27 April 1919 - Battle for Munich between Communists and Freikorps units.
29 April 1919 - German representatives arrive in Paris.
1 May 1919 - Communist defences at Munich breached.
2 May 1919 - City of Munich taken; not declared secure until May 6;
approximately 1200 Communists killed.
8. GERMANY 1919
7 May 1919 - German Delegation presented with the terms of the TOV
10 May 1919 - Freikorps suppress communists in Leipzig.
18 June 1919 - Germany given ultimatum to sign Treaty of Versailles
21 June 1919 - Philipp Scheidemann (SPD) leaves office
22 June 1919 - German Reichstag ratify the Versailles Treaty.
28 June 1919 - Versailles Treaty signed in the Hall of Mirrors.
11 August 1919 - The Weimar Constitution is announced.
11 September 1919 - Adolf Hitler sent as Vertrauensmann to infiltrate the
German Workers' Party.
9. GERMANY 1920
January 1920 - The DAP grew to 190 members.
4 February 1920 - Allies demand 900 Germans be handed over for war
crimes.
20 February 1920 - DAP changes name to National Socialist German
Workers’ Party.
February 1920 - Inter-Allied Control Commission order 2/3 of Freikorps
disbanded.
24 February 1920 - First public meeting of the NSDAP.
13 March 1920 - Kapp Putsch.
10. GERMANY 1920
27 March 1920 - Gustav Bauer (SPD) leaves office.
31 March 1920 - Adolf Hitler mustered out of the military.
3 April 1920 - 21 different Freikorps units, under the command of General
Baron Oskar von Watter, annihilate the Ruhr Communist uprising in five
days; thousands killed.
April 1920 - Government stops paying Freikorps units.
10 May 1920 - Dr. Joseph Wirth and Walter Rathenau announce their
"Policy of Fulfilment"; not received well by nationalist groups.
11. GERMANY 1920
21 June 1920 - Hermann Mueller (SPD) leaves office.
11 August 1920 - National Disarmament Law takes effect; disbanded civil
guards.
17 December 1920 - NSDAP buys its first paper, the Voelkischer
Beobachter.
December 1920 - NSDAP total party membership comes to 2,000.
12. GERMANY 1921
21 March 1921 - Plebiscite in Upper Silesia. They vote to remain part of
Germany.
March, 1921 - Allied Plebiscite Commission draws boundary based on
plebiscite results, giving about 30% of Upper Silesia to Poland. Large
minority populations exist on both side of the boundary.
27 April 1921 - Allied Reparations Committee levels 33 billion war
reparations debt onto Germany; commands the handing over of 26% of all
exports for 42 years and puts the Germans into 12 billion in arrears.
3 May 1921 - Polish insurgents under Wojciech Korfantry rise up in Upper
Silesia.
13. GERMANY 1921
5 May 1921 - London Ultimatum which set the total sum of the war
indemnity at 132 billion marks.
10 May 1921 - Konstantin Fehrenbach (Center) leaves office
23 May 1921 - German Freikorps smash Polish forces at St. Annaberg.
24 May 1921 - Under Allied pressure, all Freikorps units outlawed.
11 July 1921 - Adolf Hitler resigns from the party to force the hand of
Anton Drexler not to unite with the DSP.
25 July 1921 - Adolf Hitler rejoins the party.
14. GERMANY 1921
29 July 1921 - Adolf Hitler assumes leadership of the NSDAP. He becomes
"Der Fuehrer".
26 August 1921 - Matthias Erzberger, (finance minister of 1920) gunned
down by killers.
17 September 1921 - Hitler and SA disrupt speech by Otto Ballestedt of
the Bayernbund; beaten badly; Hitler with others arrested.
26 October 1921 - Dr. Joseph Wirth (Center) forms 2nd cabinet.
15. GERMANY 1922
12 January 1922 - Adolf Hitler sentenced to three months.
24 June 1922 - Hitler incarcerated. Also: Walter Rathenau assassinated.
German mark was 272 to 1 American dollar.
27 July 1922 - Hitler released.
July 1922 - 670 marks = 1 US dollar
August 1922 - 2,000 marks = 1 US dollar
27 October 1922 - Benito Mussolini establishes his Fascist dictatorship in
Italy.
16. GERMANY 1922
October 1922 - 45,000 marks = 1 US dollar
22 November 1922 - Dr. Wirth leaves office
November 1922 - 100,000 marks = 1 US dollar
27 December 1922 - France occupies the Ruhr to ensure payment of war
reparations in kind. The Weimar government responds by funding
'passive resistance' of the workers through printing Papiermarks, further
fuelling hyperinflation.
30 December 1922 - 500,000 marks = 1 US dollar
17. GERMANY 1923
February 1923 - Reichsbank buys back Papiermark; stabilizes value at
20,000 to 1 US dollar
May 4, 1923 - 40,000 = 1 US dollarℳ
May 27, 1923 - Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur,
was executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr. Hitler declared him a
hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess.
June 1, 1923 - 70,000 =1 US dollarℳ
June 30, 1923 - 150,000 = 1 US dollarℳ
August 1-August 7, 1923 - 3,500,000 = 1 US Dollarℳ
August 13, 1923 - Dr. Wilhelm Cuno (no party affiliation) leaves office
18. GERMANY 1923
August 15, 1923 - 4,000,000 = 1 US Dollarℳ
September 1, 1923 - 10,000,000 = 1 US Dollarℳ
Around September 10 to September 25, 1923 - Prices reportedly rise
hourly in several German cities.
September 24, 1923 - Chancellor Stresemann ends the passive resistance
in the Ruhr; infuriates the nationalists.
September 30, 1923 - Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by
the Black Reichswehr. Also: 60,000,000 = 1 US Dollarℳ
October 6, 1923 - Dr. Gustav Stresemann (People’s) forms 2nd cabinet
19. GERMANY 1923
October 20, 1923 - General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a
communist takeover. Also: General Otto von Lossow in Bavaria is relieved of
command by Berlin; he refuses.
October 23, 1923 - Communist takeover of Hamburg
October 25, 1923 - Hamburg uprising suppressed
November 8, 1923 - Beer Hall Putsch for one day
November 15, 1923 - Rentenmark issued, with value backed by mortgage
payments on state property; Rentenmark 4.2 = 1 US dollar; at this time:
Papiermark 4,200,000,000 = 1 US dollar
November 30, 1923 - Dr. Stresemann leaves office.
20. GERMANY 1924
February 26, 1924 - Hitlerputsch trial begins.
June 3, 1924 - Dr. Wilhelm Marx (Center) forms 2nd cabinet
August 29, 1924 - Dawes Plan agreed by Reichstag.
December 20, 1924 - Hitler released from Landsberg Prison.
21. GERMANY 1925
January 4, 1925 - Hitler begins his political comeback by meeting with new
ministers and President of Bavaria.
January 15, 1925 - Dr. Marx leaves office.
February 27, 1925 - Nazi party refounded.; Hitler gives his first speech
since release from prison.
February 28, 1925 - Reichspresident Friedrich Ebert dies.
March 29, 1925 - First round of presidential elections: no candidate
receives absolute majority.
22. GERMANY 1925
April 25, 1925 - Second round of presidential elections: Paul von
Hindenburg, the candidate of the right wing parties, wins over Wilhelm
Marx, candidate of the Centre party
July 1925 - French and Belgian troops evacuate the Ruhr completely.
November 22, 1925 - Strasser wing of Nazi party goes into rebellion.
October 16, 1925 - Locarno Treaty signed
23. GERMANY 1926
January 20, 1926 - Dr. Hans Luther (No party affiliation) forms 2nd cabinet
February 14, 1926 - Bamberg conference begins.
April 24, 1926 - Germany and Soviet Union sign Berlin Treaty.
May 12, 1926 - Dr. Luther leaves office over flag dispute
May 16, 1926 - Marx cabinet of the Center, BVP, DDP, DVP.
June 20, 1926 - Referendum on expropriation of princely families.
September 10, 1926 - Germany enters League of Nations
24. GERMANY 1927
January 29, 1927 - Marx’s 3rd cabinet leaves office
July 16, 1927 - Unemployment Insurance Law passed.
25. GERMANY 1928
May 1928 - Adolf Hitler speaking ban lifted in Bavaria.
29 June 1928 - Marx’s 4th cabinet leaves office
27 August 1928 - Kellogg–Briand Pact signed
20 October 1928 - Alfred Hugenberg becomes head of DNVP
8 December 1928 - Prelate Kaas becomes head of Center party.
26. GERMANY 1929
7 June 1929 - Young Plan resets reparations amount, and allows it to be
paid in installations over a period of 58.5 years.
3 October 1929 - Foreign minister Gustav Stresemann dies.
24 October 1929 - Black Thursday stock market crash, start of world
economic collapse.
22 December 1929 - Liberty Law referendum to reject Young Plan fails due
to extremely low turnout (14.9% - 50% was required for it to be valid).
27. GERMANY after 1929
30 March 1930 - Hermann Mueller’s (SPD) 2nd cabinet leaves office
30 June 1930 - French troops leave the Rhineland ahead of schedule.
16 July 1930 - Reichstag dissolved; first emergency decree by
Reichspresident.
August 1930 - SA commander in Berlin Walter Stennes calls for SA general
strike against Nazi Party.
14 September 1930 - Reichstag elections; gains by Nazi Party who become
the second-largest party (behind the SPD.)
September 1930 - Hitler at trial of 3 SA Lieutenants disavows the SA goals
of replacing the army and hence appeases the German army.
28. GERMANY after 1929
11 May 1931 - Austrian Kreditanstalt collapses
May 1931 - Four million unemployed in Germany.
20 June 1931 - Herbert Hoover puts moratorium on reparations.
13 July 1931 - German bank crisis.
11 October 1931 - Harzburg Front formed of coalition between DNVP,
Stahlhelm, and Nazi Party.
29. GERMANY after 1929
10 April 1932 - Paul von Hindenburg reelected President of Germany.
30 May 1932 - Henrich Bruening (Center) leaves office.
1 June 1932 - Franz von Papen cabinet
16 June - 9 July 1932 - Lausanne conference
20 July 1932 - Von Papen dissolves Prussian government.
31 July 1932 - Reichstag elections, Nazi party becomes the largest party.
6 November 1932 - Reichstag elections; Nazis lose votes.
17 November 1932 - Franz von Papen (Center) leaves office
3 December 1932 - Kurt von Schleicher cabinet
30. GERMANY after 1929
28 January 1933 - Kurt von Schleicher (no party affiliation) leaves office
30 January 1933 - Adolf Hitler is sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.
23 March 1933 - Adolf Hitler establishes the Third Reich (Enabling Act of
1933).