ECONOMICS.docx

ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how societies efficiently use
scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and
distribute them to satisfy the need and wants of their
members.
It is also defined as the proper allocation and use of
available resources for the maximum satisfaction of
human wants.
BRANCHES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is divided into two branches:
1. Macroeconomics
- economic behavior of the whole economy
- government, business and the like.
- gross national product, level of production,
unemployment rate,etc.
2. Microeconomics
- economic behavior of individual units or
specific
- firms, consumers, price of commodities and
the like.
DIVISIONS OF ECONOMICS
1. Production – the process of manufacturing goods
needed.
2. Consumption – the proper utilization of
economic goods.
3. Distribution – the marketing of goods
4. Exchange – the process of transferring goods
and services
5. Public Finance – the activity of the government
regarding taxation, borrowings and expenditures
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
1. Land – natural resources
2. Labor – human resources or manpower
3. Capital – manmade physical productive capacity
such as plants, machine tools and the like.
4. Entrepreneur – the person who organizes and
coordinates all the other factors of production to produce
economic goods.
5. Foreign Exchange – the foreign currency reserve
used for importing goods and services in the process of
production.
THE LAW OF DIMINISHINGRETURNS
If states that when successive unit of a variable input
(like farmers) work with a fixed input (like one hectare
of land ) beyond a certain point , the additional product
(output) produced by each additional unit of a variable
input decreases (Fajardo,1986)
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Supply is the flow of goods and services which the
firms are willing or can make available in the market at a
given price structure.
Demand is the relationship between market price and the
quantity demanded, expressing how much of the same
commodity or services one consumer or all consumers
would buy at a given realprice schedule.
Price is the value of a product or service
The Law of Supply and Demand
It states that when the supply is greater than the
demand, the price of goods or services decreases;
whereas,if the demand is greater than the supply, the
price increases,and if the supply is equal to the demand,
the price remains constant.
MARKET MODELS
Market is an impersonal set of pressures bringing
together supply and demand.
1. Pure competition – number of sellers offering the
same products.
2. Pure monopoly – there is only one seller of a
particular good or service
3. Monopolistic competition – large number of small
sellers offering where similar but not identical products.
4. Oligopoly – few firms offering standardized
differentiated goods and services.
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
An economic system is a set of economic
institutions that dominates a given economy (Fajardo,
1986). The following are the major economic systems in
the world today
1. Capitalism. production and distribution are
owned by the private individuals or corporations.
2. Socialism. It is a combination of capitalism and
communism. Owned and managed by the state, while the
minor industries are owned by the private sector.
3. Communism. the industries are owned and
managed by the state.

THE DIFFERENT MEDIEVAL MOVEMENTS IN EDUCATION
Monasticism
- education was a religious discipline. Education was strict, rigid and punishment was severe.
- Monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
- During reign of Charlemagne (722-804),
Scholasticism
- education was an intellectual discipline. The purpose of this movement was to bring reason to faith and
support theology by using logic.
- Saint Thomas of Aquinas (1225-1274) was one of foremost proponents of Scholastic movement.
The Medieval University
- the Medieval Universities started as “universitas magistrorum et scholarium” or corporation of teachers and
students chartered by the pope or the kings.
- The first organized university was the University of Bologna chartered by the Emperor Frederick I in 1158.
Composition of the medieval university:
Studiumgenerale – the student body
Nation – a group of students who had the same place of origin
Councilors – leaders of a nation
Facultas – teachers of the same subject Dead – head of the facultas
Rector – head of the medieval university
Chivalry – education as a social discipline. This kind of movement flourished in the Christian countries in Europe as a
response to the increasing educational needs of the sons of the nobility. Under this system, a boy of noble birth has to pass
through the following stages before he is fully accepted as a member of his social class:
Page – an attendant to the noble courts at the age of 7 years
Squire – an attendant to a knight at the age of 14 years
Knight – a full-pledged warrior who has vowed to:
- protect the women and the poor
- defend the church and the state
- attack the wicked and
- shed blood for the sake of his country and his compatriots
The Guild System- education for the middle class.
There were two types of guilds:
Crafts guild- organization of skilled craftsmen
Merchant guild – organization of business
Before a person is accepted as a member of any of the guild, he must pass through the following stages:
Apprentice – a trainee assigned to a master
Journeyman – a trainee who travels from place to place under different masters and is paid for his labor
Master craftsman – a full pledged member of a guild
As the number of the middle class increased the need for more schools to meet the education needs of their children also
increased which paved the way for the establishment of the new type of schools, viz:
Chantry schools – schools established through the foundations under the clergy
Guild Schools – served as vocational schools who catered to the children of the members of the craft guild
Burgher schools – established to educate the children of the members of the merchant guild
ISLAMIC INFLUENCES ON EDUCATION
Islam which means submission to God, a religion that was established by the prophet Muhammad (570-632) is a
monotheistic religion whose followers worship only one God –Allah.
EDUCATIONAL CONTRIBUTION OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
TEACHING PROFESSION
EDUCATION

Education is derived from the Latin word “educare” or “educere” which means to lead forth. It is defined as the
process of acquiring knowledge, habits, attitudes, interest, skills and abilities and other intangible human qualities through
training instructions and self-activity, and transmitting these vital elements of human civilization to posterity.
TYPES OF EDUCATION
1. Formal Education – hierarchically structured chronological graded learning organized
This corresponds to the following levels:
A. elementary education
B. secondary education
C. tertiary education
2. Non-formal education – refers to any school based educational activities undertaken by the DECS and other agencies
aimed (B. P 232 Art. III Chapter 1 and 2 Sections 19 and 24)
3. Informal Education- a type of education which can be acquired anytime and anywhere. It is otherwise known as the
education for all seasons.
EDUCATIONAL CONTRIBUTION OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
JEWISH – religious educations
1. Synagogues – temple schools
2. Bible and the Talmud
3. Rabbis – teacher/priests
CHINESE – career oriented education
1. Analects of Confucius
2. Civil Service Examination (Han Dynasty 206
B.C)
a. Flowering talent – whole day exam
b. Promoted man – 3 days exam
c. Entered scholar/fit for office – 13 days exam,
and those who passed became the ministers of the
emperor
Every examination that an individual passed had a
corresponding decoration in his dress, in his household
and certain privileges.
EGYPTIAN – practicaland empirical education
1. Hieroglyphics – ancient picture-writing system
2. Papyrus – ancient paper
3. Mathematics – value of pi = 3.16
4. Engineering/Architecture -Pyramids, dams,
dikes, palaces
5. Geometry - land surveying and measuring
6. Astronomy – positions of stars and other
heavenly bodies to determine tides, seasons,floods.
Calendars composed of 24 hours a day, 7 days a week,
months of 30 days with 365 days a year.
7. Medicine – explored human anatomy
-Mummification of the dead
GREEKS – liberal and democratic education
1. Olympic Games
2. Mythology
3. Democracy
4. Philosophy
The Greek City States Sparta
- Authoritarian government
- Military city-state
- Communal life
- Military academy
- at birth, the child is taken care by the mother, but at
the age of seven he is turned over to the paidonomus or a
military drill master who will teach him the art of
warfare.
Athens
- Liberal education
- Freedom of thought, expression and religion
- Education was a family responsibility
- Every male child is given a paedagogus or a
tutor who will train
- Him to be a good and responsible citizen
Ancient Athenian Schools
1. Palaestra – gymnastic school
Paedotribe – teacher of gymnastics
2. Music school
Kitharist – music teacher
3. Grammar school
Grammatist – teacher of letters
The Sophist were the wandering scholars who went to
Athens, taught Athenian boys but collected fees from
them.
Protagoras was the most famous sophist who said that
man is the measure if all
things.
The Greek Thinkers flourished in order to counteract the
influences of the Sophists who were not Athenians.
Among them were:
Socrates (469-399 B.C)
- He advanced the idea of Gnothi Seauton or
know thyself
- He believed that knowledge is virtue and all
virtuous actions are based on knowledge
- He introduced Socratic dialect method of
teaching which is composed of:
1. Ironic (destructive) element
2. Maieutic (constructive) element
Plato (427-347 B.C.)
- He proposed that the society should be divided
into classes of people based on their talents and
intelligence.
a. Philosophical class – guardians or rulers of the
society
b. Warrior Class – protectors of the society
c. Artisan or industrial class- workers of the
society
- He believed that education should be
determined by the social class where the person belongs
- He established a school called Academy
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
- He was the paedagogus of Alexander the Great

- He established a school called Lyceum
- He believed that virtue is brought by doing not
by knowing
- He advanced the idea that man is a social
animal and must use his reason to attain his ultimate end
which is the summum bonum or highest/supreme Good.
- He postulated that man is composed of two
distinct but united entities:
Body and soul the soul is composed of:
1. Irrational element – appetites, desire, passions
2. Rational element – intellect
THE GREEK UNIVERSITIES
University of Athens – world’s first comprehensive
university
University of Alexandria – founded by alexander the
Great in Egypt.
• It had the most advanced library facilities.
The Septuagint which is the Greek translation of the
Hebrew Bibles ws translated by 70 scholars in this
university.
• It had excellent products like:
1. Euclid – in the field of Geometry
2. Archimedes – in the field of Physics
3. Eratosthenes – in the field of Geography and
Astronomy
ROMANS – pragmatic and progressive education
1. Latin Language
2. The Laws of the Twelve Tables
3. The Roman Senate
THE ROMAN SCHOOLS
1. Elementary – school of the literature or Ludi
Magister
2. Secondary – school of the Grammaticus or Literati’s
3. Higher education – rhetorical schools
Imperial Contributions to Education
1. Vespasian (A.D. 69-79) – founded the Roman
University and Roman Library
2. Trajan (A.D.98-117) – gave scholarships to poor
but deserving students
3. Hadrian (117-138) – gave pensions for retired
teachers and gave more attention to Law and Medicine
than to Philosophy.
4. Antonius Pius (138-161) – exempted all Roman
teachers from taxation and military service.
5. Constantine (306-337) – continued all the
privileges, mentioned above and legalized Christianity
by virtue of the Edict of Milan an AD 313.
6. Julian (361-363) – required that all teachers be
licensed and be given qualifying exams. He also
eliminated Christian teachers from Ronal Schools.
7. Gratian (367-383) - subsidized all Roman
schools, and created a salary scale for teachers.
8. Theodosius (383-395) – he nationalized all
schools and considered the establishment of private
schools a grave punishable by law.
EDUCATIONAL INFLUENCES OF JESUS CHRIST
Jesus was born ca. 4 B.C and was crucified 33 years after,approximately AD 30.
In the short stay of Jesus Christ here on earth. He revolutionized man’s concept of religiosity and theology.
His methods of teaching people were simple and direct and were intended to touch man’s spirituality. However, his
association with the outcasts of the Jewish society and with the gentiles as well as His frequent attacks against the
established norms religious legalism of the Jews drew the ire of the religious leaders of His time led to His crucifixion
when He was 33 years of age.
But after three days, He rose from the dead to fulfill his promise of redemption and everlasting life for all mankind.
The Teaching Methods of Jesus Christ
Parable – a short story, a weighty similitude used to convey instruction to ignorant prejudices and inattentive hearers.
Ex. Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-33)
Conversational Method – an intimate, face to face direct natural personal and informal method. It is a sort of questions
and answer method.
Ex. John 3:1-11 between Jesus and Nicodemus Mat. 22:15-17 about paying taxes.
Proverbial or Gnomic Method – Jesus,in his teachings frequently used gnomes or proverbs, some were quoted from the
Old Testament and others were His own.
Ex. “For many are called but a few are chosen” Mat 22:14
EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION
Upon the resurrection of Jesus Christ, He commissioned His disciples to “go into the world and preach the Gospel
(Mathew 28:19), but they received a lot of persecutions from the unbelieving world. However,when Emperor Constantine
of the Roman Empire proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the Roman world the Christians and their
teachings became part of the mainstream society, and the Emperor himself supported the church and established schools.

By virtue of this support, the following Christians schools were established:
1. Catechumenal– school for new converts
2. Catechetical– school for leadership training
3. Cathedral/Episcopalian- school for the clergy
SOCIOLOGICAL BASES OF EDUCATION
SOCIOLOGY is the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction and collective behavior of organized
groups of human beings.
CONCEPT OF GROUPS
GROUP is a unit of interacting personalities with independence of roles and status existing between them.
KINDS OF GROUPS
1. Primary group is characterized by intimate, face to face,informal, personal relationship among members. It is also
characterized by the so called “we feeling.” EX. family
2. Secondary group is characterized by impersonal, formal, contractual business-like, and casual relationship. Large in
size, of short duration, the members are physically and spatially distant from one another. Ex. Religion, school
3. In group is the group where the individual identifies himself and is given a sense of belongingness. It can be as small
as the family or as big as a nation.
This group is further characterized by ethnocentrism or the belief that one’s group is superior over the other chauvinism –
excessive ethnocentrism.
4. Out-Group is a group in which one has a feeling of indifference, avoidance, strangeness,dislike, antagonism and even
hatred. Ex. Religious groups
5. Peer group is the group where the members are of the same age and socio- economic status.
Types of Peer Groups
Play-group is characterized by spontaneity, and informality and with minimum or no adult supervision at all. It is common
among children.
Gang has a recognized leader, pass word, rules of behavior, definite place and time of meeting and planed activities. It is
also characterized by deviant, anti-social behavior.
Clique is composed of persons with the same interest or line of thinking.
6. Reference group – a group to which the individual refers and with whom he identifies himself either consciously or
unconsciously. It is more of identification rather than actual membership.
7. Voluntary associations – members joined together due to their common decisions or needs.
Personalinterest group – caters to people with the same interest
Ex. Ball clubs
Social service groups – for community services Ex. NGO’s, Rotary, Lions, etc.
Political action group – for the promotion of a political agenda or candidacy of a political leader
Ex. Aksyon Demokratiko
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION is the system or process of assigning men their respective ranks in a society based on
income or wealth, education, occupation and lifestyle.

SOCIAL MOBILITY is the process of moving from one social stratum to another, may either be horizontal, vertical or
lateral.
SOCIALIZATION is the process by which the individual acquires the social and cultural heritage of his society. Through
this, the individual learns his social position in the society.
LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION PROCESS
1. Vegetative Level – the stage characterized by the preoccupation with food.
The desire is primarily for survival.
2. Sentient Level – geared towards the satisfaction of sensual passions and desires.
3. Rational Level – a person has already acquired morality and a sense of justice.
LANGUAGE plays a vital role in the socialization of the individual and without this, man would not be able to integrate
the values of his society. Language is also considered as the basic difference between man and animals.
STATUS AND ROLE
STATUS is the position a person occupies in a society by virtue of his age,birth, sex, marriage, occupation, achievement.
Types of Status
1. Ascribed – position assigned to an individual without reference to his innate differences and abilities. This is assigned
at birth.
Ex. sex, race,age,etc.
2. Achieved – it is not assigned to an individual from birth, but is left open for competition and individual effort.
Ex. One’s profession
ROLE is the part that the individual is expected to play in his social group. It is the sum of the culture patterns associated
with a particular status.
SOCIAL DEVIATIONS refer to the failure of the individual to play the role expected from him by the society.
INTERNALIZATION is the process of making an attitude or a practice a part of one’s automatic and unthinking
responses.
SOCIAL ORDER is the way the individual is expected to behave in a society where he belongs in order to preserve and
maintain the tranquility of his social milieu.
SOCIAL CONTROL is the means by which people are led to fill their expected roles in the society even against their will
just to achieve social order.
CONSTITUTION
A constitution is a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of government are established, limited and
defined, and by which the powers are distributed among several departments for their safe and useful exercise for the
benefits of the body politics.
Types of Constitution
There are severaltypes of a constitution.
1. Written constitution is a kind of a constitution whose provisions are all contained in a single document. A good
example of this constitution is the Philippine constitution.
2. Unwritten constitution is a kind of constitution where the provisions are not contained in a single document but
rather in different documents which are considered as part of the fundamental law of the land. A more appropriate term
for this kind would be un-compiled constitution. The constitution of United Kingdom is fine example of this type of
constitution.

3. Conventional or enacted constitution is a type of constitution that was formulated by a constitutional convention that
is called to draft the constitution.
4. Cumulative or evolved constitution is a constitution which is not drafted by a positive act of the state but it
developed as a part of the history of the nation.
5. Rigid or inelastic constitution is one which cannot be easily amended unless such amendment is provided for by
the constitution itself.
Parts of a Constitution
The Constitution is a fundamental law has three major parts namely:
1. Constitution of Government which refers to those provisions which set up the government structure specifically,
Articles VI,VII,VIII,IX and X of the 1987 Constitution.
2. Constitution of Liberty are the provisions which guarantee individual fundamental liberties against governmental
abuse specifically provided in Articles III,IV,V,XII,XIII,XIV and XV of the 1987 Constitution and
3. Constitution of Sovereignty which refers to those provisions which outline the process whereby the sovereign
people may change the constitution. These are provided in XVII and Article II Section 1 of the 1987
Constitution.(Duka,2010)
Essential Qualities of a Written Constitution
A desirable written constitution must be broad, brief and definite. It must be broad in the sense that it provides for the
organization and structure of the entire government. It must embody the political history of the nation, the present realities
and future prospects of the nation’s destiny.
The constitution must be brief for it must limit itself to the basic principles and leave the implementations of such
fundamental principles to the sound judgement of the legislative department. It must be definite in order to avoid
unnecessary ambiguities which would later on lead to confusion, brought about by the different interpretations and
constructions of its provisions (Cruz, 2003).
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION
The 1987 Constitution is founded upon certain fundamental principles of government which have become part and
parcel of our cherished democratic heritage as a people. A knowledge of these principles is, therefore, essential to proper
understanding of our organic law. Among these principles as contained in the new Constitution are the following:
1. Recognition of the aid of the Almighty God. (See Preamble)
2. Sovereignty of the people (Art. II, Sec 1):
3. Renunciation of war as an instrument of nation policy (Art.II, Sec 2);
4. Supremacy of civilian authority over the military (Art II, Sec 3);
5. Separation of church and state (Art II, Sec 6);
6. Recognition of the importance of the family as a basic social institution and of vital role of the youth in nation-
building (Art. II, Sec. 12,13; Art. XV);
7. Guarantee of Human Rights (Art. III, Sec 1-22)
8. Government through suffrage (Art V, Sec 1);
9. Separation Powers ( Art VI, Sec 1);
10. Independence of the Judiciary (Art VIII, Sec 1);
11. Guarantee of local autonomy ( Art X, Sec 2);
12. High sense of public service morality and accountability of public officers (Art XI, Sec 1);
13. Nationalization of natural resources and certain private enterprise affected with public interest (Art XII, Sec 2, 3
,17 , 18);
14. Non-suability of the State (Art. XVI, Sec. 3);
15. Rule of the majority; and
16. Government of laws and not of men
PREAMBLE
The term preamble is derived from the Latin word “perambulate” which means to walk before. It is the introduction
to the main subject.
“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in orderto build a just and humane society
and establish a government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and

develop our patrimony,and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the
rule of law and a regime of truth, justice,freedom, love,equality and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution”
ARTICLE I – NATIONAL TERRITORY
The National Territory comprises the Philippine Archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein,and
all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and
aerial domains , including its territorial seas,the seabed,subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The water
around, between and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of
the internal waters of the Philippines.
ARTICLE II – DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES ANDSTATE POLICIES
The function of the Declaration of Principles and State Policies in the constitution are:
1. To shed light on the meaning of the other provisions of the constitution; and
2. To guide all departments in the implementation of the Constitution
ARTICLE III – THE BILL OF RIGHTS
The Bill of Rights may be defined as declaration and enumeration of the individual rights and privileges which the
Constitution is designed to protect against violations by the government or by individual or groups of individuals. It is a
charter of liberties for the individual and a limitation upon the power of the state.
Classification of Rights
1. NaturalRights – right possessed by every citizen without being granted by the State for they are conferred by God
to human being so that he may live a happy life. Ex. The right to live and the right to love.
2. Constitutional Rights – rights conferred and protected by the Constitution. Since they are part of the fundamental
law, they cannot be modified or taken away by the law- making body.
Classification of the Constitutional Rights
1. Political Rights – rights which give citizens the power to participate directly or indirectly, in the establishment or
administration of the government. Ex: rights of citizenship and suffrage.
2. Civil Rights – right which the law will enforce at the instance of private individuals for the purpose of securing
them the enjoyment of their means of happiness.
2.1. Social and Economic Rights – rights are intended to insure the well being and economic security of the individual.
2.2. Rights of the Accused – Intended for the protection of a person accused of any crime.
3. Statutory Rights – provided by law promulgated by the law making body and consequently, may be abolished by
the same body.
Ex: rights to receive a minimum wage and to inherit property.
The Rights of the Individual As Provided by the Bill of Rights
1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law nor shall any person be denied
the equal protection of the laws.
2. The right of person to be secured in their persons, houses, papers, and effect against unreasonable searches and
seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall be
issued except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation
of the complaint and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be search and the persons or
things to be seized.
3. The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or
when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law. Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the
preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in proceeding.

4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech,of expression, or of the press, or right of the people
peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.
5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.
6. The liberty of abode and changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon
lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public
safety,or public health, as may be provided by law.
7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records,
and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts,transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data
used as basis for policy development shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
8. The right pf the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors,to for union, associations, or
societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged
9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just competition.
10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person
by reason of poverty.
12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right
to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford
the services of counsel, he must be provided with one.
These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel. (2) No torture, force violence, threat,
intimidating, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary,
incommunicado, other similar forms of detention are prohibited. (3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of
this or section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him (4) The law shall provide for penal and civil
sanctions for violations of this section as well provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as
compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices,and their families.
13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion Perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong,
shall before conviction, be bail able by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The
right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall
not be required.
14. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense due process of law. In all criminal prosecution, the
accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and by
counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to
meet the witnesses face to face,and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witness and the production of
compulsory process to secure the attendance of witness and the production of evidence in his behalf. However,after
arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his
failure to appear is unjustifiable.
15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in case of invasion or rebellion when the
public safety requires it
16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative
bodies.
17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspiration. (2) No involuntary servitude
in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall the
death penalty be imposed, unless for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter,provides for it.
Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion Perpetua. (2) The employment of physical,
psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal
facilities under subhuman conditions shall be death with by law.
20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.

21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense.
22. No expose facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
ARTICLE IV – CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship denotes membership of a permanent character in a political community. A citizen of a state is one who
owes allegiance to it and is correspondingly entitled to its protection.
Modes of acquiring citizenship
A person’s citizenship may be acquired either by birth or by naturalization. Those who acquired citizenship by birth
are considered as natural born citizens.
There are two principles in acquiring citizenship by birth – jus snguinis and jus soli principles
1. Citizenship by birth
A person’s citizenship is determined at the time of his birth by following either of the following principles:
A. jus sanguinis – under this principle a child follows the nationality or citizenship of the parents regardless of the place
of his birth.
B. jus soli – under this principle a child citizenship is determined by the place of his birth.
The Philippines adheres to the jus sanguinis principle
The Philippine law on citizenship adheres to the principle of jus sanguinis.
Thereunder, a child follows the nationality or citizenship of the parents regardless of the place of his/her birth, as opposed
to the doctrine of jus soli which determines nationality or citizenship on the basis of place of birth. (Valles vs Commission
on Elections, G.R. No.137000, August 9, 2000)
2. Citizenship by naturalization
Naturalization refers to an act whereby a person acquires a citizenship different from that person’s citizenship at birth.
Naturalization is most commonly associated with economic migrants or refugees who have immigrated to a country and
resided there as aliens, and who have voluntarily and actively chosen to become citizens of that country after meeting
specific requirements.
A. Administrative Naturalization under Republic Act No. 9139, also known as the Administrative Naturalization Act of
2000.
Special Committee on Naturalization
There shall be constituted a Special Committee on Naturalization herein referred to as the “Committee”, with the Solicitor
General as chairman, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, or his representative, and the National Security Adviser, as
members, with the power to approve, deny or reject applications for naturalization as provided in this Act. (Section 6,
R.A.9139)
b. Judicial Naturalization under Commonwealth Act No. 473
The applicant for naturalization must file his petition for naturalization with the Court.
c. Citizenship by Congressional grant
The Congress of the Philippines may enact a law which would grant an alien an outright Philippine citizenship.
An example of this mode of acquiring Philippine citizenship by an alien is Republic Act No. 8266 which was approved on
February 20, 1997 and granted Filipino citizenship to Rev. Fr. Paul Van Parijs, CICM,a Belgian citizen and a Roman
Catholic Priest of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM). (Duka,2010)
Natural born citizens
Based on the express provisions of the 1987 Constitution, the following are natural born citizens of the Philippines:

1. Citizens of the Philippines frombirth without having to performany act to acquire or perfect their Philippine
citizenship;
2. Those born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age
majority.
Duties and Obligations of a Citizen
1. To be loyal to the Republic
2. To defend the State
3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State
4. To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws
5. To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities
6. To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard for the rights of other
7. To engage in gainful work
8. To register and vote
ARTICLE V – SUFFRAGE
Suffrage is the right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the election of certain national and local officers of the
government and in the decision of public questions submitted to the People.
Scope of Suffrage
1. Election – A political exercise whereby the sovereign people chose a candidate to fill up an elective government
position.
2. Plebiscite – A political right of the sovereign people to ratify or eject constitutional amendments or proposed
laws.
3. Referundum – the right reserved to the people to adopt or reject any act or measure which has been passed by a
legislative body and which in most cases would without action on the part of the electors become law.
4. Initiative – the power of the people to propose bills and laws, and to enact or reject them at the polls, independent
of the legislative assembly.
5. Recall – a system by which an elective official is removed by popular vote before the end of his term.
Persons Disqualified to Vote. Any person who has been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not
less than one year, such disability not having been removed by plenary pardon or granted amnesty. But such person shall
automatically reacquire the right to vote upon expiration of five years after service of sentence;
Any person who has been adjudged by final judgement by competent court or tribunal of having committed any crime
involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government such as rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and
firearms laws, or any crime against national security, unless restored to his full civil and political rights in accordance with
law. Such person shall likewise automatically regain his right to vote upon expiration of five years after service of
sentence; and
Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority.
ARTICLE VI – LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
Legislative power is essentially the authority under the Constitution to make laws and to alter and repealthem. Under
the present set-up, the legislative department is divided into two chambers: the Senate with 24 members and the House of
Representatives with note more than 250 members, 20 percent of which comes from the party list representatives.
Qualification of Senators

1. Naturalborn Citizens of the Philippines
2. At lest 35 years old on the day of election
3. Able to read and write
4. A registered voter
5. A resident of the Philippines for 2 years preceding the day of election
Qualifications of Representatives
1. Naturalborn Citizens of the Philippines
2. At least 25 years old on the day of election
4. A registered voter in his district (except the party list)
5. A Resident of the Philippines for at least a year before the day of election
HOW A BILL BECOMES A LAW
The Party – list system
Based on Article VI, Section 5 (2) of the Constitution as implemented by Republic Act No. 7941, the different sectors
of the Philippine society like the farmers,labors, education, women, youth and others except the religious sector shall be
represented in the congress.
The different sectors from a party and register their respective parties with the Commission on Elections. The voters
for the party that they want in the ballot on Election Day and the Party who garners at least two per cent of the votes will
be entitled to one party list representative in Congress.
ARTICLE VII – EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
The executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines. Executive power is defined as the power to
administer the laws, which means carrying them into practical operation and enforcing their due observance.
Qualifications of the President and Vice-President
1. A natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. A registered voter
4. At least forty (40) years of age on the day of the election for President
5. A resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.
1. List of Philippine Presidents
1. Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 – April 1, 1901)
2. Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944)
3. Jose P. Laurel(October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)
4. Sergio Osmeña (August 1, 1944 – May 26, 1946)
5. Manuel A. Roxas (May 26, 1946 – April 15, 1948)
6. Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)
7. Ramon Magsaysay (December 30,1953 – March 17, 1957)
8. Carlos Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961)
9. Diosdado Macapagal(December 30,1961 – December 30 1965)
10. Ferdinand Marcos (December 30,1965 – February 25, 1986)
11. Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992)
12. Fidel Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998)
13. Jose Ejercito Estrada (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001)
14. Gloria Arroyo (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010)
15. Benigno Simeon Aquino, III (July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2016)
16. Rodrigo Roa Duterte (July 1, 2016 – June 30, 2022)
List of Philippine Vice Presidents
1. Mariano Trias (January 23, 1899 – April 1, 1901)
2. Sergio Osmeña (November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944)
3. Benigno Aquino Sr. and Ramon Avancena (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)
4. Elpidio Quirino (May 26, 1946 – April 15, 1948)
5. Fernando Lopez (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)
6. Carlos Gacria (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)
7. Diosdado Macapagal(March 18, 1957 – December 30,1961)
8. Emmanuel Pelaez (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965) 9. Fernando Lopez (1965 – 1969 and 1969 – 1972)
9. Salvador Laurel(Febuary 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992)
10. Jose Ejercito Estrada (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998)

11. Gloria Arroyo (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001)
12. Teofisto Guingona (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2004)
13. Manuel De Castro (July 1, 2004 – June 30, 2010)
14. Jejomar Binay (July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2016)
15. Maria Leonor Robredo (July 1, 2016 – June 30, 2022)
ARTICLE VIII – JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
The Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law. Judicial
power is the power to apply the laws to contests or disputes concerning legally recognized right or duties between the
state and private persons, or between individual litigants in cases properly brought before the judicial tribunal.
The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. It may sit end banc or in its discretion, in
division of three, five or seven members.
Qualifications of the Justices
1. A natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. At least 40 years old
3. A judge or a law practitioner for 15 years in the Philippines
4. A person of proven competence,integrity, probity and independence
The Judicial and Bar Council nominates at least three candidates to the President for every vacant position in the Supreme
Court and other lower courts.
It is the body that screens and nominates to the president prospective appointees to Philippine courts. It is composed of:
1. Chief Justice – ex- officio chairman
2. Secretary of Justice
3. Representative from Congress
4. Representative from integrated Bar of the Philippines
5. A professor of law
6. A retired member of the Supreme Court
7. A representative of the private sector
ARTICLE IX – CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
The Constitutional Commissions which are independent are the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on
Election and the Commission on Audit. Their creation is established in the Constitution because of the extraordinary
importance of their functions and the need to insulate them from undesired political interference of pressure.
Their independence cannot be assured if they were to be created merely by statute.
The Civil Service Commission
The term civil service embraces all branches, subdivisions, instrumentalities, and agencies of the Government,
including government-owned or controlled corporations with original charters.
The Civil Service Commission is composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners who shall be: natural-born
citizens of the Philippines, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of age,with proven capacity for
public administration and must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding
their appointment.
The chairman and the two commissioners are appointed by the president with the concurrence of the Commission on
Appointments for seven years without any reappointment.
The Commission on Elections (COMELEC)
The Commission on Elections is composed of a Chairman and six Commissioners who shall be natural-born citizens
of the Philippines, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty five years of age, holders of a college degree,and must
not have been candidates for any elective positions in the immediately preceding elections.
However,a majority thereof, including the Chairman, shall be members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged in
the practice of law for at least ten years. The Chairman the Commissioners are appointed by the President with the
concurrence of the Commission on Appointments for seven years without any reappointment.

The Commission on Audit (COA)
The Commission on Audit is composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners, who shall be natural born citizens of
the Philippines. At the time of their appointment, at least thirty years of age,Certified Public Accountants with not less
than ten years of auditing experience, or members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for
at least ten years, must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their
appointment.
At no time shall all Members of the Commission belong to the same profession.
The chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the Commission on
Appointments for a term of seven years without reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the
unexpired portion of the term of the predecessor. In no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary
or acting capacity.
ARTICLE X – LOCAL GOVERNMENT
The term local government refers to a political subdivision of a nation or state which is constituted by law and has
substantial control of local affairs, with officials elected or otherwise locally selected. The implementing law for this
Article is Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991.
Region- A sub-national administrative unit comprising of severalprovinces having more or less homogenous
characteristics,such as ethnic origin if inhabitants, dialect spoken, agricultural produce, etc.
Province – The largest unit in the political structure of the Philippines. It consists, in varying numbers, of municipalities
and, in some cases,of component cities.
Its functions and duties in relation to its component cities and municipalities are generally coordinative and supervisory.
City – There are three classes of cities in the Philippines: the highly urbanized, the independent component cities which
are independent of the province, and the component cities which are part of the provinces where they are located and
subject to their administrative supervision
Municipality – Is a political corporate body which is endowed with the facilities of a municipal corporation, exercised by
and through the municipal government in conformity with law.
It is a subsidiary of the province which consists of a number of barangays within its territorial boundaries, one of which is
the seat of government found at the town proper (Poblacion).
Barangay – The smallest political unit into which cities and municipalities in the Philippines are divided. It is the basic
unit of the Philippine political system.
It consists of less than 1,000 inhabitants residing within the territorial limit of a city or municipality and administered by a
set of elective officials, headed by a barangay chairman (punong barangay).
City Classification
Highly urbanized Cities – Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants, as certified
by the Philippines Statistics Authority, and with the latest annual income of at least One Hundred Million Pesos
(100,000,000,) as certified by the city treasurer.
Independent Component Cities – Cities whose charters prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective officials.
Independent component cities shall be independent of the province.
Component Cities – Cities which do not meet the above requirements shall be considered component cities of the
province in which they are geographically located.
If a component city is located within the boundaries of two (2) or more provinces, such city shall be considered a
component of the province which it used to be a municipality.
LIST OF PROVINCES
As of December 31, 2017 there are 17 regions, 81
provinces, 144 cities, 1490
Municipalities and 42029 barangays
Region I (Ilocos Region)
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Pangasinan

Region II (Cagayan Valley)
Batanes
Cagayan
Isabela
Nueva Vizcaya
Quirino
REGION III (Central Luzon)
(Aurora)
Bataan
Bulacan
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Tarlac
Zambales
REGION VIII (Eastern Visayas)
(Eastern Samar)
Leyte
Northern Samar
Samar (Western Samar)
Southern Leyte
Biliran
REGION IV (Southern Tagalog)
Region IV A-CALABARZON
Cavite
Laguna
Batangas
Rizal
Quezon
REGION IV B-MIMAROPA
Occidental Mindoro
Oriental Mindoro
Marinduque
Romblon
Palawan
REGION V (Bicol Region)
Albay
Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur
Catanduanes
Masbate
Sorsogon
REGION VI (Western Visayas)
Aklan
Antique
Capiz
Guimaras
Ilo-Ilo
Negros Occidental
REGION VII (Central Visayas)
Bohol
Cebu
Negros Oriental
Siquijor
REGION VIII (Eastern Visayas)
(Eastern Samar)
Leyte
Northern Samar
Samar (Western Samar)
Southern Leyte
Biliran
REGION IX (Zamboanga Peninsula)
Zamboanga Del Norte
Zamboanga Del Sur
Zamboanga Sibugay
REGION X (Northern Mindanao)
Bukidnon
Camiguin
Lanao Del Norte
Misamis Occidental
Misamis Oriental
REGION XI (Davao Region)
Davao Del Norte
Davao Del Sur
Davao Oriental
Davao Occidental
Compostela Valley
REGION XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)
South Cotabato
Sultan Kudarat
Cotabato (North Cotabato)
Sarangani
REGION XIII (Caraga)
Agusan Del Norte
Agusan Del Sur
Surigao Del Norte
Surigao Del Sur
Dinagat Islands
CAR- Cordillera Administrative NCR-NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Region City of Manila Municipality City
Abra Quezon City Las Piñas City
Benguet Caloocan City Parañaque City
Pasig City San Juan City
Ifugao Pasay City Taguig City
Kalinga Makati City Pateros

Mountain Province Mandaluyong City Navotas City
Apayao Marikina City Valenzuela City
Malabon City
ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
Basilan
Lanao Del Sur
Maguindanao
Sulu
Tawi-Tawi
ARTICLE XI – ACCOUNTABILITYOF REPUBLICOFFICERS
A public office is the right, authority and duty created and conferred by law which, a given period either fixed by law
or enduring at the pleasure of the appointing power, an individual is invested with some portion of the sovereign functions
of the government to be exercised by him for the benefit of the public. This individual so invested is a public officer.
Section 1. It enunciates the principle of public accountability. It sets down in unequivocal terms the mandate that all
government officials and employees, whether they be highest in the land or the lowest public servants, shall at all times be
answerable for their misconduct to the people from whom the government derives its powers.
Impeachment is a method of national inquest into the conduct of public men.
Impeachable Officials
1. President
2. Vice President
3. Members of the Supreme Court
4. Members of the Constitutional Commissions
5. Ombudsman
The Grounds for impeachment are
1. Culpable violation of the Constitution
2. Treason
3. Bribery
4. Graft and corruption
5. Other high crimes
6. Betrayalof public trust
The Ombudsman (Tanodbayan)
There shall be one Ombudsman and one overall Deputy and at least one Deputy each for Luzon, Visayas and
Midanano and one Deputy for the military establishment.
The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be appointed by the President from a list of six nominees prepared by the judicial
and Bar Council, without the need for confirmation by the Commission on Appointments.
The Ombudsman and his deputies must be natural born citizens of the Philippines; at least forty years old at the time
of appointment; members of the Philippine Bar (lawyers); and must not be candidates in any elective office in the
preceding election.
The Ombudsman has a duty to investigate upon his own initiatives or upon complaints of any person any act or
omission of any public official, office or agency when such act or omission appears to be illegal, unjust improper, or
inefficient.
He can direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action against a public official or employee at fault and
recommend his removal, suspension, demotion, fine, censure or prosecution
ARTICLE XII – NATIONAL ECONOMYAND PATRIMONY
The national economy refers to the entire structure of economic life in a country. It encompasses all the activities
relating to or concerned with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services,and what are called”
factors of production’ which are utilized to carry out these activities.

The national patrimony refers to the natural resources of our country which under the Constitution includes all lands
of the public domain, waters,minerals, coal, petroleum, etc. It is the obligation of every generation to love and care for
their national patrimony, to conserve and develop it for the benefit of succeeding generations.
ARTICLE XIII – SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Social justice is not a mere slogan to express concern for the plight of the poor and the downtrodden. As a mandate
imposed by the constitution, it requires the adoption by the State of measures that guarantee the right of all the people to
equality of opportunity in all fields of human endeavor and to equitable sharing of social and economic benefits with
special emphasis on such measures that ameliorate the standard of living of the under privileged groups.
The end of social justice measures or programs should be to assure that those who are less favored in life be more
favored in law.
ARTICLE XIV – EDUCATION,SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,ARTS,CULTURE AND SPORTS
The states shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate
steps to make such education accessible to all.
Establish, maintain and support a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the
people and society;
Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels.
Without limiting the natural rights of parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory for all children of
school age;
Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies and other incentives which
shall be available to deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to the underprivileged;
Encourage non-formal, informal and indigenous learning system, as well as self-learning, independent and out of
school study programs particularly those that respond to community needs.
Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out of school youth with training in civics vocational efficiency, and other
skills.
All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the curricula.
They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the
role of national heroes in the historical development of the country, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral
character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological
knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.
At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught to their children
or wards in public elementary and high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated or approved by the
religious authorities of the religion to which the children or wards belong, without additional cost to the Government.
All educational institutions shall be owned by the Filipinos or corporations or associations of which at least 60
percent is owned by such citizens.
Control and administration of educational institution shall be vested in citizens of the Philippines.
No school shall be established solely for aliens and no group of aliens shall comprise more than one third of the
enrollment in any school.
All assets of non-stock, nonprofit educational institutions used actually, directly and exclusively for educational
purposes shall be exempt from taxes and duties.
Academic freedom shall be enjoyed by all institutions of higher learning.
Every citizen has the right to select a profession or a course of study subject to fair, reasonable and equitable
admission and academic requirements.
The state shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancements.

The state shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will attract and retain its
rightful share of the best available talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and
fulfilment.
ARTICLE XV – THE FAMILY
The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation.
Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.
The family is very important to the state because it is the basic social institution.
The family is the very heart of society and the community’s first socializing agency.
ARTICLE XVI – GENERAL PROVISIONS
The general provisions include the following:
1. The flag of the Philippines and compulsory flag ceremony.
2. The Congress is given the power to adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem or a national seal.
3. The principle of non suability of the State.
4. The Armed Forces of the Philippines to include a citizen armed force.
5. Assistance to veterans,their widows and orphans.
6. Review of pensions and other benefits due to retirees.
7. Protection of consumers.
8. Ownership and management of mass media by Filipino citizens.
9. Regulation of the advertising agencies.
10. Creation of consultative body for indigenous cultural communities.
ARTICLE XVII – AMENDMENTS OR REVISIONS
Bot denote a change in the Constitution. Amendment is a change effected in some parts of the Constitution without
considering the whole document.
Revision is rewriting or substantially changing the Constitution in its entirety.
Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:
The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or A constitutional convention.
Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition
of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be
represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters therein.
No amendment under this section shall be authorized within five years following the ratification of this Constitution nor
oftener than once every five years thereafter.
The Congress shall provide for the implementation of the exercise of this right.
The Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of all its Members, call a constitutional convention, or by a majority vote
of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a convention.
Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution under section 1 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority
of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the approval
of such amendment or revision.
Any amendment under Section 2 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite
which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the certification by the Commission on
Elections of the sufficiency of the petition.
ARTICLE XVIII – TRANSITORY PROVISION
The transitory provisions of a Constitution are schedules and ordinances forming part of, or appended to, a
Constitution to provide for the transition from the old government to the new and put the provisions of the new
Constitution into effect,or to qualify, restrict or limit some permanent provisions for a limited period.

Their main purpose is to obviate confusion which would otherwise arise during the transition period. They have
temporary or transient operation
ECOLOGY
Ecology is derived from the Greek words “oikos” meaning house and “logos” meaning the study of. It is the scientific
study of the interrelationship of plants and animals and the environment. This word in recent years has been misused as a
synonym for environment. Ecology includes wildlife management, agriculture, forestry, pollution control and
conservation.
Ecological Classification of Organisms
Autotrophs (“self-nourishers or producers”). These are mainly green plants which manufacture their own food from
carbon dioxide, water,mineral and sunlight.
Heterotrophs are organisms which lack metabolic machinery to synthesize their own food and must obtain it from
other sources.
Classification of Heterotrophs
Herbivores – plant eater
Carnivores – predators / animals eater
Omnivores – eat both plants and animals
Scavengers – eat large dead organisms
Decomposer – smaller heterotrophs that feed on dead organisms
Parasites – eat living organisms but unlike predators, they do not devour their hosts at one
IMPORTANT TERMS IN ECOLOGY
Ecosystem refers to an area whose chemical, physical and biological traits and forms of energy present, like air, water
and soil including the organisms big and small are interrelating in a natural way showing specific characteristics that
distinguish the area from adjacent communities. It is a community of living things in an area at a given time, where the
environment affects the growth and development of living things. An ecosystem is a life support system in equilibrium.
Community is the term applied to the assemblage of organisms Biomes refers to the most extensive communities which
occupy a wide geographic area
Conservation is the planed and wise use of water,forest and other natural resources so that they will not be wasted.
Recycling means using something more than once, either just the way it is, or treated and made into something else.
Pollution is the contamination of air, water or soil by material that can injure health, the quality of life or the working
of the ecosystem.
Deforestation means the cutting down of most of the trees from forested land so that the land can be use for another
purpose.
Reforestation means plating new trees in the place where other trees have been but down.
Groundwater is the water that flows in the spaces between soil particles and tocks this up plies water for wells and
springs.
Fossil fuel is anything that comes from once living matter deep in the earth such as coal, gas and oil.
Endangered species refers to organisms whose population is so reduced that they are threatened with extinction.
Extinction is the complete disappearance of a species of a plant or animal from the earth.
Causes of Extinction
1. Environmental change
2. Human activities such as hunting, fishing and clearing of lands and forests.
3. Pollution

Pollution is the addition of chemical, physical or biological agent into the air, water or soil in an amount or rate that
threatens human health, wildlife and plants or disrupts the orderly functioning of the environment. The main pollutants are
industrial wastes and plastics.
Biodegradable are substances which can be broken down by the decomposing action of living organisms like bacteria.
Non-Biodegradable are substances that cannot be broken down by decomposers. They are pollutants like plastics and
other man made chemicals
Ozone Depletion. The zone layer protects the earth from too much radiation of the sun. When ozone layer is
destroyed, the ultraviolets rays coming through pose great health risk to people and other living organisms on earth.
Global warming is the increase in earths temperature due to a build up of certain gases in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse effect is the warming of the earth caused by certain gases that form a blanket in the atmosphere high over
the earth.
Compost heap is a pile of food scraps and yard wastes broken down by worms, tiny insects and other microorganisms
which can be used to enrich the soil.
Acid rain refers to the rainfall with a pH less than 5.6 in a measuring scale that runs from 0-14. Pollutants and other
emissions coming from industrial and electric plants increase acidification. The usual sources of acid rain are electricity
generating plants and large burning of coal and oil.
El Niño is the term applied to the change in the circulation of pacific currents caused by the dropping of pressure in
the giant high pressure system centered near East Pacific of South America. This brings warmer weather on certain areas
and colder weater to other areas in the circulation of the Pacific currents. This phenomenon seems to occur every 4-7
years which brings drought to affected areas. This is named after the Child Jesus,as at this occurs often on Christmas
season.
La Niña is the opposite of El Niño. This brings heavy torrential rains on affected
areas.
Sustainable Development is the term applied to the idea od securing the need of the present but without
compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.
Philippine History
1. Who led the longest revolt in the Philippines during the Spanish times?
Your Answer:Francisco Dagohoy
It lasted for 85 years (1744-1829). Francisco Dagohoy rose in rebellion because a Jesuit priest refused to give his brother,
Sagarino, a Christian burial as he had died in a duel.
2. Who was the Spanish governor-general who ordered the deportation of Jose Rizal to Dapitan?
Your Answer:Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol
Jose Rizal was deported days after he founded the La Liga Filipina on July 6, 1892. La Liga Filipina, ostensibly a civic
association composed of Filipinos that had as its motto 'Unus Instar Omnium' ('One Like All'), was considered by the
Spanish authorities as "dangerous".
3. What was the name of the Filipino soldier who led the Cavite Mutiny of 1872?
Your Answer:Sergeant Lamadrid
Ferdinand La Madrid was a mestizo sergeant who led the mutiny after Spanish authorities subjected his co-soldiers at the
Engineering and Artillery Corps to personal taxes from which they had previously been exempted. The taxes obliged them
to pay a monetary sum and to do the "polo y servicio" or forced labor! (Source: Wikipedia article on the Cavite Munity).
4. Who wrote the "Kartilla", considered the 'bible' of the Katipunan movement?
Your Answer:Emilio Jacinto
Jacinto was the adviser on fiscal matters and secretary to Andrés Bonifacio, the leader of the Katipunan movement. The
primer he wrote consisted of 13 teachings which the members of the (Katipunan) were expected to follow. "A life that is
not dedicated to a noble cause is like a tree without a shade or a poisonous weed" was one of the 13 teachings. Jacinto was
also the editor of the Katipunan newspaper called "Kalayaan", which translates to "Freedom".

5. Who created the designs for the Philippine national flag?
Your Answer:Emilio Aguinaldo
General Emilio Aguinaldo, while in exile in Hong Kong in 1897, conceived the design for the flag, drawing inspiration
from the flags used by the Katipunan and the Cuban revolutionaries. The flag had blue and red horizontal bands with a
white triangle at the flag's left side. Inside the triangle was a yellow sun with eight rays, representing the first eight
provinces which had revolted against the Spaniards. At each corner of the triangle were the three stars for the three main
islands of the Philippines (Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao). The flag was sewn by Agoncillo with her daughter Lorenza,
and Doña Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, Jose Rizal's niece.
6. Who was the last general of the Filipino-American revolution to surrender to the Americans?
Your Answer:Simeon Ola
He surrendered through Colonel Bandholtz in Guinobatan, Albay Province on September 25, 1903 and then took the oath
of allegiance to the United States.
7. Which of the following former presidents died in a plane crash?
Your Answer:Ramon Magsaysay
On March 16, 1957, he, together with some friends and newspapermen went to Cebu on a speaking engagement. At a
little past midnight, March 17, he boarded on the plane 'Mt. Pinatubo' for Manila. The plane unfortunately crashed into a
mountain in Cebu. He and his companions were killed, except for Néstor Mata,a newspaperman.
8. Who named the country 'Islas de San Lazaro'?
Your Answer:Ferdinand Magellan
It was Easter Sunday then, March 31, 1521, the feast day of St. Lazarus.
9. What was the first name of Diego Silang's wife who continued the revolt against the Spaniards in the Ilocos region after
Diego's death?
Your Answer:Gabriela
She was the first Filipino woman to lead a revolt against the Spaniards. She led the group for four months after her
husband's death before she was captured and executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on September 20, 1763.
10. Who was the hero of the Battle at Tirad Pass?
Your Answer:Gregorio del Pilar
The Battle of Tirad Pass,sometimes referred to as the "Philippine Thermopylae", was a battle in the Philippine-American
War fought on December 2, 1899 in Tirad Pass,a narrow trail leading to Cervantes,a town in Ilocos Sur. The 60-man
Filipino contingent was commanded by Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar but they were later defeated by the American
soldiers under Major Peyton C. March. Del Pilar was "one of the youngest generals in the Philippine Revolutionary
Forces during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War." Of the 60 Filipinos, 52, including Del Pilar,
were either killed or wounded.
The Philippines under Spanish Rule
1. The Hispanic Period had started in the Philippines in
1500s. Who was the first Governor of the Philippines?
Your Answer:Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
In 1572, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi became the first
Governor of the Philippines and established a
government together with Augustinian and Dominican
friars.
2. For how many years did Spanish rule last in the
Philippines?
Your Answer:333
The Spaniards occupied the Philippines from 1565 to
1898, exactly 333 years. Spanish rule ended after the
signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1898, which withdrew
Spain from the Philippines, Guam, Cuba and Puerto
Rico.
3. Raja Lakandula and Raja Sulayman revolted against
Governor Guido de Lavezaris, because of the abuses by
the Spaniards. What is the revolt called?
Your Answer:Manila Revolt
The successor to Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, Governor-
General Guido Lavezaris, had sequestered all the
properties of the Rajahs. The revolt failed because of the
loyalty of the Spanish and Filipino troops to the
Governor-General.
4. Which one of these Philippine revolts during the
Hispanic period lasted longest?
Your Answer:Dagohoy Revolt
The Dagohoy Revolt of 1744-1829 was the longest in
the history of the Philippines. Francisco Dagohoy was
mourning for his dead brother, when a Spanish priest
refused to give the latter a Christian burial. He called his
supporters all over Bohol to fight against the injustice.
Twenty Governor-Generals tried to stop the Boholanos
(resident of Bohol) from rebelling but they failed.
Unfortunately, Dagohoy died in 1827 (cause of death
unknown) and the revolt had ended as Dagohoy's

supporters making their last stand. Victory went to the
Spaniards, under Governor General Mariano Ricafort.
Other details (by revolt and years): Palaris Revolt - 3
years,Parang and Upay revolt - 13 years,Camerino
revolt - 4 years.
5. In 1762-1763 the most popular revolt took place in
Ilocos. Diego and Gabriela Silang had defended Ilocos
from the Spanish authorities. Identify the relationship of
the Silangs.
Your Answer:husband and wife
The Silang revolt took place during the British invasion
of the Philippines. In 1763, the revolutionary leader
Diego Silang was killed by his friend, Miguel Vicos; and
his wife Gabriela Silang (the "Joan of Arc"of Ilocos)
continued the revolt for her husband's death. The
Ilocanos were defeated and Gabriela was executed by the
Spaniards, ending the Silang Revolt.
6. The Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule had took
seventeen months to quell. The root of this revolt came
from this kind of order The one, this author described
was a ___________________________.
Your Answer:Religious Order
Apolinario "Hermano Pule" de la Cruz had started his
own religious order named "Confradia de San José"
(Spanish for "Confraternity of Saint Joseph") which was
banned by the Spanish authorities. In June 1840,
Hermano Pule and his supporters fought against the
Spaniards, but they still failed. The Pule Revolt ended
with the execution of de la Cruz in 4th of November,
1841.
Updated 26th June, 2009: miss april changed the FITB
to MC, to avoid further confusion to each quiz players.
To the one who PM'd me, thanks for the correction (I
forgot your name, sorry being busy for almost everyday
- no time to get into the FunTrivia!)
7. Which of these priests was executed by Governor-
General Rafaelde Izuquierdo in 1872?
Your Answer:all of them were executed
Governor General Rafaelde Izquierdo had the three
priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora (also known as "Gomburza") garotted at Cavite
in February 17, 1872.
Additional info: Jose Rizal's "El Filibusterismo" ("The
Reign of Greed") was dedicated to these priests in 1891,
almost two decades after the execution.
8. Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal is Philippines' national hero
because of his large contribution to independence during
the 19th century. What was his main weapon against the
Spaniards?
Your Answer:Pen
The proverb "the pen is mightier than the sword" was
used with reference to novelists like him. His many
literary works include the novels "Noli Me Tangere"
("Touch Me Not"), "El Filibusterismo" ("The Reign of
Greed"), and the poem "Mi Ultimo Adios" ("Farewell,
Beloved Country").
9. Jose Rizal and other Illustrados (Spanish for Filipino
intellectuals) had established this group of propaganda
writers. The name of this progressive society newspaper
against Spain was _______________.
Your Answer:la solidaridad
La Solidaridad ("The Solidarity") was created in
Barcelona, Spain on 13th December,1888. These
Illustrados used the pen to express their freedom of
speech against the corrupt Spanish rulers.
Some of the Propaganda writers were Dr. Jose Rizal,
Marcelo DelPilar, Antonio Luna, Jose Ma. Panganiban,
among others.
Udated 14th of December:I have added the word
newspaper in the question. Credits to merliebrainy for
the corrections.
10. July 1892: La Liga Filipina (Spanish for "The
Philippine League") was established by Dr. Jose Rizal in
Tondo, Manila.
Your Answer:True
La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League) was created to
establish a civil organization for peace and unity. It
became inactive four days after Rizal was secretly
arrested and exiled to Dapitan. Later, the organization
was divided into two: The Katipunans ("Freedom", a
group of revolutionary men) and the Cuerpo de
Compromisarios ("Body of Delegates", a group that
supported La Solidaridad/The Solidarity).
11. Andres Bonifacio talked personally to Rizal during
the later's exile in Dapitan.
Your Answer:n
Ex-La Liga Filipina (Spanish for "The Philippine
League") member and Katipunan ("Freedom" in
FIlipino) founder, Andres Bonifacio, and his chancellors
had decided to persuade Dr. Rizal to join the Katipunans.
The Katipunan group sent Pio Valenzuela, Dr. Rizal's
friend, for the group's appeal but Rizal refused to engage
in violence.
12. Filipinos remembered Dr. Jose Rizal as the patriot
of the masses. He was executed by the Spanish
authorities in Luneta (Bagumbayan by then), Manila in
December 30, 1896. Which of these capital punishments
was used to execute him?
Your Answer:Shooting
During the Spanish period, the garotte and shooting were
the most common methods of execution in the
Philippines. In Dr. Rizal's case,he was shot by the firing
squad on the morning of 30th December,1896 for
treason (against Spain).
13. The massive raid in the printing press of "Diario de
Manila" (Spanish for "The Newspaper of Manila") had
alarmed the Katipunan members due to the arrest of their
severalcomrades. After the second general meeting,
these men decided to tear up this important document.
Which of these was it?
Your Answer: residence certificates
The cause of "Cry of Pugadlawin" (The word "cry" here
means a rallying call or signal and "Pugadlawin" means
hawk's nest in Filipino): The Katipunan existence was

revealed by Teodoro Patiño to his sister and later told to
a priest about the organization. The Spanish authorities
had arrested and executed severalKatipunan members
after the raid on the printing press.
As the sign of commitment to the Katipunans, Bonifacio
and the large group of Katipuneros tore up a "cedula"
(Spanish for residence certificate) in Pugadlawin,
Balintawak. The Katipunans dominated the first battle in
Calookan with the small victory but they retreated in
Mandaluyong, then in Balara after the Spanish
reinforcements had defeated the forces of the
revolutionaries.
14. The Tejeros Convention happened in which
Philippine province?
Your Answer:Cavite
Bonifacio was in negotiations aimed at uniting the
Katipuan factions in Tejeros, Cavite. He was invited by
Magdalo to settle the governorship of the country, but
Magdalo settled for revolutionary government and
Magdiwang ("Celebrate" in Filipino) agreed to retain
Katipunan.
15. The Spanish-American War brought an end to
Spanish rule. In May 1898, the Americans, under
Commodore George Dewey won "The Battle of ______
______".
Your Answer:Manila Bay
"The Battle of Manila Bay" had lasted only few hours
during 1st of May 1898. The USS Olympia and the fleet
of ships under U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron
Commander, Commodore George Dewey had dominated
the Manila Bay. The battle lasted only a few hours till
the Spanish fleet under Admiral Patricio Montojo was
defeated.
The Americans also helped the Filipinos to free the rest
of the country. Emilio Aguinaldo came back from exile
in Hong Kong and declared independence in Cavite on
12th June 1898.
GENERAL INFORMATION PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
1. What is the order of the transfer of power
should the President be incapable of
discharging his/her duties?
a. President, Vice President, Senator,
Congressman
b. President, Vice President, Senate
President, Judge
c. President, Vice President, House Speaker,
Chief Justice
d. President, Vice President, Senate
President, House Speaker
2. On what grounds shall the Vice
President become the President to serve the
unexpired term?
a. Death
b. Permanent Disability
c. Removal from office
d. All f the above
3. The shall be the sole judge of all contests
relating to the election, returns, and
qualification s of the President or Vice
President.
a. Supreme Court
b. Vice President
c. Senators
d. Congressmen/Congresswomen
4. The following are exempt from taxation,
EXCEPT:
a. Non-profit cemetery
b. Charitable institutions
c. Churches
d. Micro enterprises
5. No bill passed by either House shall
become a law unless it has passed
readings on separate days.
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
6. Any amendment to, or revision of the
Constitution may be proposed by:
a. The Congress, upon a vote of three-
fourths of all its members
b. A constitutional convention
c. A and B
d. A or B
7. The present anti-graft court is known as
a. Saliganbayan
b. Sandiganbayan
c. Municipal Court
d. Regional Trial Court
8. A vote of at least of all the members of
the House shall be necessary to affirm a
favorable resolution with the Articles of the
Committee, or override its contrary
resolution.
a. One-fourth
b. One-third
c. One-half
d. Two-thirds
9. The shall have the exclusive power to
initiate all cases of impeachment.

a. House of Representatives
b. Senators
c. President
d. Vice President
10. Who may issue a search warrant or
warrant of arrest?
a. Senator
b. Congressman/Congresswoman
c. Judge
d. President
11. What is the other term for the right to
vote?
a. Appropriation
b. Suffrage
c. extradition
d. Democracy
12. The following are requirements to be
able to vote, EXCEPT:
a. Education
b. At least 18 years of age
c. A resident in the Philippines for at least
one year
d. All of the above
13. The following are qualifications in
running for senator, EXCEPT:
a. A natural-born citizen of the Philippines
b. At least 35 years old
c. Able to read and write
d. None of the above
14. The following are requirements to be a
member of the House of Representatives,
EXCEPT:
a. natural-born citizen of the Philippines
b. At least 35 years old
c. Able to read and write
d. A registered voter
15. What is the term of office of elective
local officials?
a. 2 years
b. 3 years
c. 4years
d. 5 years
General Education Final Coaching - CBRC ReviewCenter
1. Of the following organism, which are included under
kingdom Plantae?
A. Fungi
B. Magnolidae
C. Prokaryotes
D. Charcoal
2. The students showed boredom during the activity;
they looked_______
A. Disinterested
B. Offended
C. Angry
D. Afraid
3. What organism would most likely be in an arctic
environment?
A. Maya
B. Turtle
C. Walrus
D. Crocodile
4. What is the main organ for respiration?
A. Oesophagus
B. Lungs
C. Nose
D. Heart
5. Dengue is an infectious disease transmitted by an
organism classified under which phylum?
A. Chordata
B. Antrophoda
C. Hemichordata
D. Echinodermata
6. _______ means the graphics all be displayed more
than once
A. Texting
B. Timing
C. Tiling
D. Tagging
7. The acronym HTML mean Hyper Text Mark-
up_______ .
A. Line
B. Letter
C. Language
D. Label
8. Three-dimensional image reproduction from a pattern
of interference is called______.
A. Internet
B. Hologram
C. Audio-visual
D. Network
9. What is the molecule that allows plants to capture
energy from sunlight?
A. ATP
B. Oxygen
C. Carbohydrates
D. Chlorophyll
10. Human reproduce when an ovum is combined with a
sperm leading to the development of an embryo. This
form reproduction is called_______.
A. Binary fission

B. Asexual reproduction
C. Budding
D. Fertilization
11. What are the small hair - like structure that serve a
sensory function in eukaryotic cells?
A. Cilia
B. Centromere
C. Act Filaments
D. Plasma membrane
12. Which of the following process best explains the
evolution of life forms or gradually transformation of
species?
A. New combination of genes
B. Natural selection
C. Isolation
D. Genetic drift
13. Who was the orator of the reform movement and first
editor of La Solidaridad? Jose Rizal
A. Jose Rizal
B. Marcelo del Pilar
C. Juan Luna
D. Graciano Lopez Jaena
14. Object person, or situation which perceived causes
action or reaction
A. Sound
B. Stimulus
C. Sight
D. Scent
15. When one controls the supply/production of goods,
this implies
A. Inflation
B. Economic stability
C. Monopoly
D. Economic equilibrium
16. One of the pledges of the Philippines is to defend its.
A. Constitution
B. Land
C. Citizens
D. Island
17. What is considered the earliest form of writing in the
Philippines.
A. Alibata
B. Kalantia
C. Abakada
D. Balitaw
18. Which spanish policy provided the resettlement of
Filipino communities to form town centers of cabeceras?
A. Assimilation
B. Esseminda system
C. Reduccion
D. Bandala
19. Due to close family ties, Filipino families are
generally___________
A. Nuclear
B. Extended
C. Divided
D. Secular
20. Famous ballerina who brought to children of various
economic levels.
A. Lea Salonga
B. Aiza Seguerra
C. Nora Aunor
D. Liza Macula
Ultimate Professional Education Reviewer
1. If schools want to equip children with the
basic skills, what should teachers do?
a. Make pupils master reading, writing and
arithmetic
b. Develop pupils "multiple intelligences
c. Teach them to ask the right question
d. Teach them livelihood skills
2. Which question can help develop students'
creative thinking skills after reading the story
of The Monkey and the Turtle?
a. Why did the Turtle treat the Monkey that
way?
b. Who is wiser— the Monkey or the Turtle?
Why?
c. If you were to re-write the story, how
would you end it?
d. Did you find the story interesting? Explain
your answer.
3. Is outlining an essay read in the level of
creative and metacognitive reading?
a. No
b. Yes
c. Yes, if a student is asked to go beyond a
skeletal
d. No, if a student is asked just an ordinary
outline.
4. Which word is contrary to a creative
classroom atmosphere?
a. Perspective
b. Non-judgmental
c. Open
d. Liberal
5. Have factual skills something to do with
metacognitive skills?
a. Yes, the prerequisite knowledge must
have been mastered so a student can
engage in higher metacognitive process.
b. No, the prerequisite knowledge is
disconnected to metacognitive processes
c. Yes, if the subject matter is extremely
difficult
d. No, if the subject matter is quite easy

6. If you apply the cognitive theories of
learning with which do you agree?
a. Learning is an active process of organizing
and integrating information.
b. Learning is strengthening the connection
between stimulus and response.
c. Learning involves a mind that is totally
blank.
d. Learning is automatically responding to a
stimulus.
7. How would you make your students look
forward to coming to schoolevery day from
the point of view of B.F. Skinner's
reinforcement theory?
a. Make them enjoy learning activities.
b. Make use of mental drills in the
classroom.
c. Convince them of the importance of
education.
d. Always end your lessons with a clear
summary.
8. How would you make the teaching-
learning process effective from the point of
view of Gestalt theories?
a. Ask your students to draw their insights
from the lesson.
b. Reward every performing child.
c. Dwell on the development of critical
thinking.
d. Punish a child who does not do his/her
assignment.
9. Which is an application of Vygotsky's zone
of proximal development?
a. Guide the child for learning until she/he
can be on his/her own
b. Transmit information to students
c. Reward every child for every good work
d. Create a stimulating learning environment
10. If a teacher is humanistic, on which
learning goal is he focused? Facilitating the
development of:
a. Self-actualized individuals
b. Learners who can process information
c. Independent learners (liberal-minded)
d. Highly skilled technical individuals
11. Which is an application of Gardner's MI
theory?
a. Make use of variety of teaching strategies
b. Stick to one proven effective teaching for
learners with multi-intelligences
c. Present one model of a project for class to
imitate
d. Demonstrates the steps in doing an
experiment
12. Which would be Piaget's advice to
teachers?
a. Challenge the learners ability but do not
present information far beyond their level
b. There is no such thing as information
beyond the level of learners provided it is
presented clearly
c. Use varied teaching strategies to cater to
learners varied developmental stages
d. Arrange subject matter in a hierarchal
manner
13. Which flows from Kohlberg's theory of
moral development?
a. Use of moral dilemmas
b. Teacher as model of values
c. Using the inculcation method of values
education
d. Teaching the unchanging values
14. For discipline, how should you approach
a student's misbehavior from the point of
view of Skinner's extinction or non-
reinforcement theory?
a. Ignore the misbehavior (mild)
b. Punish the misbehaving student as
inconspicuously as possible (not acceptable-
positive punishment-undesirable)
c. Withdraw a privilege which the student
used to entail (negative punishment-
undesirable)
d. Isolate the student to prevent disruption
of class activities (antiseptic bouncing-
heavy)
15. Applying information processing theory, I
how can you help learners increase retrieval
of information by context?
a. Connect the information to a situation
b. Recite the information, not just hear
c. Personalize the information
d. Connecting pieces of information
16. What is an application of Ausubel's
subsumption theory to instruction?
a. Make use of advance organizers
b. Teach from the concrete to abstract
c. Arrange curriculum hierarchically
d. Connect one information to another
17. If a teacher is guided by Gestalt's Law of
Figure/Ground when he/she teaches, what
does she/he do?
a. Highlights the words I want to give
attention to

b. Relates the topic to something the student
already knows (background)
c. Arranges topics logically
d. Teaches topic that are similar close to one
another
18. If a teacher applies Kolb's experiential
learning theory in his teaching, with which
will he begin his lesson?
a. Concrete experience
b. Testing in new situations
c. Observation and reflection
d. Abstract concepts
19. Which is a pedagogical consequence of
John Locke's tabula rasa?
a. Teacher does not expect students to have
built in mental content
b. Teacher withdraws ideas from students
minds
c. Teacher expects knowledge contributions
from students
d. Teacher draws insights from learners
20. In the context of Piaget's cognitive
theory, to which do you attribute a
kindergartners inability to see reality from
other's point of view?
a. Egocentrism
b. Assimilation
c. Decent ration
d. Accommodation
21. If your approach to teaching is
constructivist, which class behavior is
observable?
a. Students uncompounded words by
creating their own compound words using
comic strip
b. Teacher introduces and develops the
lesson without interruption
c. Students don't ask questions as these are
signs of inattention
d. Students drill on subject-verb agreement
22. Which assumption about learning
underlies the cognitive model of learning?
a. One cannot force someone to learn
b. The process of learning excludes sensory
input
c. Meaningful learning can be imposed on
learners
d. Mistakes committed in the process of
learning are unacceptable
23. Research says that the adolescent
compares her parents to an ideal standard
and then criticizes their flaws. To which can
you attribute this behavior?
a. Adolescents increased sense of idealism
b. Society urgent for model parents
c. Adolescents desire for recognition
d. Biological maturation of adolescents
24. Research findings show that conformity
to pressure in adolescence can be positive or
negative. How can a teacher channel this
conformity for good? Challenge them to:
a. Work on a noble project of fund raising for
indigent children
b. Organize sororities/fraternities
c. Embark on class projects by group
d. Think like everyone in their group
25. Group identity often overrides personal
identity in adolescence. Which should be
done for optimum learning?
a. Organize group work
b. Assess learning by group
c. Eliminate individual projects
d. Make greater use of intrapersonal
activities
26. Harry Stack Sullivan (1953), the most
influential theorist to discuss the importance
of adolescence friendships, argued that there
is a dramatic increase in the psychological
importance and intimacy of close friends
during early adolescence. What then should
be done?
a. Adolescents should develop genuine
friendships
b. Adolescents should allowed to go dating
c. Parents should choose the friends for their
children
d. Adolescents should set standards that
govern their choice of lifetime partners
27. Researches on the brain tell that the
brain is more "plastic" in younger children
and potentially more malleable for re-routing
neural circuits. What is an implication on
reading disabilities?
I. Early identification of reading disabilities is
very important
II. Remediation for reading disabilities must
be given as early as possible
III. Reading disabilities in late childhood are
beyond remediation
a. I and II
b. II only
c. I only
d. III only
28. In the formal operation stage of Piaget's
cognitive development, which can individuals
do?
I. Views things only from his perspective

II. Begin to think abstractly
III. Reason logically
IV. Draw conclusions from given information
a. I III and IV
b. II and IV
c. I and II
d. land IV
29. According to Erikson, what happens to a
young adult who is confused about his/her
possible future role as an adult?
a. Isolates himself/herself
b. Findings intimacy through meaningful
friendship
c. Fails to grasp a sense of meaning in life
d. Trust himself/herself
30. Assessment must be authentic. If you
want to know how well children read and
write, which should you do?
a. Have them read and write
b. Have them mark, circle and underline
words after you have read them
c. Allow children to select how they will be
evaluated
d. Have them list the stories they read for
the
31. Which practice goes with authentic
assessment?
a. Make students dance tango to determine
if they learned how to dance tango
b. Make students recite the multiplication
table to check for mastery
c. Make students check their own answer
after quiz
d. Make students come up with a flow chart
to
demonstrates a process
32. In what way are the results of
summative assessment utilized?
a. To assign a grade
b. To diagnose learning difficulties
c. To guide teacher in her choice of class
activity
d. To check attainment lesson objectives
33. What does a grade given to the student's
measure?
a. Learners achievement
b. Learners intelligence
c. Parents involvement in the learning of a
child
d. Teacher effectiveness
34. What does the phrase assessment for
learning imply?
a. Assessment is meant to improve learning.
b. Assessment is a necessary ingredients of
the teaching learning process
c. There can be no learning without
assessment
d. There is no assessment without learning
35. If a teacher believes in the concept of
education that makes every individual a
useful citizen to the state, then he is
influenced by the concept:
a. Conformity
b. Humanitarianism
c. Security
d. Utilitarianism
36. It is a science that deals with the
methods and strategies of teachings.
a. Epistemology
b. Metaphysics
c. Pedagogy
d. Ethics
37. If a teacher believes that even though
there is an external world from which human
beings acquire sensory information, ideas
originate from the working of the mind, then
we can consider him as:
a. Idealist
b. Empiricist
c. Existentialist
d. Pragmatist
38. If a teacher believes that a child's mind
is TABULA RASA, then the teacher will most
likely engage the students in process for
them to learn.
a. Sensory impressions
b. Reflections
c. Reasoning
d. Meta-cognition
39. A teacher who believes that one should
not trust the senses since ideas are arrived
at only by reason in influenced by:
a. Naturalist
b. Existentialist
c. Rationalist
d. Empiricist
40. The concept of karma originated from:
a. Hebrews
b. Hindus
c. Greeks
d. Chinese
41. After Marcos' declaration of Martial Law,
he signed PD 6-A in order to:

a. Establish a complete, adequate and
integrated system of education
b. Undertake educational
development/projectsand the mechanics of
implementation and financing
c. improve the quality of education in all
levels
d. Regulate and control the practice of
teaching O profession
42. Which law requires the teachers to be a
college graduate and a passer of the
Professional Board Examinations for
Teachers (PBET)?
a. RA 7836
b. RA 1006
c. PD 1006
d. RA 9155
43. During the time of Marcos, which agency
served as DEC's partner in the licensing of
teachers?
a. PRC
b. CSC
c. NCCA
d. PSC
44. According to Education Act of 1982,
which of these processes would promote the
standard of the schools?
a. Promoting an environment conducive to
learning
b. Promoting the rights and duties of
citizenship
c. Submitting all programs/system to
voluntary accreditation
d. Establishment of the complete, adequate,
and integrated system of education 1804.
45. Which schools are under the control,
regulation and supervision of the
government?
a. Public, private, sectarian, and
nonsectarian school
b. Private schools under the religious group
c. Public schools under the supervision of the
executives of education
d. Sectarian and nonsectarian schools
46. It was adopted to provide universal
access to basic learning, and to eradicate
literacy.
a. "Paaralan-sa-bawat-Baranggay"
b. Values Education Framework
c. Education for All (EFA)
d. Science and Education Development Plan
47. What should teachers teach students to
eradicate bullying among kids in school?
a. Full development of talents
b. Respect for the dignity of persons
c. Athletic skills
d. Full development of physical pow
48. A teacher compiled the outputs of her
peers and put her name as the author.
Which is unprofessional in her action?
a. Not giving credit to others for their work
b. Failing to correct what appears to be
unprofessional
c. conduct Giving due credit to others for
their work
d. Holding inviolate all confidential
information concerning associates
49. How can teachers uphold the high
standard of the teaching profession?
a. By working for the promotion in the
system
b. By continuously improving themselves
personally and professionally
c. By pointing out the advantages of joining
the teaching profession
d. By good grooming to change people's poor
perception of teachers
50. The Educational Act of 1982 expressly
granted to institutions of higher learning the
freedom to determine on academic grounds
who shall be admitted to study, who may
teach and what shall be the subject of the
study and research. This refers to:
a. academic freedom
b. institutional freedom
c. educational freedom
d. constitutional freedom
51. Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution
provides that State shall assign the highest
budgetary priority to education to:
a. ensure that all schools are provided with
modern equipment and facilities
b. encourage teachers to conduct more
researchers and studies on the arts and
culture
c. attract the best available talents to
adequate remuneration
d. curtail the exodus of teachers seeking
employment a/ abroad
52. When a delinquent, failing student comes
to you for help and asks you for extra work
so he can cope. What is ethical for you to
do?
a. Give him the extra work he is asking, then
if he passes quality work, give him a passing
mark
b. Make the extra work that he is asking
extremely difficult for him to learn a lesson
(not helping)
c. Extend the needed assistance in solving
the student's difficulties, not necessarily by
giving the extra work that he is asking (not
connected to the question)

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