The document outlines different principles of solid waste management, including the polluter pays principle (PPP). The PPP proposes that those who produce pollution should bear the costs of managing it to prevent damage to the environment. The document discusses applications of the PPP in solid waste management through economic instruments like waste tariffs and fees. These charge waste producers like households and industries for waste collection and disposal. The document also compares the PPP to pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) schemes, which charge residents based on the amount and type of waste generated. Both approaches have advantages in encouraging waste reduction but also limitations.

1. Vs
Solid waste management
by
Mohammedgezali.I

2. outlines
o Introduction
o Environmental principles
o Polluters pays principle
o Application of PPP in SWM
o PPP VS PAYT
o Advantages VS Disadvantages
o References

3. Introduction

4. Intro……

5. Intro …
• Wastes was directly linked to human development, both
technologically and socially.
• The compositions of different wastes have varied over time and
location.
• The generation of solid waste is the inevitable consequence of
all processes nowadays
• an integrated waste management strategy will often required
which has a combination of different measures like economic instruments
and legislative(policies) measures,

6. What are environmental principles?
• The Act focuses on “pollution prevention and the
protection of the environment and human health in
order to contribute to sustainable development.“
• They act as guidance for judges and decision-makers
• They are :-
– The precautionary principle:
– The prevention principle:
– The polluters pays principle

7. Discussion of Polluter-Pays Principle
• proposed in 1972 by the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD),
• under Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development
• The principle essentially implies that polluters must bear the
costs of restoring the environment of that pollution.
• “States that whoever is responsible for damage to the
environment should bear the costs associated with it."

8. • With respect of waste management, this generally refers to the
requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal
of the waste.
– There are two components : the polluter, and the payment.
• In a case of environmental pollution, there is significant cost
incurred to restoring the environment to a pristine state
– If this environment is public land, usually the government would have to
bear the cost of restoring the pollution.
• therefore taxpayers individuals are responsible for pollution
caused by third parties.
Cont‟d….

9. Cont‟d
• In order to forge a direct causal link to the pollution, it is
necessary to
– determine the source or origin of the pollution and
– then attribute liability to that source,
– so that the „polluter‟ and not the general public is responsible for
the „payment‟.
• "Damage to the environment" and "costs to the environment"

10. Application of PPP in SWM
• There is a wide variety of methods for the application of PPP in
solid waste management, targeting different types of waste and
waste producers.
 Economic instruments seek to force changes in behavior of
waste producers through changes in the cost structure at some
point in the product life cycle,
 legislative measures work through the restriction of waste
management options legally available.

11. In the following, different methods of applying the
PPP in waste management
• Waste tariffs/fees for waste collection/treatment/disposal:
economic instrument used to apply PPP.
– aimed at recovering the cost of building and operating the
services and infrastructure required for collection,
treatment and disposal of the waste they produce.
(i.e. households/consumers, commerce, industry),
– Tariffs and fees are applied in many countries to finance
municipal solid waste management systems.

12. • commonly in form of a monthly flat-fee charge (per
household or per person) or as a volume-based tariff
– The “pay-as-you-throw” (PAYT) scheme
– which has to be paid directly at the treatment or disposal
facility.
• Another method is the payment of waste charges together
with the property tax
– (i.e. calculated based on type and size of property).
• separate tariffs and fees apply for the disposal of hazardous
solid and liquid wastes produced by industry.

13. Environmental taxes:
applied to discourage consumption of specific types of products, and thus reduce the arising of specific
types of waste
• use and handling restrictions on hazardous waste producers
through a series of legislative measures that seek to minimize the
use of hazardous substances and the generation of wastes
containing them.
• Product taxes are applied on the price of certain goods such as
disposable or non-recyclable beverage containers, plastic
tableware, plastic bags, disposable cameras, products containing
hazardous substances, etc.

14. • Raw material taxes:- used for the production of goods whose
consumption is to be discouraged
– (i.e. raw material used to produce plastic liquid
containers).
• Waste disposal or landfill taxes :-a means to discourage
landfilling of waste and/or providing incentives for general
waste prevention or recycling.

15. PPPAND PAYT
 It a policy principle
 Deals with the restoration of the
degraded or altered environment
and compensation for damage
happened
 Size of the solid wastes needs to be
related directly to the environmental
damage done by production OF SW
 The types of the wastes related the
types of damage they are liable off
 Measure under the policy principle
 Deals with the cost of collection of
generated wastes of one‟s
premises/organization /company.
 Charging the inhabitants of
municipalities according to the
amount of residual, organic, and
bulky waste they send for third-party
waste management.
 Types of wastes related to the
amounts of payment.

16. Pros and cons
 It is a simple extension of
the principle of fairness and
justice
 It enhance economic
efficiency that is it helps to
protect the
environment
 Revenues collected can help
to achieve other social goals
 help in the apportioning of
blame to the one who causes
the pollution. Instead of
blaming everybody for
somebody's crime
• Extremely capitalist
solution to an ecological
and social problem
– inconsistent with the
principle of inter-
generational equity.
– Poor application against
government bodies funded by
taxes paid by citizens.
– No clear consensus or formula
how damages can be computed
restoration of the environment to the
original state or for incidental harms

17. Reference
• Atapattu, S. (2007). Emerging Principles of International Environmental Law. Pub: Brill,476
Bowonder, B. and Arvind, S. S. (1989). Environmental regulations and litigation in India. Project
Appraisal, 4:4, 182–196.
• Iyengar, S. (2016). Know the Polluter Pays Principle: Who Pays and How Much?.
The Quint, January 30, 2016, available at http://www.thequint.com/india/2016/01/29/
know-the-polluter-pays-principle-who-pay sand-how-much. (Last accessed on February 10,
2016).
• J. Pezzey [1988], 'Market Mechanisms of Pollution Control: 'Polluter Pays',
Economic and Practical Aspects', in R.K. Turner (ed), Sustainable
Environmental Management: Principles and Practice, Belhaven Press,
London, 190-242.
• kim, E (2008). Chemical Sunset: Technological Inflexibility and Designing an Intelligent
Precautionary “Polluter Pays” Principle. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 33(4), 459–479.
• Kriebel, D., Tickner, J., Epstein, P., Lemons,J., Levins, R., Loechler, E.L., . . . Stoto,
M.(2001). The Precautionary Principle in Environmental Science. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 109(9), 871–876.