Fugitive Emission | types | source of emission | Gaurav Singh Rajput

1. Fugitive Emissions
Gaurav Singh Rajput
@gauravkrsrajput

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Fugitive Emissions
 Unintentional releases, such as those due
to leaking equipment, are known as fugitiv
e emissions
 Can originate at any place where equipme
nt leaks may occur
 Can also arise from evaporation of hazard
ous compounds from open topped tanks

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Fugitive Emissions
Sources
Pumps and Valves
Tanks
Measurement
Calculation
Prevention

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Relief valves
18%
Flanges
3%
Pumps
27%
Drains
1%
Compressors
8%
Valves
43%
Agitatorseals Loadingarms
Compressorseals Meters
Connectors Open-endedlines
Diaphrams Polishedrods
Drains Pressurereliefdevices
Dumpleverarms Pumpseals
Flanges Stuffingboxes
Hatches Valves
Instruments Vents

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Pumps and Valves
 70% of process plant fugitive emissio
ns are from pumps and valves
 Measurement of fugitive emissions wil
l require some level of knowledge of
pumps and valves

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Pump Packing

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Centrifugal Pump

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Pump and Motor Assembly

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Pumps and Flanges

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Gate Valve

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Globe Valve

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Gate Valve

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Globe Valve

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Sources
Check Valve

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Sources: Butterfly Valves

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Flanges

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Flanges

21. Piping Systems
 One line diagrams
 Valves
 Pumps
 Pipes
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22. Tanks
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23. Tanks
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24. Tanks
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25. Tanks
Fugitive Emissions
 Tanks are designed to reduce fugitive emi
ssions
 Floating roof tanks are typically used for v
ery large diameter tanks where a fixed roo
f construction becomes expensive to supp
ort and for products where vapor emission
s become an issue
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Fugitive Emissions from Storage Ta
nks
There are six basic tank designs
 Fixed roof
 vertical or horizontal
 least expensive
 least acceptable for storing liquids
 emission are caused by changes in
 temperature
 pressure
 liquid level
(a) Typicalfixed-rooftank.

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Fugitive Emissions from Storage Ta
nks
 External floating roof
 open-topped cylindrical steel shell
 steel plate roof that floats on the surface of the liquid
 emission limited to evaporation losses from
 an imperfect rim seal system
 fittings in the floating deck
 any exposed liquid on the tank wall when liquid is wit
hdrawn and the roof lowers
 Domed external floating roof
 similar to internal floating roof tank
 existing floated roof tank retrofitted with a fixed roof to b
lock winds and minimize evaporative loses

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External Floating Roof Tanks
(b) Externalfloatingrooftank(pontoon
type).
(d) D om ed externa l floating roof tank.

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(c) Internal floating roof tank.(c) Internal floating roof tank.
Fugitive Emissions from Storage Ta
nks
 Internal floating roof
 permanent fixed roof with
a floating roof inside
 evaporative losses from
 deck fittings
 non-welded deck sea
ms
 annular space betwee
n floating deck and th
e wall

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Fugitive Emissions from Storage Ta
nks
 Variable vapor space
 expandable vapor reservoirs to accommodate v
olume fluctuations due to:
 temperature
 barometric pressure changes
 uses a flexible diaphragm membrane to provide
expandable volume
 losses are limited to:
 tank filling times when vapor displaced by li
quid exceeds tank’s storage capacity

31. Measuring Fugitive Emissions
Instruments
 Portable gas detector
 Catalytic bead
 Non-dispersive infrared
 Photo-ionization detectors
 Combustion analyzers
 Standard GC with flame ioni
zation detector is most com
monly used
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Measuring Fugitive Emissions
Approach
 Average emission factor approach
 Screening ranges approach
 EPA correlation approach
 Unit-specific correlation approach

33. Measuring Fugitive Emissions
 What factors can impact fugitive emission
measurement?
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Average Emission Factor Approach
EFWFTOC A TOC
ETOC = TOC emission rate from a component (kg/hr)
FA = applicable average emission factor for the component (kg/hr)
WFTOC = average mass fraction of TOC in the stream serviced by the component
Table10.9
Averageemissionfactorsforestimatingfugitiveemissions
Equipmenttype Service
TOCemissionfactor
(kg/hr/source)
SOCMI Refinery
Marketing
Terminal
Valves Gas
Lightliquid
Heavyliquid
0.00597
0.00403
0.00023
0.0268
0.0109
0.00023
1.3x10-5
4.3x10-5
-
Pumpseals Gas
Lightliquid
Heavyliquid
-
0.0199
0.00862
-
0.144
0.021
6.5x10-5
5.4x10-4
-

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Screening Ranges Approach
 Leak/ No-leak approach
 more exact than the average emissions
approach
 relies on screening data from the facility, r
ather than on industry wide averages
EFNFNTOCGGLL ( )( )
TOCemissionrateforanequipmenttype
FG = applicableemissionfactorforsourceswithscreeningvaluesgreaterthan
orequalto10,000ppmv(kg/hr/source)
NG = equipmentcountforsourceswithscreeningvaluesgreaterthanorequalto
10,000ppmv
FL = applicableemissionfactorforsourceswithscreeningvalueslessthan
10,000ppmv(kg/hr/source)
NL =equipmentcountforsourceswithscreeningvalueslessthan10,000ppmv

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EPA Correlation Approach
 Predicts mass emission rates as a function of
screening values for a particular equipment ty
pe
 Total fugitive emissions = sum of the emissio
ns associated with each of the screening valu
es
 Default-zero leak rate is the mass emission ra
te associated with a screening value of zero

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EPA Correlation Approach
Table10.11
EPAcorrelationsforestimatingfugitiveemissions
Equipment type TOCleakratefromcorrelation*
(kg/hr/unit)
Default-zero
emissionrate
(kg/hr/unit)
SOCMI Refinery
Gasvalves 1.8x10-6
SV0.873
- 6.6x10-7
Liquidliquidvalves 6.41x10-6SV0.797 - 4.9x10-7
Valves(all) - 2.29x10-6
SV0.746
7.8x10-6
Light liquidpumps 1.90x10-5
SV0.824
- 7.5x10-6
Pumpseals(all) - 5.03x10-5
SV0.610
2.4x10-5
Connectors 3.05x10-6
SV0.885
- 6.1x10-7
Connectors - 1.53x10-6
SV0.735
7.5x10-6
Flanges - 4.61x10-6SV0.703 3.1x10-7
Open-endedlines - 2.20x10-6
SV0.704
2.0x10-6

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Unit-Specific Correlation Approac
h
 Most exact, but most expensive method
 Screening values and corresponding mass
emissions data are collected for a statistic
ally significant number of units
 A minimum number of leak rate measure
ments and screening value pairs must be
obtained to develop the correlations

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Controlling Fugitive Emissions
 Modifying or replacing existing equipment
 Implementing a leak detection and repair
(LDAR) program

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Equipment Modification
Equipment type Modification
Approximate
control
efficiency
(%)
Pumps Sealless design 100
Closed-vent system 90
Dual mechanical seal with barrier fluid maintained
at a higher pressure than the pumped fluid
100
Compressors Closed-vent system 90
Dual mechanical seal with barrier fluid maintained
at a higher pressure than the pumped fluid
100
Pressure-relief
devices
Closed-vent system varies
Rupture disk assembly 100
Valves Sealless design 100
Connectors Weld together 100
Open-ended lines Blind, cap, plug or second valve 100
Sampling
connections
Closed-loop sampling 100

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Equipment Modification
Magnetic Drive Pump

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LDAR Programs
 Designed to identify pieces of equipment t
hat are emitting sufficient amounts of mat
erial to warrant reduction of emissions thr
ough repair
 Best applied to equipment types that can
be repaired on-line or to equipment for wh
ich equipment modification is not suitable

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Emissions Estimation from Storage Tanks
L LLT S W 
LT = total losses, kg/yr
LS = standing storage losses, kg/yr
LW = working losses, kg/yr
The standing storage losses are due to breathi
ng of the vapors above the liquid in the storag
e tank
L VWKKS VVES365
VV = vapor space volume, m3
WV = vapor density, kg/m3
KE = vapor space expansion factor, dimen
sionless
KS = vented space saturation factor, dime
nsionless
365 = days/year
W
MP
RTV
V VA
LA

MV = vapor molecular weight
R = universal gas constant, mm Hg-L/EK-mo
l
PVA = vapor pressure at daily average liquid su
rface temperature,
TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature
, EK
K
T
T
P P
P PE
V
LA
V B
A VA
 


  
)TV = daily temperature range, EK
)PV = daily pressure range,
)PB = breather vent pressure setting range,
PA = atmospheric pressure,

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Emissions Estimation from Storage Tanks
K
PHS
VA VO


1
10053.
HVO = vapor space outage, ft = height of a cylinder of tank diameter, D,
whose volume is equivalent to the vapor space volume of the tank
L MPQKKW VVANP00010.
Q = annual net throughput (tank capacity (bbl) times annual turnover rate), bbl/yr
KN = turnover factor, dimensionless
for turnovers > 36/year, KN = (180 + N)/6N
for turnovers # 36, KN = 1
where N = number of tank volume turnovers per year
KP = working loss product factor, dimensionless
for crude oils = 0.75
for all other liquids = 1.0

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Fugitive Emissions from Waste,
Treatment and DisposalI = important S = secondary N = negligible or not applicable
Surface Wastewater treatment plants Land
Pathway impoundments Aerated Non-aerated treatment Landfill
Volatilization I I I I I
Biodegradation I I I I S
Photodecomp. S N N N N
Hydrolysis S S S N N
Oxidation/red’n N N N N N
Adsorption N S S N N
Hydroxyl radical N N N N N