Announcements ■ Quiz #3 – Opens today, 4pm – Closes tomorrow, Friday night, at 11:59pm ■ Mini-Synthesis Essay A – All graded – Email questions or concerns ■ Mini-Synthesis Essay B – Due next Friday, July 19, at 11:59pm – Drafts due Wednesday, July 17, at 11:59pm – Email me to schedule individual meetings Synthesis Essays: General Comments ■ SYNTHESIZE TWO JOURNAL ARTICLES – Secondary source ■ Academic Journal Articles – NOT primary source ■ May use, but does not count towards minimum 2 ■ SYNTHESIZE TWO JOURNAL ARTICLES – Put into conversation with one another – How are they related? How do they overlap? – How do they enlighten, engage, or challenge each other? – How do they respond to the prompt? ■ Individually AND together Synthesis Essays: General Comments ■ Acceptable Secondary Sources: – Marcos, “Indigenous Eroticism and Colonial Morality in Mexico” – Cooke, “Generations and Regeneration” – Porterfield, “Witchcraft and Colonization” – Silva, “Miraculous Plagues” – Davis, “Religion and the American Revolution” – Grasso, ”Deist Monster” – Fluhman, “Anti-Mormonism” – Willsky, “The (Un)Plain Bible” – Hall, “Beyond Self-Interest” – Minges, “Beneath the Underdog” – Poole, “Religion, Gender, and the Lost Cause” – Cossen, “Catholic Gatekeepers” – Kil, “Fearing Yellow, Imagining White” – Paddison, “Disorderly Doctrines” – McCartney, “Religion, the Spanish- American War, and the Idea of American Mission” – Kittelstrom, “The International Social Turn” Synthesis Essays: General Comments ■ Outside Sources – Must be approved by instructor – Essays CAN and SHOULD be completed with only the use of course materials ■ Avoid Block Quotes – Block Quotes: quotes longer than 3 lines – ONLY when ABSOLUTELY necessary – Be more strategic with your citations – ENGAGE/ANALYZE with the text Synthesis Essays: General Comments ■ Language – Academic writing is professional writing ■ Requires degree of formality – Avoid informal/colloquial phrases – Avoid 1st person plural (we/us) – Avoid 2nd person (you) ■ Citations – Journal articles = in quotes – Books = italicized or underlined Synthesis Essays: General Comments ■ CITATIONS – MUST be consistent and specific – Reference specific page numbers ■ Not just page on your pdf/document ■ Page number of the actual journal article – E.g. ”blah blah blah” (Poole, 574). – MUST use for both direct quotes AND paraphrasing – Plagiarism: any representation of someone else’s work, words, and/or ideas without giving proper credit ■ I.e. claiming their work/words/ideas as your own ■ Anything not cited is assumed to be your own work/words/ideas Mini-Synthesis Essay B Prompt ■ Throughout this class, we have discussed the many ways in which religion intersects with power, especially when it comes to the definition and enforcement of Insider-Outsider identities. Religion has been an important factor in American history as a means of and motivation for the application, navigation, and res ...

1. Announcements
■ Quiz #3
– Opens today, 4pm
– Closes tomorrow, Friday night, at 11:59pm
■ Mini-Synthesis Essay A
– All graded
– Email questions or concerns
■ Mini-Synthesis Essay B
– Due next Friday, July 19, at 11:59pm
– Drafts due Wednesday, July 17, at 11:59pm
– Email me to schedule individual meetings
Synthesis Essays: General Comments
■ SYNTHESIZE TWO JOURNAL ARTICLES
– Secondary source
■ Academic Journal Articles
– NOT primary source
■ May use, but does not count towards minimum 2
■ SYNTHESIZE TWO JOURNAL ARTICLES
– Put into conversation with one another
– How are they related? How do they overlap?
– How do they enlighten, engage, or challenge each other?
– How do they respond to the prompt?
■ Individually AND together

2. Synthesis Essays: General Comments
■ Acceptable Secondary Sources:
– Marcos, “Indigenous Eroticism and
Colonial Morality in Mexico”
– Cooke, “Generations and
Regeneration”
– Porterfield, “Witchcraft and
Colonization”
– Silva, “Miraculous Plagues”
– Davis, “Religion and the American
Revolution”
– Grasso, ”Deist Monster”
– Fluhman, “Anti-Mormonism”
– Willsky, “The (Un)Plain Bible”
– Hall, “Beyond Self-Interest”
– Minges, “Beneath the Underdog”
– Poole, “Religion, Gender, and the
Lost Cause”
– Cossen, “Catholic Gatekeepers”
– Kil, “Fearing Yellow, Imagining
White”
– Paddison, “Disorderly Doctrines”
– McCartney, “Religion, the Spanish-
American War, and the Idea of

3. American Mission”
– Kittelstrom, “The International
Social Turn”
Synthesis Essays: General Comments
■ Outside Sources
– Must be approved by instructor
– Essays CAN and SHOULD be completed
with only the use of course materials
■ Avoid Block Quotes
– Block Quotes: quotes longer than 3 lines
– ONLY when ABSOLUTELY necessary
– Be more strategic with your citations
– ENGAGE/ANALYZE with the text
Synthesis Essays: General Comments
■ Language
– Academic writing is professional writing
■ Requires degree of formality
– Avoid informal/colloquial phrases
– Avoid 1st person plural (we/us)
– Avoid 2nd person (you)
■ Citations
– Journal articles = in quotes
– Books = italicized or underlined

4. Synthesis Essays: General Comments
■ CITATIONS
– MUST be consistent and specific
– Reference specific page numbers
■ Not just page on your pdf/document
■ Page number of the actual journal article
– E.g. ”blah blah blah” (Poole, 574).
– MUST use for both direct quotes AND paraphrasing
– Plagiarism: any representation of someone else’s work, words,
and/or ideas
without giving proper credit
■ I.e. claiming their work/words/ideas as your own
■ Anything not cited is assumed to be your own
work/words/ideas
Mini-Synthesis Essay B Prompt
■ Throughout this class, we have discussed the many ways in
which religion intersects with
power, especially when it comes to the definition and
enforcement of Insider-Outsider
identities. Religion has been an important factor in American
history as a means of and
motivation for the application, navigation, and resistance of
power.
■ Discuss/Describe the ways in which religion is used to

5. oppress and/or resist oppression.
– Which has been more often the case in American religious
history?
– Which has been more successful in American religious
history?
– Significance: In what ways does religion intersect with power
today?
■ Synthesize/Discuss at least TWO SECONDARY SOURCE
JOURNAL ARTICLES to respond to
the prompt
– You may NOT use the articles you used for the first essay
THE CIVIL WAR,
RECONSTRUCTION, AND
THE RELIGION OF
THE LOST CAUSE
REL2121 – July 11, 2019
Lecture Agenda
■ Civil War
■ History of Reconstruction
■ Religion of the Lost Cause
■ History of Jim Crow
– To be continued…

6. ■ Addendum
The Civil War
■ Fought from 1861-1865
■ Total military deaths: 620,000 – 750,000
– More than US military deaths in
all other wars combined
■ Slavery and States’ Rights
– Southern fear of rising Northern
political influence
– Southern fear of rising federal
government power
– Southern fear of rising anti-slavery
rhetoric and movements
The Civil War
■ Denominational Splits
– Methodists – 1844
– Baptists – 1845
– Presbyterians – 1857
– Catholics – 1861
– Episcopalians – 1861
■ Leonidas Polk (1806-1864)

7. – Episcopal Bishop of Louisiana
– Confederate major general
■ “Sewanee’s Fighting Bishop”
The Civil War
■ Civil War Refugees
– More than 400,000 enslaved
Blacks escaped to North
– Fought for Union army
– “Largest slave rebellion in the
history of Atlantic slavery”
■ 10% of total Union soldier deaths
were black
– 20% of black soldiers died
– 35% higher mortality rate than
white Union soldiers
The Civil War
■ Emancipation Proclamation
– 1862-1863
– Declared all slaves in Confederate
states free
■ Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

8. – Abolished slavery nationally*
■ Juneteenth
– June 19, 1865
– Emancipation reaches Texas
The Civil War
■ Much like with the Revolutionary War, religion
did not necessarily initiate or motivate the war
■ Religion justified the Civil War
– God’s providence
– Righteousness of their cause
– Religious fervor and patriotism
– Just War
■ The Contestation of Liberty v. Tyranny
– What does it mean to be American?
History of Reconstruction
■ The South at Civil War’s End
– Widespread Death
– Economic Depression
– Political Surrender
– Question of Identity
■ Freed Slaves
– Hope for a better life
– Fear of white retribution
– Question of Identity

9. History of Reconstruction
■ Radical Reconstruction
– Northern military occupation
– Political subjugation
– Forced Racial Integration
■ MS & SC – Black representatives to Congress
■ Hiram Revels – Black senator from MS (1870)
■ 14th Amendment to the Constitution (1868)
– Citizenship Clause
■ Overturn Dred Scott decision
– Slaves, former slaves, and descendants
of slaves ineligible for citizenship
– Equal Protection Clause
History of Reconstruction
■ White Redemption
– Political reclamation
– White Democrats back in power
– Violence
■ White mobs and riots
■ Ku Klux Klan, White League,
Red Shirts, rifle clubs
– Voter Suppression
■ Literacy tests

10. ■ Poll Taxes
■ Intimidation
■ By 1874, Democrats regained control of US House of
Representatives
History of Reconstruction
■ The Compromise of 1877
– Rutherford B. Hayes
■ 19th President – Republican
– Granted Presidency after
controversial 1876 election
– Removal of federal troops from
former Confederate states
– Political autonomy for Southern
Democrats
■ May legislate and control Southern
Blacks without Northern interference
■ The End/Failure of Reconstruction
History of Reconstruction
■ After the end of Reconstruction, violent
white uprisings unchecked by federal troops
– Manifest White Redemption

11. ■ Gradual changes of political power
■ Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws
– State and local laws
– Began in 1870s
– Racial segregation
– Black disenfranchisement
Religion of the Lost Cause
■ Southern shared experience of defeat nurtured
a tragic sense of life
– A crisis of life’s meaning; increasing
poverty; shattered communities
– Question of identity
■ Is the South still the South?
– Question of legitimacy/justice
■ Was the South right/justified in the War?
■ Religious reorientation for individuals facing disorder
– Reaffirms identity and cosmology
– Provides community and comfort
Religion of the Lost Cause
■ Mythologization of the Confederacy
– Creation myth
■ Attempt to create a free southern nation
– Southern/Christian values

12. ■ Independence and Liberty
– Opposed to Northern tyranny
■ Faithfulness and Loyalty
■ Noble, Redemptive suffering
– Confederate soldiers as heroes and saints
■ Defending Southern honor
■ Memorialization of Confederate
– Stained-glass windows, Bibles, and other “religious objects”
Religion of the Lost Cause
■ Civil Religion: Implicit religious values and nature of a
nation
– Religio-political dogma, ritual, symbols, history, etc.
■ Dictates cosmology
■ Defines insider identity
– Institutionalizes state/culture as religion
■ Symbols emblematic of culture
■ Rites/Rituals initiating individuals
– Describes/Teaches loyalty and faithfulness
■ Belief/Faith in state
■ Necessary for citizenship
Religion of the Lost Cause
■ Southerners developed a civil religion, blending Christian and
Southern values

13. – Stress moral virtue and orderly society
– Emphasize cultural identity
■ Southern Christian values as foundation of
society and government
– Jim Crow Laws
– Paramilitary organizations
■ Refusal to let North dictate different civil religion
– Religious reverence of Lincoln, Emancipation, etc.
– Foreign civil religious cosmology
Religion of the Lost Cause
Religion of the Lost Cause
History of Jim Crow
■ Sharecropping
– Economic Slavery
– Perpetual debt
– Blacks and poor whites
■ Economic exploitation
– Illiterate and uneducated
– Often cheated
■ Wages/shares

14. History of Jim Crow
■ The New Slavery
– Criminalization
– Incarceration
– Exploitation
■ 13th Amendment to the Constitution (1865):
– Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as
a punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall
exist within the
United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
■ Still in effect today:
– Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration
in the Age of
Colorblindness
History of Jim Crow
■ Jim Crow characterized by more than laws
■ Culture of Fear and Subjugation
– White Supremacy
■ Lynching
– Often public spectacles
■ Postcards and souvenirs
– Not just killing
■ Torture and mutilation

15. – ~4,000 between 1877-1950
■ Only counting Blacks in the South
– White Terrorism
History of Jim Crow
History of Jim Crow
■ White Justification for Terrorism
– Social Order
■ Blacks acting “uppity”
■ Disrespect of racial hierarchy
– White Nationalism
■ Southern identity
■ Defense of Confederate ideals
■ Defense of white women and children
– Criminalization of Blacks
■ Black men bestial
– Dangerous
– Prone to rape and murder
■ Black women hypersexualized
Religion of the Lost Cause
■ Religion of the Lost Cause = a Religion of White Supremacy

16. – Divine racial hierarchy
– Mythic nostalgia of antebellum South
– Glorifies Confederate leaders
– Demonizes outsiders
■ Northerners as threat
■ Northerners as heretics
– Faithfulness = Protection and Revival
■ Syncretized evangelical Protestantism
with racist cultural ideologies
– Racial beliefs elevated to divine theology
Lecture Summary:
■ Civil War as slave rebellion
– Divided religious opinions
– Theologization of War
■ Radical Reconstruction
– Northern attempt to impose Northern
values, culture, and narrative
■ Religion of the Lost Cause
– Southern resistance to those narratives
– Syncretized Christianity with Confederacy
– Civil and Cultural Religion
■ Jim Crow laws and culture of white terrorism

17. Addendum: Confederate Memorials
■ Narratives shape who we think we are
and how we think about ourselves
– What we include; what we forget
– What we value; what we hate
– Who belongs; who doesn’t
■ What narrative do the memorials tell?
– What do they imply?
■ Heritage, not hate?
– Especially as public monuments
■ Is this a good narrative?
– One that we want to define us?
Discussion:
■ Poole, W. Scott. “Religion, Gender, and the Lost
Cause in South Carolina’s 1876 Governor’s Race:
’Hampton or Hell!’” Journal of Southern History 68,
no. 3 (Aug. 2002): 573-598.
– Professor of History
■ College of Charleston, SC
– This article became a book:
■ Never Surrender: Confederate Memory and
Conservatism in the South Carolina Upcountry

18. For Monday:
■ Topic: Catholic Immigration and Americanism
■ Required Reading:
– Cossen, “Catholic Gatekeepers”
■ Optional Reading:
– Religion in American Life, Chapter 14