1. Evaluatory seminar on
Advances in oral trans mucosal
drug delivery
Presented by :
Gasper Fernandes (160603016)
MPharm 1st year
Department of Pharmaceutics
Under the guidance of : Dr. Shaila Lewis
3. Introduction
Oral trans-mucosal drug delivery concerned
with the systemic delivery of the drug moiety
via mucous membrane of the oral cavity.
Oral trans-mucosal drug delivery can be
subdivided into:
Sublingual delivery: floor of the mouth
Buccal delivery: lining of the cheek
6. Why Buccal/Sublingual?
To avoid first-pass metabolism
Protection from pH and digestive enzymes
Rapid onset of action
Painless administration
Rapid and extensive drug absorption
Easy termination of therapy
9. Mucoadhesion
Mucoadhesion: The adhesion between biological
materials or artificial substrate and mucus
membrane.
Mucoadhesion is necessary:
to maximize the intimacy of contact of the drug
delivery system with the mucosa;
to retain the delivery system in the oral cavity
10. Theory of Mucoadhesion
Diffusion theory: Entanglements of the polymer
Electronic theory: Attractive forces
Wetting theory: Measure of spread ability of drug
delivery system on biological substrate
Fracture theory: Force necessary to separate two
layers
Adsorption Theory: Secondary chemical bonds
11. Formulation
considerations
Molecular size- small molecules(75-100Da)
Degree of ionization- Non-ionized forms of
drug have greater transport.
Lipid solubility-More lipid soluble higher its
permeability
13. Selection of drug
Dose of the drug should be small
Half-life between 2-8 hours
Exhibit first pass effect or presystemic drug
elimination.
Absorption should be passive when given
orally
14. Bioadhesive polymers
Must not decompose on storage
Inert and compatible with the environment
Polymer and its degradation products should be
non-toxic absorbable from the mucous layer.
Adhere quickly to moist tissue surface
Natural polymers
Ex.: Gelatin, sodium alginate.
Synthetic and semisynthetic polymers
Ex.: PVA, PEG, HPMC, PVP, NA-CMC
15. Backing membrane
The impermeable backing layer controls the
direction of release and reduces drug loss away
from the site of contact.
It also protects the other layers and acts as a
mechanical support.
Examples: PVA, Ethyl celulose.
16. Permeation enhancers
Mechanism:
Changing mucus rheology
Increasing the fluidity of lipid bilayer membrane
Acting on the components at tight junctions
Increase thermodynamic activity of drug
Examples: Capric acid, Citric acid, Aprotinin,
Chitosan-cysteine
17. Formulations
I. Tablets:
Buccal tablets are small, flat, and oval, with a
diameter of approximately 5–8 mm.
When placed directly onto the mucosal surface
tablets adhere to the buccal mucosa in presence of
saliva.
Prepared by direct compression, but wet
granulation techniques can also be used.
19. II. Patches & Films:
Buccal-adhesive patches may be up to 10-15
sq.cm in size, but are more usually 1-3 sq.cm so
as to be convenient and comfortable for the
patient.
Adhesive patches are prepared by solvent
casting method.
Films are laminated patches used for controlled
drug release
22. Buccoadhesive sprays are
gaining popularity over
other dosage forms because
of
◦ flexibility,
◦ comfort,
◦ availability of drug in
solution form.
Drugs generally given by
these routes are fentanyl,
buprenorphine. Naloxone
etc
III. Buccoadhesive Spray:
23. Methods for evaluation
1. Tests for measuring mucoadhesive strength:
•Measuring the force required to break the binding
between the model membrane and the mucoadhesive.
•Depending on the direction in which the
mucoadhesive is separated from the substrate, is it
possible to obtain the detachment, shear, and rupture
tensile strengths.
24. • Here the force required to remove the formulation
from a model membrane is measured.
Texture analyzer:
25. Modified USP
dissolution apparatus
Composition: 800-ml
pH 6.6 phosphate
buffer maintained at
37°C.
The time taken for
complete erosion or
dislodgment of the
tablet/patches from the
mucosal surface was
noted.
2. Test for measuring ex vivo residence time:
26. 3. Degree of swelling of buccal tablet/patches:
Where,
W1 is Initial weight of tablet
W2 is weight of swollen tablets
Appropriate swelling property of a buccal adhesive
device is required for uniform and prolonged release
of drug with proper mucoadhesion.
27. Other evaluation test:
• In vitro drug release: USP apparatus 2 i.e. rotating
paddle method.
• Permeation study of buccal patch: Using Franz
diffusion cell.
• Stability of buccal tablets: Performed using human
saliva.
• General test for buccal tablet: Weight variation,
friability, hardness, content uniformity.
• General test for buccal patch/film: Surface pH
studies, content uniformity, folding endurance,
thickness & weight variation.
28. Conclusion
Oral transmucosal drug delivery is a promising
area for systemic delivery of orally inefficient
drugs as well as an attractive alternative for
noninvasive delivery of potent peptide and
perhaps protein drug molecules.
29. References
Mathiowitz, Edith. 1999. Encyclopedia Of Controlled Drug
Delivery. Vol.1, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Viralkumar F. Patel a, Fang Liu a, Marc B. Brown, Advances in oral
transmucosal drug delivery, Journal of Controlled Release 153
(2011) 106–116.
Nookala Venkala Satheesh Madhav, Ravindra Semwal,Deepak
Kumar Semwal & Ruchi B Semwal, Recent trends in oral
transmucosal drug delivery systems: an emphasis on the soft palatal
route, Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · April 2012.
Bandyopadhyay, A. K., 2006. “Buckle bioadhesive drug delivery —
A promising option for orally less efficient drugs.” Journal of
Controlled Release 114 (2006)15–40.
Smart J. D., 1993. “Drug delivery using buccal-adhesive systems.”
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, ll (1993) 253-270.
Sudhakar Y., Kuotsu K., et al. (2006). "Buckle bioadhesive drug
delivery — A promising option for orally less efficient drugs "
Journal of Controlled Release 114: 15-40.
Jain.N.K, editor. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors PVT.
LTD; Advances in Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery). 2001. p.
53-75