Describe two ecological roles of fungi. Related concepts decomposer.pdf

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Describe two ecological roles of fungi. Related concepts: decomposers, mycorrhizal symbiont. Solution Fungi as Decomposers Fungi join bacteria as the primary decomposers in different ecosystems. They feed on the organic remains of dead plants. They release special enzymes that break down lignin, a structurally complex substance in wood. Because of their ability to break down wood, fungi are considered the major wood decomposers in forests. To absorb organic matter, fungi release acids to melt organic matter, and then they suck the acid back together with the melted organic matter. Decomposing organic matter is considered by ecologists as the major ecological role of fungi. Plant-Fungi Symbiosis The symbiotic association between a vascular plant root and fungi is called mycorrhiza. In this association, fungi colonize the roots of a plant and gain access to their tissues. The fungi build a connection to the roots in such a way that they can exchange nutrients with each other. Plants provide mycorrhizal fungi shelter and a supply of carbohydrates; in return, mycorrhizal fungi improve the plant’s absorption capabilities for water and nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi have a larger surface-area ratio compared to roots, so they have higher absorptive capacity for water and minerals. They make it easier for plants to absorb water and minerals in soils that are dry and with low mineral concentration. Without mycorrhiza, it would be difficult for plants to absorb water and minerals from such soils. It is estimated that about 90% of plants depends on mycorrhizal fungi for survival..

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1. Mycorrhiza plays an important role to establish forest in unfavourable location, barren land, waste lands etc. 2. Trees with facultative endomycorrhiza act as first invader in waste lands as pioneer in plant succession. 3. The application of mycorrhizal fungi in forest bed enhances the formation of mycorrhizal association that prevents the entry of fungal root pathogens. This method is very much effective in the root of Pinus clausa against Phytophthora cinnamoni infection. 4. Mycorrhiza mixed nitrogenous compounds such as nitrate; ammonia etc. is available to the plants. Thus it helps in plant growth, especially in acid soil.

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Ecological interactions form the backbone of an ecosystem. It helps in maintaining the dynamic equilibrium of an ecosystem. All organisms are linked to at least one other species in a variety of critical ways, for example, as predators or prey, or as pollinators or seed dispersers with the result that each species is embedded in a complex network of interactions. Consequently, the extinction of one species can lead to a cascade of secondary extinctions in ecological networks. Moreover, interactions between species can lead to ‘community closure’ after the loss of a species, with the result that a locally extinct species cannot re-establish itself if it is reintroduced. Many ecological interactions involve flagship species and keystone species as in the case of Macaca silenus & Cullenia exarillata. Then some interactions like mycorrhiza help in nitrogen fixation. Strategies like predation reduce the loss of vegetation through grazing. Interaction can be either intraspecific or interspecific. Interactions between individuals of the same species and those between individuals of different species are called intra- & interspecific interactions. respectively. The lichen serves as an example of interspecific interaction and dog fighting. for a common prey for intraspecific interaction.

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One day National webinar on " Fungi in human welfare". Invited Talk Speaker 2: Dr. Pampi Ghosh Assistant Prof (SSS), Dept. of Botany, SBM, Kapgari, Jhargram, W.B. You tube link: Presentation of P. Ghosh: https://youtu.be/2jTXnxv3WiY on 05/01/2022 (12:30 to 1:20 p.m) Thank to the convenor of this webinar committee Dr. Chhya K. Bhalsankar, HOD, Botany Dept. , AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar vice Principal Sir Dr. YS sudake, AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar and Principal Sir Dr. PR Kunde, AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar, M.S.

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In the complex internet of life, ecological interactions play a pivotal duty in fitting ecosystems and maintaining the fragile equilibrium of nature. From predator-prey characteristics to mutualistic partnerships, these biological interactions drive the functioning of ecosystems worldwide. In this write-up, we look into the remarkable realm of environmental interactions, discovering the top communications that specify the complex tapestry of life in the world.

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The reaction between the various hosts with Pisolithus tinctorius shows the broad host range of this fungal species showing different degrees of host compatibility. There is wide variation in both rate and extent of ECM formation by different isolates of Pisolithus tinctorius of different geographical regions within a species. Thus Pisolithus tinctorius displays much intraspecific heterogeneity of host specificity and interspecific compatibility. There are variable degrees of plant-fungal isolate compatibility, implying specificity, and this is an important factor influencing successful ectomycorrhiza formation and development. The molecular data also suggested that the Pisolithus tinctorius isolates analyzed from different geographical regions belong to distinct groups. Further studies are therefore warranted to elucidate the molecular, biochemical and physiological differences between the Pisolithus tinctorius isolates at the fungus-root interface of different plant species.

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