What are non-tax costs of tax planning?
Solution
Followings are the main non-tax costs of tax planning;
1. Organizational form costs;
Organizational form costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax planning.
2. Risk;
Risk of the investment is closely associated with taxation hene it is known as non-tax costs of tax
palnning.
3. Administrative costs;
Legal, accounting, and data processing fees are known as administartive costs of tax planning.
4. Agency (incentive) costs;
Agency (incentive) costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax palnning.
5. Financial reporting costs;
Financial reporting costs are also non-tax costs of tax palnning.
6. Transaction costs;
Transaction costs are also part of non-tax costs of tax palnning etc..
What are the similarities and differences between the ETC of Photosy.pdf
1. What are the similarities and differences between the ETC of Photosynthesis and of Cellular
Respiration
Solution
Similarities between the ETC of Photosynthesis and of Cellular Respiration
Differences between the ETC of Photosynthesis and of Cellular Respiration
ETC of Photosynthesis
ETC of cellular Respiration
Source of electrons is NADH and FADH
Electron transport chains are embedded in the inner membrane of Mitochondria.
Electrons are lent to ETC by NADH
The electron transport Chain in mitochondria uses the lipid-soluble electron carrier ubiquinone to
move electrons within the membrane
The primary acceptor of electrons is Oxygen
Through the action of the electron chains, the Protons(H+) are pumped across the inner
membrane of mitochondria from the matrix to the inner membrane space building up potential
energy as an electrochemical gradient
In chemiosmosis, the protons move back across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP
synthase and in doing so generate ATP
It is known as oxidative phosphorylation
ETC of Photosynthesis
ETC of cellular RespirationSource of electrons is water
Source of electrons is NADH and FADHElectron transport chains are embedded in the thylakoid
membrane of chloroplast.
Electron transport chains are embedded in the inner membrane of Mitochondria.Light is the
source of energy for electron transport.
Electrons are lent to ETC by NADHElectron transport in Chloroplasts use the lipid-soluble
electron carriers plastoquinone and phylloquinone to move electrons with the membraneThe
The electron transport Chain in mitochondria uses the lipid-soluble electron carrier ubiquinone
to move electrons within the membranePrimary acceptor of electrons is NADP
The primary acceptor of electrons is OxygenThrough the action of the electron chains, the
Protons(H+) are pumped across the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast from the stroma to the
thylakoid lumen building up potential energy as an electrochemical gradient
Through the action of the electron chains, the Protons(H+) are pumped across the inner
2. membrane of mitochondria from the matrix to the inner membrane space building up potential
energy as an electrochemical gradientIn chemiosmosis, the protons move back across the
thylakoid membrane through ATP synthase and in doing so generate ATP
In chemiosmosis, the protons move back across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP
synthase and in doing so generate ATPATP formation is known as Photophosphorylation.
It is known as oxidative phosphorylation
