1. Assessment 5.2 book 5
Why the infrastructure (facilities), of a country is so important?
A successful location must be easily accessible; a good destination is a
place where tourism develops.
How I define infrastructure of a country? Facilities to help residents and
tourists in a destination, providing:
food, accommodation, water pipes supplying fresh water, sewer system,
electrical system, street light, road signs, public transport, views,
sidewalks, telephone poles, bridges across rivers, highways, security,
And who is responsible for providing infrastructure for tourism in the
destination? The local authorities, they provide roads, lighting and other
things I mentioned on top. This facilities need to be well managed to
ensure an area is fit for tourist.
Good quality infrastructure is a key ingredient for sustainable
development. All countries need efficient transport, sanitation, energy,
roads, bridges, highways, street signs and communications systems if
they are to prosper and provide a decent standard for living for their
populations.
Unfortunately, many developing countries possess poor infrastructure,
which hampers their growth and ability to trade in the global economy.
Lack of infrastructure can also lead to poor health and high mortality.
Where there are no clinics or hospitals available, or where lack of roads
or bridges makes them inaccessible, people can not access the medical
services that they require to be healthy and productive.
I searched and I found out that in Africa there are around 34 countries
with poor infrastructure in development. In Asia there are 5 and in
Caribbean, Haiti is the poor country.
UN, (United nations) call them the least development countries (LDC’s).
The term “least Developed countries (LDCs) describe the world’s poorest
countries with following 3 criteria:
1. Low income criterion

2. 2. Human resource weakness criterion
3. Economic vulnerability criterion
Example of a country with poor infrastructure: two islands in Africa
named San tome and Principe, where my main family born. This smalls and
beautiful islands have so much to offer but yet so much work needs to be
done. San tome and Principe are one of the countries where
infrastructure is developing but in small steps, very small steps. I’m sure
if I talk about this country to some friends of mine none of then will know
where this country is located, and the reason is because is a poor country
and is not well known. Till today roads need to be fixed, there’s no roads
signs, is poor in transportation, poor in accommodation and poor in
services. Good road construction gives more opportunity to travel, not
only for tourists but also for residents. Other important fact is the
medical facilities; in San tome and Principe the medical support are
extremely limited. There is one hospital in the country, on the island of
San tome, and few clinics, but the service provided is very basic. In
Africa million of people die because medical assistance can’t reach them.
People die not only because of bad road construction, but also for limited
medical support.
Don’t take me wrong not everything about those islands is bad. San tome
and Principe have great, amazing views, Blue Ocean, beautiful beaches,
great weather in the summer and the fresh fish, delicious.
But of course this is not enough to attract visitors.
A single factor cannot be considered on its own for example, an amenable
climate in itself is not enough, and the country must have other facilities
and services which make tourism a viable proposition. On the other hand a
cold climate country such as Iceland has been very successful in
attracting visitors mainly because of its scenery.
Tourist’s areas and visitor attractions generally go through a cycle of
increasing and waning popularity. Tourist’s destinations do change over
time brought about by a number of factors including the preferences and
needs of visitors and decline of the physical environment. To call a town
or city destination some places need to go thru some changing’s to
attracted tourists, those places need to develop and for this to happen

3. prevailing social, environmental, economic and political context within its
imaginary boundaries needs to be involved.
Destinations, as with most other sectors of industry have to change with
times and models have been constructed to illustrate this change over
time. Models are simplification of reality, constructed after intensive
study of representative real-world examples and are useful in making
predictions about destination change if certain conditions are altered.
What’s the meaning of models: models have been built to explain and
describe the process of development of a destination. Sadness the
models don’t provide answers why some countries remain poor and others
develop but models illustrate the interaction of factors which lead to
development or otherwise.
In 1950s Myrdal a Swedish economist tried to explain why inequalities
were likely to develop between regions and countries. The Myrdal model
suggested that economic development leads to increase rather than a
decrease in the difference between regions and countries. It also
suggested that new industries in an area would create more jobs and so
increase the spending power of the local population. This would lead to an
increase in demand goods and services in that area for this reason
drawing in more businesses. As the growth pole develops, there will be a
continuing influx of migrants, investment and new businesses.
Other factor limiting a destination of reaching its potential is crime.
Recent years have seen growing media and political attention to the issue
of tourism and crime in a number of countries. The high profile cases of
the Madeleine Mccann abduction and the murder of Meredith Kercher
have received huge media attention in the UK, and raised concerns about
crime against tourists. At the same time issues like as drug tourism, sex
tourism, alcohol-related crime, pick pocketing, fraud, organized crime and
gang activities, burglary, robberies and disorder among holidaymakers,
have highlighted crimes and rule-breaking more generally committed by
tourists.
We are all affected by crime everyday. Our economy alone is testimony
to that. Shoplifters drive up prices to us as costumers, murders and
robberies affect us into fear, identity theft steals our money and makes
us distrustful.
Tourism is a human activity that is sensitive and reacts rapidly to crime.
Crime is a universal social phenomenon in that it threatens the safety and

4. security of the people and property, their sense of well being, as well as
social order. Most importantly it reduces people’s quality of life. If the
quality of life of an individual is affected by crime, crime itself is seen as
a social problem.
Random, violent crime rates are much lower in Europe than in the United
States. Murder is rare, and terrorism is more a scary bluff than harsh
reality.
In many countries around the world especially in popular destinations,
crime committed against tourists has become a major threat. Tourists
are an accidental victim, in the wrong place at the wrong time, targeted
as an easy mark.
If development is the process of building societies that work, crime acts
as a kind of ‘anti-development’, destroying the trust relations on which
society is based. Crime destroys social capital and drives precious human
resources overseas. Fear of crime restricts mobility, which interferes
with social and economic interaction, as well as education, access to
health care, and other development services.
Crime rates typically increase with the growth and urbanization of an
area, and growth of mass tourism is often accompanied by increased
crime. The presence of large number of tourists with a lot of money to
spend, and often carrying valuables such as cameras and jewellery,
increases the attraction for criminals and brings with it activities like
robbery and drug dealing. Repression of these tins often exacerbates
social tension.
In Rio de Janeiro Brazil, the tourists staying in beachside 5 star resorts
close to extremely poor communities in hillside “favelas” are at risk of
pickpockets and stick-ups. Security agents, often armed with machine
guns stand on guard nearby in full sight, and face aggressive reactions
from locals who are often their neighbours when they go home. Tourism
can also drive the development of gambling, which mat cause negative
changes in social behaviour.
The costs of violence to both households and the state can be
considerable. Violence is particularly costly in poor countries, where social
safety nets may be sparse and access to medical attention limited. It can
rob households of their only breadwinner, and injury can incapacitate
those whose livelihood is dependent on their physical labour.
The increase of uniform patrols in tourist areas can discourage offenders
who target tourists and increase tourists’ sense of safety. Unpaid or paid
citizen patrols during peak tourist seasons can supplement police
presence. They also can help inform tourists and discourage offenders.

5. To deal with crimes against tourists the New Orleans and Orland Florida
police departments have created special units with selected personnel
specifically to protect tourists. Both agencies require that officers be
highly trained in tourism issues, as well to gregarious with tourists.
I will give some safety tips I think is important for tourists:
• The use of maps to plan routes before venturing out in a rental car.
• Avoid appearing to be a tourist.
• Travel with companions.
• Be aware of surroundings and avoid suspicious characters.
Total words in this assessment: 1575
Information taken from: “BTEC national Travel & Tourism Book1.” and
“BTEC travel & Tourism, understanding the travel and tourism industry.”
wikipedia.org
I certify that this is my own work: Fatima Lukenia Marrucate Faria
5 laurel court
Rainham
Rm13 9gt

6. To deal with crimes against tourists the New Orleans and Orland Florida
police departments have created special units with selected personnel
specifically to protect tourists. Both agencies require that officers be
highly trained in tourism issues, as well to gregarious with tourists.
I will give some safety tips I think is important for tourists:
• The use of maps to plan routes before venturing out in a rental car.
• Avoid appearing to be a tourist.
• Travel with companions.
• Be aware of surroundings and avoid suspicious characters.
Total words in this assessment: 1575
Information taken from: “BTEC national Travel & Tourism Book1.” and
“BTEC travel & Tourism, understanding the travel and tourism industry.”
wikipedia.org
I certify that this is my own work: Fatima Lukenia Marrucate Faria
5 laurel court
Rainham
Rm13 9gt