this outlines all the details regarding Parkinson disease covering all the topics with more detailed explanations.I got an excellent grade I hope this presentation will help to clarify about this severe disease that is prevalent at a mass level.Hope students will find this beneficial.please provide me with your precious feedbacks and coments to enable me to improve your experiences.Thankyou
5. Introduction
It is a progressive neurological condition
Results from the degeneration of dopamine producing
neurons in the substantia nigra
Afflicted 25,000 people in Malaysia
Various types of Parkinson’s disease
Risk factors:
Middle aged and increased risk with age
Hereditary
Men (1.5 times more)
Environmental exposure to toxins
5
6. Definition
It is a chronic degenerative disorder that primarily affects the neurons
of the basal ganglia.
It is a syndrome that consists of slowing down in the initiation and
execution of movement (brady kinesis)
Increased muscle tone (rigidity)
Tremor and impaired postural reflexes.
The famous internationally known boxer
Mr. Mohammed Ali suffered from this
Disease.
6
7. Symptoms
There are 4 major symptoms for Parkinson Disease, They are:-
1. Rigidity – muscles are tensed and contracted.
2. Resting tremor – trembling which is most obvious when the patient
is at rest or when stressed.
3. Bradykinesia – slowness in initiating movement.
4. Loss of postural reflexes or instability – poor balance and
coordination.
7
8. Non-Motor Symptoms
-Non-motor symptoms includes Anxiety disorders such as:-
depression,
sleep disturbances,
orthostatic hypotension(also called postural hypotension — is a form of low
blood pressure that happens when you stand up from sitting or lying down).
olfaction(smelling) dysfunction
dysphagia(fail to produce and understand language)
sialorrhoea(excess saliva production),
dementia(memory declining)
psychosis(memory disorder results in loss with external contact)
and visual hallucinations(person see what does not really exist there).
8
10. Degradation of Dopaminergic Neuron/Free Radicals
Degradation of Dopaminergic Neuron:-
Substantia nigra pars compacta(pars compacta is the portion
of substantia nigra lies in mid brain region of our brain).
Death of neuron.
Symptoms of PD don’t appear until 50-80% of the neurons
in the pars compacta have died.
Cause of death of neuron is not known.
Free Radicals :-
Unpaired electrons that can easily react with surrounding molecules and destroy
them.
Metabolism of dopamine by MAO produce hydrogen peroxide.
Glutathione normally breaks down the hydrogen peroxide quickly.
Reduced glutathione = loss of protection against free radicals
cell damage 10
11. Neurotoxin-MPTP/Genetic Factors
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
(MPTP) – neurotoxin.
MPTP crosses the blood-brain barrier and oxidized
to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) by
monoamine oxidase B (MAO)-B
MPP+ selectively enters dopamine neurons via the
dopamine transporter and hence lead to cell death
via energy deficit.
Genetic Factors:-
-Mutation of SNCA genes in chromosome 4.
-2 types of alterations occurs:-
1-Alanine is replaced with threonine.
2-Cause alpha-synuclein to misfold.
1-SNCA genes is inappropriately
duplicated or triplicated.
2-Extra copies of the gene lead to an
excess of alphasynuclein
Aggregate (Lewy bodies) and attract
other protein.
• Clog neuron and impair the function of
neuron
11
12. Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis:-
Neurological examination
Autopsy of brain to find lewy bodies (trademark characteristic)
Treatment:-
Medications
Diet
Exercise, physical and speech therapy
Surgery which includes:-
Cryothalamotomy
Pallidotomy
Deep brain stimulation
12
13. Conclusion
Patient has idiopathic Parkinson’s disease
There is no cure but therapies are available
Treatments aim to:
Prevent clinical progression
Improvement of parkinsonism
Delay of motor complications
Complications: choking, falls and side effects of drugs
Prognosis(progress of disease): normal life expectancy for
treated patients.
13
14. References
Anonymous. (2012). Tremor Fact Sheet. [Online]. Available from:
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tremor/detail_tremor.htm.Nati onal,
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Accessed on 2nd March 2013
Dr Ananya Mandal, MD. (2013). Parkinson's Disease Pathophysiology. [Online].
Available from: http://www.newsmedical.net/health/Parkinsons-Disease-
Pathophysiology.aspx. [Accessed on 1st March 2013].
Dr. Ananya Mandal. (2013). Parkinson’s disease Prognosis. [Online]. Available
from: http://www.newsmedical.net/health/Parkinsons-Disease-Prognosis.aspx.
[Accessed on 2nd March 2013].
Malaysian Parkinson’s Disease Association. (2012). Association wants Disability
Rights for Parkinson’s Patients. [Online].
Available from: http://mpda.org.my/article.php?type=news&9ja847hd0a1=144.
[Accessed on 2nd March 2013].
Mayo Clinic. Parkinson’s Disease: Risk Factors. [Online]. 14