2. ITALY
“The function of a
citizen and a soldier
are one in the same”
“War is to man what
motherhood is to a
woman. I do not
believe in perpetual
peace”
“The history of saints
is mainly the history of
insane people”
3. Problems Lost Territory in WWI
◦ Italians felt betrayed and
weakened
Historic Unemployment
◦ Veterans of WWI left homeless
Russian Revolution inspired
riots in Italy for change in
government
4. Solutio
n
Benito Mussolini
◦ Create a “New Roman Empire”
Expand boarders
◦ Replace corrupt politicians with
strict order
◦ Promised a unified powerful
state
5. Plan to Reach Solution
Threaten rival parties
Democrats, socialists, etc.
Economy controlled by the
government
All trade products and prices
decided by government
Blind devotion to the “New
Italian Empire”
◦ “Believe, Obey, Fight!”
Build Strong Citizens
◦ Battle for Births
Expand Italy’s borders
Believe, Obey, Fight propaganda art
6. Assigning Power
Organized supporters into
“combat squads called “Black
Shirts”
◦ Provoked violence
threatened political leaders,
destroyed opposing journal
buildings etc.
◦ Fascist Party march on Rome 10-
30-1922
◦ King Victor Emmanuel
abdicated power
Benito Mussolini takes legal
dictatorship
Il Duce (the leader)
7. Find a Scapegoat
Communists
◦ Italy saw itself as the rightful ruler of
Europe
Allied Victors of WWI
◦ Britain, France, U.S.
Felt cheated by these countries due to
broken promises after WWI
8. Soviet Union
“Ideas are more powerful
than guns. We would not
let our enemies have
guns, why should we let
them have ideas.”
“Death is the solution to
all problems. No man - no
problem”
“Education is a weapon
whose effects depend on
who holds it in his hands
and at whom it is aimed”
9. Problems
Meet the New Boss!
◦ Who would be Lenin’s successor?
Unfinished Business
◦ Lenin’s work unfinished
Division of Country
◦ Not everyone was a Bolshevik
Can’t You Read?!
◦ Uneducated citizens
No Friends for You!
◦ Only communist state in the world
10. Solutions
Joseph Stalin
◦ Stole control of USSR after Lenin’s
death
Stalin: Man of Steel
Become Self-Sufficient
◦ Industrializing, grow surplus crops
Create Strong National Identity
◦ Advertise communism and
nationalism
Breed strong Communist
Citizens
Spread Communism around the
world
11. Man with a
Plan
Stalin’s 5 -Year Plan
◦ Massive industrialization
and Collective
Agriculture
Factories given
quotas, imprisoned if not met
Farmers were forced to work
on shared land and shared all
form tools, animals and crops
Kulak Rebellion
Imprisoned wealthy
farmers, worked them to death
in camps
12. Plan
Unity through Terror
Use of Gulags (labor camps)
◦ The Great Purge
Tried, exiled and imprisoned ANYONE with
anti-communist inclinations
Writers, lawyers, business leaders, professors
Denounced Religion
Control Thought
◦ Censorship and Ambiguity
All music, magazines, posters, novels were
censored to show government support
18. Plan Cont’d
All children required to attend free Communist
School
◦ Taught atheism, collective farming and love for
Stalin
Women treated as equals
◦ Same legal rights
◦ Same wages
◦ Same job opportunities
19. Plan Cont’d
Comintern
◦ USSR foreign
policy
Goal was to inspire
other nations to
have a communist
revolution
20. Assigning Power
Used NKVD (secret police)
Enforced laws and were loyal to Stalin and
communism
21. Scapegoat Anyone (literally
anyone) who was:
◦ A socialist
◦ A member of the
Russian Orthodox
Church
◦ True Bolsheviks
◦ Democrats
ANYONE WHO DID
NOT AGREE!!
22. Germany
“He alone, who owns
the youth, gains the
future”
“Make the lie big, make
it simple, keep saying
it, and eventually they
will believe it.”
“I do not see why man
should not be just as
cruel as nature.”
23. Problems Flimsy Democratic
Government
Too many political parties with
different agendas
Ruined Economy
Weakened by the Treaty of
Versailles
Hyperinflation
Printed too much money
The German marks soon became
worthless
Embarrassment from loss in
WWI
◦ Lost land, forced to take war
26. Solution Adolf Hitler
◦ Der Fuhrer
Father
Create a “master race”
◦ Aryan (light skinned)
Europeans
Create Living Space
(lebensraum)
◦ Expand German borders to
flourish
End Reparations
Create Jobs
“Reclaim our Heritage”
27. Hitler’s Plan
Public Works Program
◦ Thousands of people built highways,
housing, and replanting forests
Create a “Nazi Youth”
◦ Summer camps, clubs etc. devoted to
Hitler and the Nazi beliefs
Prepared for war
◦ Re-wrote textbooks to reflect Nazi beliefs
31. Hitler’s Plan
Purify German Culture
◦ Condemned anything
“foreign” or “modern”
Denounced Jazz music
Destroyed or confiscated
modern art
Burned books with
progressive ideas
32. Assigning Power
The Gustapo
◦ German SS soldiers
Secret police, rooted disobedient citizens in
schools, business, politics
33. Scapegoat Jewish Race
◦ Hitler was an anti-
Semitism (racist towards
Jews)
◦ Blamed Jews for German
corruption and loss in
WWI
Nuremberg Laws
◦ Forbid Jews from working
in
law, government, medicine, j
ournalism.
◦ Denied entrance to
Universities
◦ Illegalized mixed
34. Scapegoat
November 7th
1938
◦ A young German
boy shot and
wounded a
German politician
who had
mistreated his
parents
Kristallnacht “Night
of the Broken
Glass”
◦ Nazi forces,
raided, pillaged
and destroyed
Jewish
communities
