2. what is meant by quantitative research? What are some important characteristics of it? What are some general contrast between qualitative and quantitative research and the type of information yielded by each ? 3. what is a research design ? what are three types of research designs and what are their respective objectives ? 5. what is meant by experimentation ? what is an experimental research design ? what are its general objectives 8. what is a survey design? What are some of its primary characterics ? what are some applications of survey designs? What are some weaknesses and strength of survey designs? 11. what is meant by the classic experimental design? What are two variations of the classic experimental design? What are some important differences between each of these two variations? 1. what is reliability? How is it measured or determined? what are two internal reliability methods? 2. what are four general relationships between validity and reliability 3. what is validity? How it is measured or determined ? what are four different methods for determining test validity? How can validity be proved, if at all? 8. is it possible to have a valid test that is not reliable? Why or why not? 14.what are some general differences between external and internal validity? how can internal validity be improved ? 1. Differentiate between probability and nonprobability sampling plans. Review briefly their general functions and limitations. 2. what are some major considerations in deciding to sample? Discuss these considerations briefly. 10.what is meant by sample repetitiveness ? can we ever guarantee that a sample of elements will be representative of the population from which it is drawn? Why or why not ? 12. define and differentiate between population parameters and sample statistics. 14. why is there often a gap between ideal sampling plans and real samples of elements obtained by the researcher ? 3. what are two types of questionnaire administrations? What are some of the weaknesses and strength of each of these administration methods ? 4. what are some key differences between fixed response and open ended items? What are the positive and negative features of each type of item? 6. what are some primary drawbacks to using open ended items on culturally diverse populations? 7. what are some limitations and advantages of using existing scales devised by other researchers ? 10. what are follow up letters ? what are their purposes? are there any ethical considerations to be made when sending out follow up letters ? 2. what is nonparticipant observation ? what are some limitations of nonparticipant observation regarding the reliability of whatever is observed and its meaning 3.what is participant observation? How can researchers who engage in participant observation “get too close” their subjects being observed? What can be done to avoid this problem? 4.who is a key informant? What are some purposes of key informants? What are some problems tha.

1. 2. what is meant by quantitative research? What are some
important characteristics of it? What are some general contrast
between qualitative and quantitative research and the type of
information yielded by each ?
3. what is a research design ? what are three types of research
designs and what are their respective objectives ?
5. what is meant by experimentation ? what is an experimental
research design ? what are its general objectives
8. what is a survey design? What are some of its primary
characterics ? what are some applications of survey designs?
What are some weaknesses and strength of survey designs?
11. what is meant by the classic experimental design? What are
two variations of the classic experimental design? What are
some important differences between each of these two
variations?
1. what is reliability? How is it measured or determined? what
are two internal reliability methods?
2. what are four general relationships between validity and
reliability
3. what is validity? How it is measured or determined ? what are
four different methods for determining test validity? How can
validity be proved, if at all?
8. is it possible to have a valid test that is not reliable? Why or
why not?
14.what are some general differences between external and
internal validity? how can internal validity be improved ?
1. Differentiate between probability and nonprobability
sampling plans. Review briefly their general functions and
limitations.
2. what are some major considerations in deciding to sample?
Discuss these considerations briefly.
10.what is meant by sample repetitiveness ? can we ever
guarantee that a sample of elements will be representative of the
population from which it is drawn? Why or why not ?

2. 12. define and differentiate between population parameters and
sample statistics.
14. why is there often a gap between ideal sampling plans and
real samples of elements obtained by the researcher ?
3. what are two types of questionnaire administrations? What
are some of the weaknesses and strength of each of these
administration methods ?
4. what are some key differences between fixed response and
open ended items? What are the positive and negative features
of each type of item?
6. what are some primary drawbacks to using open ended items
on culturally diverse populations?
7. what are some limitations and advantages of using existing
scales devised by other researchers ?
10. what are follow up letters ? what are their purposes? are
there any ethical considerations to be made when sending out
follow up letters ?
2. what is nonparticipant observation ? what are some
limitations of nonparticipant observation regarding the
reliability of whatever is observed and its meaning
3.what is participant observation? How can researchers who
engage in participant observation “get too close” their subjects
being observed? What can be done to avoid this problem?
4.who is a key informant? What are some purposes of key
informants? What are some problems that can be anticipated
from using key informants in research
9. how does observation conducted by criminologists differ
from every day, random observations by others?
12. what are the major limitations and strength of secondary
source analysis?
1. what is measurement? What are several important functions
of measurement?
2. what are likert scales ? how are they constructed ? what are
some general strength and limitations of likert scales
6. what is the difference between an operational definition and a
nominal definition ?what are the purpose of each in social

3. research ?
11. what are four levels of measurement? Which levels of
measurements permit averaging and division ?
14. what is the semantic differential ? what are some possible
applications of it in criminology ?
1. what are hypotheses ? how are hypotheses used in social
research ?
2.What are some major functions of hypotheses ?
4. what is the relationship between hypotheses and theory ?
5. where do hypotheses come from ?
7. does any particular study stand as the definitive work in any
given subject area? Why or why not ?
1. what is coding? Why is coding important in the research
process ?
5. what is a crime rate? How is it determined for particular
categories of crime /
6. what is a crime ratio? What are some of its research uses ?
7. What is meant by graphic presentation? What are two popular
forms of graphic presentation? What are some of their advances
for expressing ones research findings?
8. What is meant by tabular presentation ? Why is it important
to present some of an investigators collected data into tables of
various sizes
1. what is the focused interview? What are some examples of
how focused interviews may be applied?
3. what is social desirability and how might it emerge to
influence respondent truthfulness during an interview ?
8. what are some diffenreces between interview schedules and
interview guides? Under what kinds of circumstances might
each of these instruments be used?
12. what are probes ? what advantages are associates with
probes?
14. what are some general guidelines for dressing and preparing
for interviews? What are some of the characteristics of good
interviewers?

4. Factors and Trends that Influence Strategy Development
In this module you will explore how businesses react to
changing economic times and the influence this has on
product/service positioning in the market place. You will also
learn about the different approaches an organization may take
such as a retrenchment approach, an investment approach, or an
ambidextrous approach to provide a foundation for opportunity
and risk in recessionary times. Consumer spending habits have
undergone dramatic and enduring change in the United States.
Using the module readings, Argosy University online library
resources, and the Internet, respond to the following:
· What risks and opportunities do the three common strategies
during recessionary times—retrenchment, investment, and
ambidextrous strategies—present to businesses?
· What are the factors that are key for establishing product
differentiation in the new post-recession consumer environment
especially as it relates to economic indicators?
· What is a luxury good and should marketers of luxury goods
abandon their efforts to establish premium pricing?
· How do changes in societal attitudes toward companies and
products affect the way marketers of consumer goods think
about the customer value chain? Provide examples of companies
that have changed their approach to marketing in response to a
shift in consumers’ value in changing economic times.
Write your initial response in approximately 300 words. Apply
APA standards to citation of sources.
Essay due by 10 PM PST, Friday, July 12, 2013
Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Explained factors key for product differentiation in a post-
recession consumer environment demonstrating analysis of
economic indicators, the customer value chain, and societal
attitudes toward companies and products.
4

5. Actively contributed to the discussion by providing points of
view with rationale, challenging points of the discussion, or
drawing relationships between points of the discussion.
12
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated
ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of
sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
4
Total:
20
Must use below sources for citations and references
· Efendioglu, A., & Karabulut, A. (2010). Impact of strategic
planning on financial performance of companies in
Turkey. International Journal of Business and Management,
5(4), 3–12. (ProQuest Document ID: 821297217)
http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/8212972
17/
abstract?source=fedsrch&accountid=34899
· Heiba, F. (2011). Future global marketing negotiations: A
strategic scenario. International Journal of Business and Social
Science, 2(4). (ProQuest Document ID: 904523887)
http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/9045238
87/
abstract?source=fedsrch&accountid=34899
· Porter, M. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review
74(6), 61–78. Retrieved
fromhttp://libproxy.edmc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.
com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bsh&AN=9611187954&site=ehost-live
· Deeter-Schmelz, D. R., Ramsey, R. P., & Gassenheimer, J. B.
(2011). Bleu Ribbon Chocolates: How can small businesses
adapt to a changing environment? Marketing Education
Review, 21(2), 177–182. doi: 10.2753/MER1052-8008210207
(EBSCO AN: 63968062)
http://libproxy.edmc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true

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apt+to+a+changing
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