SQL is a standard language used to communicate with databases to perform tasks like storing, manipulating, and retrieving data. It includes commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from database tables. It can select all columns using "*" or specific columns by name. The WHERE clause filters records by specifying conditions that must be true. Operators like AND and OR can be used to filter records based on multiple conditions.

1. Introduction to SQL
‫کننده‬ ‫تهیه‬:‫عادل‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫عصمت‬
‫با‬ ‫معرفی‬SQL

2. Topics:
• What is SQL?
• SQL Commands
• SQL Select Statement
•SQL‫چیست؟‬
•‫دستورات‬SQL
•‫دستور‬Select،SQL
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3. What is SQL?
• SQL is Structured Query
Language, which is a
computer language for
storing, manipulating and
retrieving data stored in
relational database.
• SQL is an ANSI (American
National Standards
Institute) standard but
there are many different
versions of the SQL
language.
•SQL‫مخفف‬ ‫که‬(Structured
Query Language)‫عبارت‬ ‫است‬
‫ذخی‬ ‫برای‬ ‫کمپیوتر‬ ‫زبان‬ ‫یک‬ ‫از‬‫ره‬
‫بازیاف‬ ‫و‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫دستکاری‬ ،‫کردن‬‫تن‬
‫راب‬ ‫دیتابیس‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫ذخیره‬ ‫دیتا‬‫طه‬
‫میباشد‬ ‫ای‬.
•SQL‫شده‬ ‫قبول‬ ‫معیاری‬ ‫زبان‬ ‫یک‬
‫توسط‬(ANSI)‫نسخه‬ ‫دارای‬ ‫اما‬ ‫بوده‬
‫میباشد‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫های‬.
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4. Continue…
• SQL is the standard
language for Relation
Database System. All
relational database
management systems like
MySQL, MS Access, Oracle,
Sybase, Informix, Postgres
and SQL Server use SQL as
standard database
language.
•SQL‫سیست‬ ‫برای‬ ‫معیار‬ ‫زبان‬ ‫یک‬‫م‬
‫میباشد‬ ‫ای‬ ‫رابطه‬ ‫دیتابیس‬.‫تمام‬
RDBMS‫مانند‬ ‫ها‬MySQL،MS
Access،Oracle،Sybase،
Informix،Postgres‫و‬SQL
Server‫زبان‬ ‫از‬SQL‫یک‬ ‫منحیث‬
‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫دیتابیس‬ ‫معیار‬ ‫زبان‬‫کند‬.
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5. SQL commands:
• SQL commands are
instructions, coded into SQL
statements, which are used
to communicate with the
database to perform
specific tasks, work,
functions and queries with
data.
• These commands can be
classified into four groups:
•‫دستورات‬SQL‫دستورات‬ ‫از‬ ‫عبارت‬
‫با‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫مکالمه‬ ‫برای‬ ‫که‬ ‫میباشد‬
‫وظ‬ ‫یک‬ ‫تا‬ ‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫دیتابیس‬‫یفه‬
‫شود‬ ‫اجرا‬ ‫خاص‬.
•‫تقس‬ ‫بخش‬ ‫چهار‬ ‫به‬ ‫دستورات‬ ‫این‬‫یم‬
‫میتواند‬ ‫شده‬:
.1DDL
.2DML
.3DCL
.4TCL
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6. 1) DDL:
• DDL is abbreviation of Data
Definition Language. It is
used to create and modify
the structure of database
objects in database. The
commands are CREATE,
ALTER, DROP, RENAME, and
TRUNCATE.
•DDL‫اختصار‬Data Definition
Language‫میباشد‬.‫برای‬ ‫که‬
‫ساختار‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫اصالح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ساختن‬
‫ب‬ ‫دیتابیس‬ ‫در‬ ‫دیتابیس‬ ‫اشیای‬‫کار‬
‫میرود‬.
•‫مثال‬ ‫بطور‬:
•Create،Alter،Drop،
Rename‫و‬Truncate
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7. 2) DML:
• DML is abbreviation of Data
Manipulation Language. It
is used to retrieve, store,
modify, delete, insert and
update data in database.
These Data Manipulation
Language commands
are: SELECT, INSERT, UPDAT
E, and DELETE.
•DML‫اختصار‬Data
Manipulation Language
‫میباشد‬.‫ذخی‬ ،‫بازیافتن‬ ‫برای‬ ‫که‬‫ره‬
،‫کردن‬ ‫حذف‬ ،‫کردن‬ ‫اصالح‬ ،‫کردن‬
‫دیتا‬ ‫درآوردن‬ ‫روز‬ ‫به‬ ‫و‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫درج‬
‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫دیتابیس‬ ‫در‬.
•‫مثال‬ ‫بطور‬:
•Select،Insert،Update‫و‬
Delete
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8. 3) DCL:
• DCL is abbreviation of Data
Control Language. It is used
to create roles, permissions,
and referential integrity as
well it is used to control
access to database by
securing it. These
commands are GRANT and
REVOKE.
•DCL‫اختصار‬Data Control
Language‫میباشد‬.‫برای‬ ‫که‬
‫جامعیتی‬ ‫و‬ ‫اجازه‬ ،‫اصول‬ ‫ساختن‬
‫کنترول‬ ‫برای‬ ‫همچنان‬ ‫ارجاعی‬
‫منظور‬ ‫به‬ ‫دیتابیس‬ ‫به‬ ‫دسترسی‬‫امن‬
‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ساختن‬.
•‫مثال‬ ‫بطور‬:
•Grant‫و‬Revoke
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9. 4) TCL:
• TCL is abbreviation
of Transactional Control
Language. It is used to
manage different
transactions occurring
within a database. These
commands are COMMIT,
ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.
•TCL‫اختصار‬Transactional
Control Language‫میباشد‬.‫که‬
‫های‬ ‫تراکنش‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫اداره‬ ‫برای‬
‫اتفاق‬ ‫دیتابیس‬ ‫در‬ ‫ایکه‬ ‫مختلف‬‫می‬
‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫افتد‬.
•‫مثال‬ ‫بطور‬:
•Commit،Rollback‫و‬
Savepoint
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10. SQL Select Statement:
• The SELECT statement is
used to select data from a
table.
• Syntax:
• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name.
• Note: SQL statements are
not case sensitive. SELECT is
the same as select.
•‫دستور‬select‫کردن‬ ‫انتخاب‬ ‫برای‬
‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫جدول‬ ‫یک‬ ‫از‬ ‫دیتا‬.
•‫است‬ ‫ذیل‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ساختار‬:
• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name.
•‫نوت‬:‫دستورات‬SQL‫میتوانید‬ ‫را‬
‫توسط‬ ‫هم‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫کالن‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫توسط‬
‫بنویسید‬ ‫خورد‬ ‫حروف‬.SELECT‫و‬
select‫است‬ ‫چیز‬ ‫عین‬.
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11. Continue…
• To select the content of
columns named
"LastName" and
"FirstName", from the
database table called
"Persons", use a SELECT
statement like this:
• SELECT LastName,
FirstName FROM Persons
•‫ست‬ ‫محتویات‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫انتخاب‬ ‫برای‬‫ون‬
‫های‬FirstName‫و‬LastName
‫جدول‬ ‫از‬Person‫دستور‬select
‫بنویسید‬ ‫ذیل‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫را‬:
• SELECT LastName,
FirstName FROM Persons
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First Name Last Name
ahmad watan
khyber afghan

12. Select All Columns:
• To select all columns from
the "Persons" table, use a *
symbol instead of column
names, like this:
• SELECT * FROM Persons
•‫ها‬ ‫ستون‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫انتخاب‬ ‫برای‬‫از‬
‫جدول‬Person‫سمبول‬ ‫از‬*‫به‬
‫ذیل‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ستون‬ ‫نام‬ ‫عوض‬
‫کنید‬ ‫استفاده‬.
• SELECT * FROM Persons
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Name Age Psot Salary
Saif 22 Eng 100
Rishad 23 Doc 200
Mjeeb 32 Guard 300
Momin 33 teacher 400

13. The SELECT DISTINCT Statement:
• The distinct keyword is used
to return only distinct
(different) values.
• Select distinct company
from orders
•‫کلیدی‬ ‫کلمه‬distinct‫برگشت‬ ‫برای‬
‫یک‬ ‫از‬ ‫متمایز‬ ‫های‬ ‫قیمت‬ ‫دادن‬
‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫ذیل‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫جدول‬:
• Select distinct company
from orders
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Company Order Number
AWCC 234234
Roshan 56463
ZACC 4213
Afghan Telecome 6787689

14. SQL WHERE Clause:
• The WHERE clause is used
to extract only those
records that fulfill a
specified criterion.
• Syntax:
• SELECT column_name,
column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
operator value;
•‫کردن‬ ‫انتخاب‬ ‫برای‬record‫های‬
‫مشخص‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫یک‬ ‫که‬ ‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬
‫کند‬ ‫صدق‬ ‫را‬.
•‫ساختار‬:
• SELECT column_name,
column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
operator value;
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15. SQL WHERE Clause…
• Examples:
1. SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Mexico';
2. SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID=1;
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16. Operators in The WHERE Clause:
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17. SQL AND & OR Operators:
• The AND & OR operators
are used to filter records
based on more than one
condition.
• The AND operator displays a
record if both the first
condition AND the second
condition are true.
• The OR operator displays a
record if either the first
condition OR the second
condition is true.
•‫های‬ ‫عملیه‬and‫و‬or‫فیلتر‬ ‫برای‬
‫کردن‬record‫اضافتر‬ ‫براساس‬ ‫ها‬
‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫یک‬ ‫از‬.
•‫عملیه‬and‫وقتی‬ ‫را‬ ‫ریکارد‬ ‫یک‬
‫دو‬ ‫هر‬ ‫صورتیکه‬ ‫در‬ ‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬
‫را‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫و‬ ‫اول‬ ‫شرط‬ ،‫شرط‬
‫کند‬ ‫صدق‬.
•‫عملیه‬or‫وقتی‬ ‫را‬ ‫ریکارد‬ ‫یک‬
‫یکی‬ ‫هر‬ ‫درصورتیکه‬ ‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬
‫صدق‬ ‫را‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫و‬ ‫اول‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫از‬
‫کند‬.
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18. Continue…
• Examples:
1. SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany‘ AND
City='Berlin';
2. SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City='Berlin‘ OR
City='München';
3. SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany'
AND (City='Berlin' OR City='München');
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19. SQL ORDER BY Keyword:
• The ORDER BY keyword is
used to sort the result-set
by one or more columns.
• The ORDER BY keyword
sorts the records in
ascending order by default.
To sort the records in a
descending order, you can
use the DESC keyword.
•‫کلیدی‬ ‫کلمه‬order by‫مرتب‬ ‫برای‬
‫کردن‬result-set‫و‬ ‫یک‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬
‫می‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫ستون‬ ‫یک‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫یا‬‫رود‬.
•‫کلیدی‬ ‫کلمه‬order by‫پیش‬ ‫بطور‬
‫شکل‬ ‫به‬ ‫را‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ریکورد‬ ‫فرض‬
‫میکند‬ ‫ترتیب‬ ‫صعودی‬.‫ت‬ ‫برای‬‫رتیب‬
‫کل‬ ‫نزولی‬ ‫بشکل‬ ‫ریکاردها‬ ‫کردن‬‫مه‬
‫کلیدی‬desc‫کنید‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫را‬.
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20. Continue…
• Syntax:
• SELECT column_name, column_name FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name, column_name ASC|DESC;
• Examples:
1. SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country;
2. SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country DESC;
3. SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country,
CustomerName;
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