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Evoluzione

        Livelli di tempo, nello spazio

                             Emanuele Serrelli
                         emanuele.serrelli@unimib.it



giovedì 12 maggio 2011
IL TEMPO

                         nelle scienze

                         e nella storia


                   http://www.centrofilippobuonarroti.com/




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
«Science fiction teaches us that genetic
             mutation is the surest way to grant
             human beings superior abilities. What,
             after all, would the X-Men be without
             an extra genome here and there?»
             http://blogs.amctv.com/scifi-scanner/fact-vs-fiction/2009/04/26-week/

                                                                                                                    Magneto


                                                           Mutation theory: Hugo de Vries
                                                           February (1848-1935), Dutch
                                                           botanist and one of the first
                                                           geneticists.
                                                         http://biozoom.blogspot.com/2011/02/mutation-theory.html
            Oenothera
                      Lamarckia
                                na




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Telling the Evolutionary Time:
             Molecular Clocks and the Fossil
             Record
           Philip C. J. Donoghue and M. Paul Smith, editors. (Systematics Association
           Special Volumes, v. 66). 2003. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.


                                                                                                                             e
                                                                                                             Evolutionary tim




                                                 http://christinaa14.wordpress.com/2010/12/09/genetic-mutations/




       Genetic m
                utation


giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Genetic mutation
             Mutazioni =
             modificazioni ereditabili
             dell’informazione
             genetica

                                        dnasequencingequipments.com




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Germline / soma
             Mutazioni... ma dove?
             August Weissmann (1834-1914)




                                                   users.rcn.com




                                      cancer.gov




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Polymorphisms
                                 Mutazione ereditabile
                                     -> polimorfismo




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Population genetics
             T = tempo (in generazioni)
             q = frequenza
             N = dimensione della
             popolazione
             s = selezione
             ...
         Signatures of natural selection in the human genome

         Michael Bamshad & Stephen P. Wooding

         Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 99-111 (February 2003)

         doi:10.1038/nrg999




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Molecular clock
                                         Orologio molecolare:
                            da quanto siamo ci siamo lasciati?




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Population genetics
             “Zooming out”
             allargare
             lo sguardo




                                  plantbiology.siu.edu




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Molecular clock
             Orologio molecolare: dove? -> che ritmo?




             Lena Brüstle: The main focus of my research is to investigate the “rate of ticking” of
             molecular clocks. In particular I am interested to see whether temperature variations
             have an effect on the constancy of a metabolic-rate dependent molecular clock in
             invertebrates. http://www.hotspots-e-atlas.eu/?page_id=24



giovedì 12 maggio 2011
DNA to function



                                                      http://mndoci.com/2008/04/04/animating-protein-
                                                      evolution/
                                                      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmMlk9312yw




             «why does it take 2 weeks with a super
             computer to simulate 1 microsecond of
             protein folding?»
     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvBO3TqJ6FE




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Tracce di un processo
                                             How have all those
                                             exquisite adaptations of
                                             one part of the
                                             organisation to another
                                             part, and to the conditions
       Woodpecke                             of life, and of one distinct
                         r                   organic being to another
                                             being, been perfected?
                                             (Charles Darwin, 1859)
                                 issl etoe
                             M




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Da Gould 2002




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Fossili
             Punteggiature
             Stasi
             Esplosioni di diversità
             Decimazioni




                                                       Gould & Eldredge 1972




   http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/saurischia/
                    theropoda.html

giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Teoria della
                         speciazione allopatrica
                              o geografica

                         (Ernst Mayr, 1904-2005)




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Senter, Phil(2007) 'A new look at
                                                   the phylogeny of coelurosauria
                                                 (Dlnosauria: Theropoda)', Journal
                                                 of Systematic Palaeontology, 5: 4,
                                                              429 — 463
                                                   DOI: 10.1017/S1477201907002143




         Velociraptor. Based on fossils from
       Mongolia and China, Late Cretaceous, 84
               - 65 million years ago.
        http://australianmuseum.net.au/image/
                    Velociraptor/
           Last Updated: 2 September 2009

giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Henry Gee, Tempo profondo, Einaudi.
giovedì 12 maggio 2011
400-365 milioni di
                                                      anni fa…




                         Henry Gee, Tempo profondo, Einaudi.
giovedì 12 maggio 2011
Evoluzione: livelli di tempo

                                                               Recent statistical innovations have
                                                               made it possible to co-estimate
                                                               molecular rates, demographic
                                                               histories and phylogenetic
                                                               relationships in populations that
                                                               can be sampled through time. While
                                                               large mammals fall into this
                                                               category (when ancient samples are
                                                               available) by far the riches source
                                                               of these data are RNA viruses,
                                                               whose fast rate of mutation makes
                                                               it easy to see evolution happening
                         Beth Shapiro, Penn State University
              https://homes.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/
                                 bshapiro/research.html
                                                               over only a few years.




giovedì 12 maggio 2011
nello spazio




                                                               http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/
                                                                         article/evoscales_01




                         Beth Shapiro, Penn State University
              https://homes.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/
                                 bshapiro/research.html




giovedì 12 maggio 2011

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Evoluzione: livelli di tempo, nello spazio

  • 1. Evoluzione Livelli di tempo, nello spazio Emanuele Serrelli emanuele.serrelli@unimib.it giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 2. IL TEMPO nelle scienze e nella storia http://www.centrofilippobuonarroti.com/ giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 3. «Science fiction teaches us that genetic mutation is the surest way to grant human beings superior abilities. What, after all, would the X-Men be without an extra genome here and there?» http://blogs.amctv.com/scifi-scanner/fact-vs-fiction/2009/04/26-week/ Magneto Mutation theory: Hugo de Vries February (1848-1935), Dutch botanist and one of the first geneticists. http://biozoom.blogspot.com/2011/02/mutation-theory.html Oenothera Lamarckia na giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 4. Telling the Evolutionary Time: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record Philip C. J. Donoghue and M. Paul Smith, editors. (Systematics Association Special Volumes, v. 66). 2003. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. e Evolutionary tim http://christinaa14.wordpress.com/2010/12/09/genetic-mutations/ Genetic m utation giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 5. Genetic mutation Mutazioni = modificazioni ereditabili dell’informazione genetica dnasequencingequipments.com giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 6. Germline / soma Mutazioni... ma dove? August Weissmann (1834-1914) users.rcn.com cancer.gov giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 7. Polymorphisms Mutazione ereditabile -> polimorfismo giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 8. Population genetics T = tempo (in generazioni) q = frequenza N = dimensione della popolazione s = selezione ... Signatures of natural selection in the human genome Michael Bamshad & Stephen P. Wooding Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 99-111 (February 2003) doi:10.1038/nrg999 giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 9. Molecular clock Orologio molecolare: da quanto siamo ci siamo lasciati? giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 10. Population genetics “Zooming out” allargare lo sguardo plantbiology.siu.edu giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 11. Molecular clock Orologio molecolare: dove? -> che ritmo? Lena Brüstle: The main focus of my research is to investigate the “rate of ticking” of molecular clocks. In particular I am interested to see whether temperature variations have an effect on the constancy of a metabolic-rate dependent molecular clock in invertebrates. http://www.hotspots-e-atlas.eu/?page_id=24 giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 12. DNA to function http://mndoci.com/2008/04/04/animating-protein- evolution/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmMlk9312yw «why does it take 2 weeks with a super computer to simulate 1 microsecond of protein folding?» http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvBO3TqJ6FE giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 13. Tracce di un processo How have all those exquisite adaptations of one part of the organisation to another part, and to the conditions Woodpecke of life, and of one distinct r organic being to another being, been perfected? (Charles Darwin, 1859) issl etoe M giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 14. Da Gould 2002 giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 15. Fossili Punteggiature Stasi Esplosioni di diversità Decimazioni Gould & Eldredge 1972 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/saurischia/ theropoda.html giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 16. Teoria della speciazione allopatrica o geografica (Ernst Mayr, 1904-2005) giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 17. Senter, Phil(2007) 'A new look at the phylogeny of coelurosauria (Dlnosauria: Theropoda)', Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 5: 4, 429 — 463 DOI: 10.1017/S1477201907002143 Velociraptor. Based on fossils from Mongolia and China, Late Cretaceous, 84 - 65 million years ago. http://australianmuseum.net.au/image/ Velociraptor/ Last Updated: 2 September 2009 giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 18. Henry Gee, Tempo profondo, Einaudi. giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 19. 400-365 milioni di anni fa… Henry Gee, Tempo profondo, Einaudi. giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 20. Evoluzione: livelli di tempo Recent statistical innovations have made it possible to co-estimate molecular rates, demographic histories and phylogenetic relationships in populations that can be sampled through time. While large mammals fall into this category (when ancient samples are available) by far the riches source of these data are RNA viruses, whose fast rate of mutation makes it easy to see evolution happening Beth Shapiro, Penn State University https://homes.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/ bshapiro/research.html over only a few years. giovedì 12 maggio 2011
  • 21. nello spazio http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/ article/evoscales_01 Beth Shapiro, Penn State University https://homes.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/ bshapiro/research.html giovedì 12 maggio 2011